personality characteristic
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2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 564-564
Author(s):  
Joshua Jackson ◽  
Emorie Beck

Abstract Decades of studies identify prospective associations between personality characteristics and life outcomes. However, previous investigations of personality characteristic-outcome associations have not taken a principled approach to sampling strategies to ensure the robustness of personality-outcome associations. In a preregistered study, we test whether and for whom personality-outcome associations are robust against selection bias using prospective associations between 14 personality characteristics and 14 health, social, education/work, and societal outcomes across eight different person- and study-level moderators using individual participant data from 171,395 individuals across 10 longitudinal panel studies in a mega-analytic framework with propensity score matching. Two findings emerged: First, personality characteristics remain robustly associated with later life outcomes. Second, the effects generalize, as there are few moderators of personality-outcome associations. In sum, personality characteristics are robustly associated with later life outcomes with few moderated associations. We discuss how these findings can inform studies of personality-outcome associations.


Author(s):  
T. Antopolskaya ◽  
A. Silakov

The article presents the results of a study carried out by a team of specialists for two years. It is devoted to the study of the role of the socially enriched environment of additional education in the development of personal agency of generation Z adolescents. Various theoretical approaches to understanding the phenomenon of are analyzed, and the author's view of its structure is presented. Personal agency is considered as an integrated personality characteristic, which manifests itself in the personality's ability to self-organization and selfrealization, to build a system of effective social interactions and moral and value relationships with people around and aimed at realizing the activity-related need for self-development and world-creation. It singles out such components as social-individual, social-communicative, social-interactive, social-moral. To diagnose the level of development of these components of personal agency, a complex of psychodiagnostics techniques is proposed. In the course of the experiments, it was shown that, in comparison with adolescents who are not included in the activities of the additional education system, adolescents participating in it demonstrate a greater focus on socially oriented activities, they have a better idea of their future profession, the ability to take responsibility for their actions. They work more effectively with information obtained from Internet resources, demonstrate a higher level of self-government in communication, and are more active in interacting with others. Altruistic attitudes are more common among them; in the hierarchy of life values, independence is given a high value.


Bioethics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-49
Author(s):  
Tatiana G. Svetlichnaya ◽  
◽  
Alyona S. Dernova ◽  
Marina A. Kosolapova ◽  
◽  
...  

The article is devoted to the actual problem of the professional deformation of the doctor's personality. In the aggregate of the negative characteristics of the emotional burnout of doctors, one of the most destructive is cynicism, manifested in a disdain for cultural values and generally accepted norms of morality and ethics. The aim of the work was to comprehend the nature of the socio-psychological phenomenon "cynicism", to establish the factors that contribute to its occurrence and overcoming. The materials that have been used for research were the scientific articles for 2003–2021 published in scientific databases such as eLIBRARY.RU. and cyberleninka.ru, and the scientific works of the Russian writer and doctor V.V. Veresaev (1867–1945) and the Russian surgeon N.I. Pirogov (1810–1881). The study found that cynicism, which is a leading and socially significant problem of a doctor's professional activity, is an acquired undesirable personality characteristic. The authors systematized the factors influencing the development of cynicism, considered effective ways of its prevention and correction.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atefeh Hekmati ◽  
Nazanin Mortazavi ◽  
Rahman Berdi Ozouni-Davaji ◽  
Mohammad Ali Vakili

Abstract BackgroundTemporomandibular disorders have long been suggested to result from psychological factors. Recent studies, however, tend to consider TMD a chronic psychosomatic illness. The present study was designed to explore the association between TMD and personality profile. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Reconstructed form was used to evaluate the association for the first time.MethodsA total of 258 subjects were participated in this case-control study. TMD cases as detected by Helkimo index were questioned regarding their personality characteristics and anxiety levels using MMPI-2-RF and Spielberger state and trait anxiety inventory.ResultsPatients with TMD scored higher on all personality characteristics except for Aberrant Experiences. The psychological profile of TMD showed no significant difference between theoretical and experimental ideas of persecution means. Patients with TMD reported significantly higher mean levels of state and trait anxiety than controls. The most frequently found anxiety levels in TMD cases have been mild state and trait anxiety (77.5% versus 74.4%).ConclusionPersonality characteristic scores were considerably higher in TMD patients. TMD cases detected by Helkimo index manifest both trait and state anxiety as common findings.


2021 ◽  
pp. 108926802110188
Author(s):  
Hanna Suh ◽  
Seoyoung Kim ◽  
Dong-gwi Lee

Perfectionism is a personality characteristic that has been explored for its implications in mental health; reviews and meta-analyses were conducted to synthesize research findings. This study systemically synthesizes the perfectionism literature using a text-mining approach. Co-word analysis and Dirichlet Multinomial Regression topic modeling were performed on a total of 1,529 perfectionism abstracts published from 1990 to 2019. Analysis revealed that perfectionism research is closely connected with “disorder,” with “symptom” being the most frequently addressed issue. Topic-modeling results found a total of 15 topics represented perfectionism research of the past three decades. Most articles were published in psychology journals, with social and clinical psychology subdisciplines publishing perfectionism articles most frequently. There were overlaps in research topics by journal subdisciplines, while differences were also observed. This study provides a panoramic view of perfectionism literature and highlights frequently and infrequently explored areas that could be considered in future research endeavors.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Dobryakova ◽  
David V Smith

One of the central topics in cognitive neuroscience revolves around understanding how responses in the default mode network (DMN) relate to cognitive process and disease states. While there has been many investigations of the intrinsic patterns of activation and connectivity of the DMN with other networks at rest, i.e. when an individual is not engaged in any particular behavior, to truly understand the influence and significance of the DMN activation and connectivity, we must study it in association with a particular process. Reward processing is an integral part of goal-directed behavior that has been shown to rely on the striatum, a subcortical brain region that is connected to multiple regions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) that belong to the DMN. Yet, it remains unclear how the DMN interacts with the striatum during reward processing. To investigate this issue, we analyzed card-guessing task data of 453 subjects from the Human Connectome Project and applied a novel network-based psychophysiological interaction analysis (nPPI) that quantified reward-dependent connectivity of the DMN. We show that only the DMN exhibits increased connectivity with the ventral striatum (VS) during the receipt of reward. This result was specific to the DMN and the strength of connectivity was associated with the personality characteristic of openness. These findings point to a novel role of the DMN during reward processing, and to the nPPI approach being able to capture a unique contribution of a collection of regions to task performance.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  

Trait aggression is a personality characteristic that has been associated with reduced executive function, which includes lack of impulse control and decreased emotional regulation. Reduced performance on tasks measuring executive function has reliably been associated with reduced frontal lobe function. The aim of the current research was to extend the capacity model of hostility developed by Holland et al. [1] to apply to trait aggression. Men obtaining high and low scores on the Buss and Perry Aggression Questionnaire completed a cognitive and emotional task, and blood pressure measures were taken before and after completion of the tasks. Analysis of the findings indicated that low trait aggressive men evidenced lower systolic blood pressure (SBP) after competing these tasks. Conversely, highly trait aggressive men evidenced significantly higher SBP after completing the same tasks. This indicative of reduced right frontal lobe inhibitory control of the right temporoparietal regions and provides preliminary support for the application of the capacity model to trait aggression.


Semiotica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Beattie ◽  
Laura McGuire

Abstract Climate change is an anthropogenic existential threat that provokes extreme concern among climate scientists, but not, it seems, among all member of the public. Here, there is considerably more variability in level of concern and, it appears, in everyday sustainable behavior. But how does personality affect this variability in behavior? And how are underlying personality states like dispositional optimism linked to more sustainable everyday practices? Research in clinical psychology has suggested that dispositional optimism is a very positive personality characteristic associated with higher levels of hope and resilience, but applied research from other domains has reported that optimists can, on occasion, bury their heads in the sand and avoid attending to external threats, like climate change, in order to maintain mood state. So are optimists more immune to climate change messaging than non-optimists? And do they make fewer sustainable choices? A series of experimental studies, manipulating signifiers of carbon footprint (Study 1) and eco labels on products (Study 2) found that optimists made more sustainable choices than non-optimists and that both groups were influenced equally by climate change film clips in terms of sustainable choices (Study 1). Optimists also displayed a false consensus effect, overestimating the proportion of people who would behave more sustainably like themselves (Study 3). Given that global problems like climate change need concerted, cooperative effort, these optimistic beliefs about how others behave could be adaptive in the long-run. Designing climate change messages to appeal to optimists might be a critical consideration for the future.


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