scholarly journals Trait and state anxiety as factors of threshold and tolerance to experimentally induced pain

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 194-197
Author(s):  
B. Petrova ◽  
K. Mineva ◽  
M. Petkova ◽  
V. Nikolov ◽  
M. Minev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
State Anxiety ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Analog Scale ◽  
Trait And State Anxiety ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Sensitivity To Pain ◽  
Healthy Persons ◽  
Experimentally Induced

Pain is an experience that has physical, psychological and social aspects. Sensitivity to pain is individual and depends on psychological factors. Studies have shown that anxiety is associated with the perception of experimentally induced pain. PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study is to examine the relationship between anxiety, threshold and tolerance to experimentally induced pain in healthy persons. METHODS: 35 healthy persons at the age from 19 to 39, 20 women and 15 men were examined. Methods: Spielberger’s questionnaire, Cold pressor test, Visual Analog Scale for Pain, Descriptive statistics, Correlation analysis, Mann-Whitney’s Test. RESULTS: Significant differences in tolerance to pain were identified depending on the levels of state anxiety (U=12.5, Р=0.037). The state anxiety was greatly related to the intensity of the pain experienced. (Spearman rho=0.49, P=0.008). Significant differences were not found in threshold, tolerance and intensity of pain depending on the levels of trait anxiety in the examined people. CONCLUSIONS: The increased levels of state anxiety in healthy persons exposed to experimentally induced pain suggest a weaker endurance to pain and perceiving it as stronger.

Effects of Psychological Stress on Cold Pressor Test Results

1993 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejo Grosse ◽  
Abigail Prchal ◽  
Carmen Diaz Puertas ◽  
Alfredo Coviello
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Stress ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Pressor Test

scholarly journals The Relationship between Personality Characteristics and Acute Pain Response in Postadolescent Males

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barton P. Buxton ◽  
David H. Perrin
Keyword(s):  
Acute Pain ◽  
Pain Threshold ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Personality Characteristic ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Pain Response ◽  
Myers Briggs Type Indicator ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the relationship between personality characteristics, as measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) (form G), and an acute pain response in 107 postadolescent men. Subjects included 107 military school cadets. Each subject performed a cold pressor test (CPT) and was evaluated for pain threshold and pain tolerance times. Each was then evaluated for preference on eight personality characteristics: extraversion, introversion, sensing, intuition, thinking, feeling, judging, and perception. The personality characteristics were measured by the MBT1 (form G). Pearson product-moment correlations between the pain threshold and tolerance times and the eight personality characteristic scores were nonsignificant. The results indicated there was no relationship between the eight personality characteristics, as measured by the MBTI (form G), and pain threshold or pain tolerance, as measured by the CPT, The findings also indicated a low correlation between pain threshold and pain tolerance (r=.25).

Role of Fitness in Mediating Stress: A Correlational Exploration of Stress Reactivity

1991 ◽  
Vol 73 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1171-1180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey E. Brandon ◽  
J. Mark Loftin ◽  
Jack Curry
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Stress Reactivity ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
The Relationship

Researchers have investigated the effect of exercise on reducing subjects' responsiveness to stress. Results from the initial studies were positive, yet these studies often did not use objective measures of fitness. This investigation applied more rigorous methodology than past experiments to assess the relationship between fitness and reactivity to stress. Maximal oxygen consumption was measured to indicate the fitness of recreational cyclists who were then exposed to three stressful situations (mental subtraction, speech preparation, and the cold pressor test). Heart rate, frontalis electromyographic (EMG) levels, and self-report of tension were monitored during the stress-inducing tasks. Physical fitness was significantly related to heart rate taken during the subtraction and cold pressor tasks, with EMG during subtraction, and with self-report during all three stressor tasks. These results further support the hypothesized association of physical fitness and reducing response to stress.

Arterial elasticity and physical working capacity in young men

1986 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 1720-1723 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Eugene ◽  
H. Vandewalle ◽  
J. F. Bertholon ◽  
A. Teillac
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Reactivity ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Work Load ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Arterial Elasticity ◽  
Physical Working Capacity ◽  
Working Capacity ◽  
The Relationship

We have tested the hypothesis that there is a positive relation between arterial elasticity and physical working capacity (PWC) at a given age. The subjects were 28 young men, 16–18 yr old. Arterial elasticity was evaluated by measuring the carotid to femoral pulse-wave velocity (c) at rest. The slope, S(c) of the relation between c and the diastolic blood pressure was studied during a cold pressor test to test vascular reactivity. The relationship between heart rate (HR) and work load was determined using a cycle ergometer; the variables measured were the slope of this relation S(PWC) and the power output at a HR of 170 min-1 (PWC170). The PWC170 ranged from 1.8 to 4.6 W/kg, and values of c ranged from 3.9 to 6.8 m/s. A strong inverse linear relation was found between c and PWC170 (r = -0.76), whereas the HR at rest was positively related to both c (r = 0.68) and PWC170 (r = 0.74). There was no relationship between HR at rest and the slopes S(c) and S(PWC); the latter two variables depend mainly on the sympathetic response. These results show the importance of the intrinsic mechanical properties of the cardiovascular system, particularly arterial elasticity, in human adaptations to muscular exercise.

scholarly journals Pain and Ethnicity in Athletes

1993 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barton P. Buxton ◽  
David H. Perrin ◽  
Ronald K. Hetzler ◽  
Kwok W. Ho ◽  
Joe H. Gieck
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Acute Pain ◽  
Pain Threshold ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Pain Response ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the relationship between ethnicity and acute pain response in male athletes. Subjects included 93 male athletes (age = 18.65 ± .58 years) of differing ethnicity. Each subject performed a Cold Pressor Test (CPT) and was evaluated for pain threshold and pain tolerance times. Two one-way analyses of variance were performed to analyze the data. The results indicated that significant differences existed in pain tolerance times between ethnic groups (p<.05). However, no differences were observed in pain threshold times. These findings support the existence of a difference in pain tolerance between ethnic groups in collegiate athletes.

scholarly journals Predicting price intervals under exogenously induced stress

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0255038
Author(s):  
Steven Shead ◽  
Robert B. Durand ◽  
Stephanie Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Financial Markets ◽  
Prediction Interval ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Experimental Protocol ◽  
Price Forecast ◽  
Mediating Factors ◽  
Induced Stress ◽  
Lower Confidence ◽  
The Relationship

We present an experimental protocol to examine the relationship between exogenously induced stress and confidence in a setting applicable to financial markets. Confidence will be measured by a prediction interval for a one period ahead price forecast, based on a series of 100 previous prices; narrower (wider) prediction intervals will be indicative of greater (lower) confidence. Stress will be induced using the Cold Pressor Arm Wrap, a variation of the Cold Pressor Test. Risk attitudes, and personality traits are also considered as mediating factors.

scholarly journals Standardization and Convergent Validation of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory with measures of Personality, Affective Control and, Risk Propensity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garima Joshi ◽  
Chandra Pratap Daksha ◽  
V. S. Chandrasekhar Pammi ◽  
Bhoomika Rastogi Kar
Keyword(s):  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
The State ◽  
Anxiety State ◽  
Risk Propensity ◽  
State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽  
Trait And State Anxiety ◽  
Convergent Validation ◽  
The Relationship

We standardized the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) on 407 young adults. Norms (high, medium, and low anxiety scores) were derived based on T scores and percentile ranks. Convergent validation was performed using correlation and multiple regression analysis followed by moderation analysis to study the relationship between STAI and NEO-FFI 3, Affective Control Scale, and Risk Propensity Scale. Results suggest that higher openness to experience acts as a protective factor against both state and trait anxiety. State anxiety emerged as a significant predictor for both affective control and risk propensity. While trait anxiety moderated the relationship between personality and affective control as well as personality and risk propensity. Higher levels of trait anxiety seem to increase the disabling effect of neuroticism on affective control; risk propensity is least for low trait anxiety and high conscientiousness. These results highlight the differential effects of types of anxiety and also to investigate the structure of STAI with Trait and State Anxiety not simply as two sides of the same coin but themselves as different constructs. The current study adds to the evidence that STAI is a valuable measure for investigating the effect of anxiety in healthy adults across populations/cultures and that anxiety is correlated with cognitive-affective-predisposition factors.

An Investigation of the Effects of Testosterone and Behavioral Expressions of Pain on Sex/Gender Differences in Pain Perception

2018 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 826-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meggan Archey ◽  
Katherine Goldey ◽  
Erin Crockett ◽  
Jessica Boyette-Davis
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Visual Analog Scale ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Analog Scale ◽  
Pressor Test ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
Behavioral Expressions

Research indicates that women are more susceptible to pain than men, but the reason for this difference is unclear. While estrogen and progesterone have been implicated, testosterone has not received adequate consideration in the literature. Additionally, incorporating behavioral expressions, or exaggerations, of pain as an important aspect of pain perception is receiving increasing attention. The current study examined the role of testosterone in female pain expression and perception via the cold pressor test. Following all participant exclusions, 46 healthy participants (32 women) provided saliva samples for testosterone analysis using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay before and after rating their pain during the cold pressor test. Participants used a visual analog scale to indicate how the 2℃ water was perceived, ranging from “worst pain imaginable” to “no pain.” The researcher also noted whether a participant displayed overt behavioral expressions of pain such as jumping and cursing. The results revealed that men reported lower visual analog scale scores than women, indicating less perceived pain. A subgroup of women who displayed overt behavioral responses to pain seemed to be driving this sex/gender difference. It was expected that this subgroup of females would have corresponding changes in testosterone that would further explain the observed sex/gender differences, but this was not supported. Collectively, these data add to the previous literature investigating sex/gender differences in pain perception and highlight the importance of studying overt behavioral expressions of pain. Testosterone may alter this behavior and subsequent pain perception, but the contributions of testosterone are likely subtle and were not detected in this study.

Baroreflex modulation of muscle sympathetic nerve activity during cold pressor test in humans

2002 ◽  
Vol 282 (5) ◽  
pp. H1717-H1723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Cui ◽  
Thad E. Wilson ◽  
Craig G. Crandall
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve Activity ◽  
Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Nerve Activity ◽  
Pressor Test ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this project was to test the hypothesis that baroreceptor modulation of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and heart rate is altered during the cold pressor test. Ten subjects were exposed to a cold pressor test by immersing a hand in ice water for 3 min while arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and MSNA were recorded. During the second and third minute of the cold pressor test, blood pressure was lowered and then raised by intravenous bolus infusions of sodium nitroprusside and phenylephrine HCl, respectively. The slope of the relationship between MSNA and diastolic blood pressure was more negative ( P < 0.005) during the cold pressor test (−244.9 ± 26.3 units · beat−1 · mmHg−1) when compared with control conditions (−138.8 ± 18.6 units · beat−1 · mmHg−1), whereas no significant change in the slope of the relationship between heart rate and systolic blood pressure was observed. These data suggest that baroreceptors remain capable of modulating MSNA and heart rate during a cold pressor test; however, the sensitivity of baroreflex modulation of MSNA is elevated without altering the sensitivity of baroreflex control of heart rate.

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