scholarly journals COVID–19 járvány hatása a pszichiátriai megbetegedések gyakoriságára – PTSD

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-246
Author(s):  
Mária Zsóka Bellavics ◽  
Zsombor Hermann ◽  
József Haller
Keyword(s):  
Vietnam War ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Morbidity Rate ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Psychological Injuries ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Vietnam War ◽  
The Difference

Összefoglaló. A poszttraumás stressz zavar (PTSD) egy súlyos mentális állapot, amely nehezen gyógyítható, és évtizedeken keresztül fennállhat. Gyakorisága 1–3%-ról világszerte 20% körülire emelkedett a COVID–19 járvány után. Az észlelt gyakoriság nem függött a vizsgált populációk érintettségétől: a gyakoriság közel azonos volt fertőzöttek, karanténba kerültek, pusztán életmódváltozást elszenvedők és egészségügyi szakemberek körében. Ez vetekszik a háborús helyzetekben tapasztaltakkal, azzal a különbséggel, hogy a modern háborúk a világ népességének kis részét, míg a járvány az emberiség tekintélyes részét érintette. A COVID–19 járvány lecsengése után tehát számolnunk kell azokkal a pszichiátriai jellegű károkkal is, amelyeket maga mögött hagy, köztük a PTSD áldozataival. Summary. Almost 20 years ago McNally (2003) wrote a paper on the Vietnam War with the title “Psychiatric Casualties of War”, outlining that people may suffer psychological injuries in war beyond those that harm them physically. Like wars, epidemics also have “psychiatric casualties” e.g., people who avoid the dangers of the epidemic per se but do not survive the situation without harm. One possible form of impairment is psychiatric in nature; this category includes among others post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study addresses the question of how how much concern the COVID-19 epidemic raises in the long run for an increased incidence of PTSD. PTSD is a severe and difficult-to-treat mental disorder caused by traumatic stress i.e., an event that threatens life and/or physical integrity. It is usually attributed to disasters, war, and interpersonal violence, but it can also be caused by serious illness such as AIDS and cancer. The COVID-19 epidemic conforms to the concept of trauma in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, as the disease it causes is potentially life threatening. Thus, even a purely logical approach suggests that the epidemic may increase the incidence of PTSD, an assumption that is confirmed by numerous targeted studies. The pre-epidemic PTSD morbidity rate of 1-3% has risen to around 20% globally over the past year due to the COVID-19 epidemic. PTSD affected not only those who fell victim to the disease, but also those who have “merely” witnessed the development and spread of the disease, those who have been placed in preventive quarantine, and healthcare workers who have had the burden of treating the epidemic. Behind the global 20%, an uneven picture emerges. In certain populations and at certain times, the frequency was reported to be much lower (e.g., 8%) or much higher (e.g., 96%), depending on the specifics of the study participants, as well as the place and time of the investigation. Overall, however, the post-epidemic prevalence of PTSD appears to rival that observed in war situations, such as the Vietnam War. The difference is that modern wars mostly affect a small portion of the world’s population, while the COVID-19 epidemic affects almost the entire humanity. Recent events suggest that the epidemic will soon recede. However, the epidemic leaves behind a large number of people who have sustained long-lasting and severe mental injuries - including those who have developed PTSD. Tackling this problem is the task for the future, but it must be prepared in advance. To this end, the study also briefly maps the factors of inborn and acquired resilience in a new network science approach.

scholarly journals Caesar in Vietnam: Did Roman Soldiers Suffer from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder?

2011 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
AISLINN MELCHIOR
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Vietnam War ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Post Traumatic

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) made its first appearance in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders in 1980, partly as a result of the ongoing treatment of veterans from the Vietnam War. Although PTSD is not only or even primarily a disorder caused by combat, combat is a regular trigger and my chief concern in what follows. Therefore I will not be examining such evidence as exists for the psychological traumas of civilians in the ancient world who were exposed to violence, rape, enslavement, or the execution of family members in the context of conquest. My focus is on the soldier.

scholarly journals Two Rapid Screens for Detecting Probable Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Interpersonal Violence Exposure: Predictive Utility in a Juvenile Justice Sample

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damion J. Grasso ◽  
Christine Doyle ◽  
Ron Koon
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Violence Exposure ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Predictive Utility ◽  
Risk Characteristics ◽  
Post Traumatic

The Trauma-Related Symptoms and Impairment Rapid Screen (TSIRS) and the Dimensions of Violence Exposure Rapid Screen (DVERS) are two new tools designed to detect traumatic stress symptoms and high-risk characteristics of trauma exposure. Each screen contains 10 yes-or-no questions and is estimated to take approximately 2 min to complete. The rapid screens were developed to address the demand for efficient, effective, and user-friendly tools for use in settings where universal screening of trauma and related symptoms is recommended, but training and expertise in clinical assessment are generally lacking or absent. The purpose of the current study was to examine the predictive utility of the TSIRS and DVERS in detecting probable post-traumatic stress disorder and poly-victimization assessed via a validated self-report instrument. Data were collected on a sample of 218 detained adolescents. Results provide initial support for the predictive utility of the TSIRS and DVERS in a justice-involved sample.

scholarly journals The Nature of Post-Traumatic Stress in Life-Threatening Diseases

Vestnik RFFI ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 49-58
Author(s):  
Natalia E. Kharlamenkova ◽  
Daria A. Nikitina
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Paranoid Ideation ◽  
Special Configuration ◽  
Psychological Study ◽  
Psychopathological Symptoms ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level

This article presents the results of theoretical and empirical study of the psychological problems, which are arisen on the influence of high-intensity stressors on a personality. The post-traumatic stress, as a delayed complex response to a stress- or – a life-threatening disease, is considered as one of such consequences. On a sample of people (n = 39) diagnosed with meningioma (a benign tumor of the arachnoid mater), in the post-surgical period, a comprehensive psychological study was conducted using the interviewing and testing methods. The authors verified the hypothesis of a special configuration of personality characteristics and psychopathological symptoms at different levels of post-traumatic stress (PTS), caused by the reaction of the individual to the diagnosis of meningioma. The investigation demonstrates that at the high level of PTS such personality traits as depression, emotional lability, shyness and irritability are diagnosed, that are the most likely prerequisites for the development of psychopathological symptoms – depression, anxiety, paranoid ideation and psychoticism. It is concluded that the severe experience of post-traumatic stress, caused by the diagnosis of a life-threatening illness, systematically manifests itself at all levels of the individual functioning – organismal, psychological and social.

PTSD and Medical Illness

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Roy-Byrne ◽  
Murray B. Stein
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Medical Illness ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Multiple Perspectives ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Reciprocal Relationships ◽  
Traumatic Exposure ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Post Traumatic

There has been increasing recognition of the important and reciprocal relationship between medical illness and depressive and anxiety disorders. This chapter examines the interrelationship between medical illness and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a unique disorder with features of depression and anxiety, from multiple perspectives. Medical illness, especially acute, unexpected illness and injury, can serve as a life-threatening traumatic stressor that precipitates PTSD through multiple mechanisms. PTSD, and even traumatic exposure without subsequent PTSD, may increase the risk of a variety of medical illnesses, with the most-studied illness being cardiovascular disease. PTSD may also worsen the course and outcome of already existing medical illness. Extant research has not addressed the possibility that medical Illness may worsen the course or outcome of PTSD, but similar research has shown only limited effects of medical illness on depression and anxiety outcomes. These reciprocal relationships are thought to exert their effects through mutually reinforcing neurobiological mechanisms as well as through effects on health behaviors.

scholarly journals Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Evidence-Based Research for the Third Millennium

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Iribarren ◽  
Paolo Prolo ◽  
Negoita Neagos ◽  
Francesco Chiappelli
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Systematic Evaluation ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Treatment Intervention ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Post Traumatic

The stress that results from traumatic events precipitates a spectrum of psycho-emotional and physiopathological outcomes. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disorder that results from the experience or witnessing of traumatic or life-threatening events. PTSD has profound psychobiological correlates, which can impair the person's daily life and be life threatening. In light of current events (e.g. extended combat, terrorism, exposure to certain environmental toxins), a sharp rise in patients with PTSD diagnosis is expected in the next decade. PTSD is a serious public health concern, which compels the search for novel paradigms and theoretical models to deepen the understanding of the condition and to develop new and improved modes of treatment intervention. We review the current knowledge of PTSD and introduce the role of allostasis as a new perspective in fundamental PTSD research. We discuss the domain of evidence-based research in medicine, particularly in the context of complementary medical intervention for patients with PTSD. We present arguments in support of the notion that the future of clinical and translational research in PTSD lies in the systematic evaluation of the research evidence in treatment intervention in order to insure the most effective and efficacious treatment for the benefit of the patient.

scholarly journals PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE INFLUENCE OF HIGH-INTENSITY STRESSORS OF DIFFERENT TYPES

2020 ◽  
Vol 116 (5) ◽  
pp. 110-120
Author(s):  
Nataliya E. Kharlamenkova ◽  
◽  
Dariya A. Nikitina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Psychopathological Symptoms ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
The Russian Language

The article is devoted to the study of delayed (post-traumatic) stress caused by different types of stressful situations (death of a loved one, life-threatening diseases, traffic accidents, situations of physical and emotional violence) during early adulthood, the analysis of specific psychological markers of its intensity. The study involved 509 people (232 men and 277 women) aged 17 to 35 years (Me = 21; SD = 4,3). Methods: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-5) in the Russian-language adaptation by N. V. Tarabrina and co-authors for the diagnosis of stressful events and their psychological consequences; the list of stress situations contained in the Life Events Checklist (LEC-5) for DSM-5; the Symptom Check List-90-r-Revised (SCL-90-R) technique in the Russian-language adaptation by N. V. Tarabrina and co-authors was used to evaluate psychopathological symptoms. It has been shown that the most severe in intensity posttraumatic stress causes situations that pose a threat to the physical and psychological well-being of a person at the same time (violence and life-threatening disease). Taking into account the level of mental trauma and the type of stressor, an analysis of a number of features of psychopathological symptoms was carried out. The results of the study made it possible to identify markers of severe post-traumatic stress, which were indicators of violation of contact with reality, expressed in distancing a person from the surrounding reality, distrust of the world, suspicion, phobic anxiety.

scholarly journals Emotional Personality Characteristics of Patients Diagnosed with Meningioma with Severe Post-Traumatic Stress

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 150-167
Author(s):  
N.E. Kharlamenkova ◽  
O.S. Zaitsev ◽  
D.A. Nikitina ◽  
A.N. Kormilitsyna
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
National Medical ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
The Russian Federation

The results of the study on post-traumatic stress rates and individual indicators arising in response to the diagnosis of a life-threatening disease are being analyzed. The participants of the study are the patients of Burdenko National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (n = 25) diagnosed with meningioma. It has been shown that one of the psychological consequences of the diagnosis of “meningioma” is post-traumatic stress of different intensity rates. Increased depression, shyness and emotional lability are associated with high post-traumatic stress rates. The comparison of the triad of emotional-personal characteristics, social support indicators (according to the Psychological Safety Questionnaire) and basic assumptions (according to the World Assumptions Scale) made it possible to verify the research hypothesis. It has been revealed that high rates on depression and shyness scales (according to the Freiburg Personality Inventory) do not reflect the tendency to avoid social contact, but indirectly indicate the presence of auto-aggression or introverted orientation directed to oneself in people diagnosed with this disease.

The Vietnam War in American Memory

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Hagopian
Keyword(s):  
Vietnam War ◽  
Vietnam Veterans ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Public Understanding ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
The Vietnam War ◽  
The Government ◽  
American Memory ◽  
American Society

The meaning of the Vietnam War has enduringly divided Americans in the postwar period. In part because the political splits opened up by the war made it an awkward topic for conversation, Vietnam veterans felt a barrier of silence separating them from their fellow citizens. The situation of returning veterans in the war’s waning years serves as a baseline against which to measure subsequent attempts at their social reintegration. Veterans, as embodiments of the experience of the war, became vehicles through which American society could assimilate its troubled and troubling memories. By the 1980s, greater public understanding of the difficulties of veterans’ homecoming experiences—particularly after the recognition in 1980 of the psychiatric condition, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)—helped accelerate the efforts to recognize the service and sacrifices of Americans who fought in Vietnam through the creation of memorials. Because the homecoming experience was seen as crucial to the difficulties which a substantial minority suffered, the concept emerged that the nation needed to embrace its veterans in order to help restore their well-being. Characteristic ways of talking about the veterans’ experiences coalesced into truisms and parables: the nation and its veterans needed to “reconcile” and “heal”; America must “never again” send young men to fight a war unless the government goes all-out for victory; protesters spat on the veterans and called them “baby killers” when they returned from Vietnam. Strategists debated what the proper “lessons” of the Vietnam War were and how they should be applied to other military interventions. After the prevalent “overwhelming force” doctrine was discarded in 2003 in the invasion of Iraq, new “lessons” emerged from the Vietnam War: first came the concept of “rapid decisive operations,” and then counterinsurgency came back into vogue. In these interrelated dimensions, American society and politics shaped the memory of the Vietnam War.

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