Pneumococcal disease prevention from early infancy to the elderly

2014 ◽  
Vol 155 (7) ◽  
pp. 243-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zsófia Mészner
Keyword(s):  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Pneumococcal Infections ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Life Threatening

The real disease burden due to Streptococcus pneumoniae infections are underrecognised worldwide both by the lay public and by the medical community in general. In infants and children pneumococcal otitis media is the most common reason for antimicrobial treatment, while the far less frequent, though potentially life threatening pneumococcal pleuropneumonia, sepsis and pneumococcal meningitis are high risk conditions even if the causative pneumococcus is not multiresistant. Asplenic patients, patients with chronic underlying conditions, and/or those receiving immunosuppressive therapy are at risk of serious pneumococcal disease regardless of age. Morbidity and mortality due to pneumococcal pneumonia is most common in the elderly, and has not changed during the last decades in spite of all efforts in improving therapy and care. Presently the majority of the pneumococcal infections are preventable by active immunization. In this work the author briefly outlines the results of the pneumococcal prevention programs worldwide and in Hungary using presently available 10-valent, 13-valent protein conjugate and 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccines. Also, the author describes the recently approved indications of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine such as its use in all age groups, discusses future challenges of these prevention programs. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(7), 243–247.

Incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in Scotland, 1988–99

2002 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. KYAW ◽  
S. CLARKE ◽  
I. G. JONES ◽  
H. CAMPBELL
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Influenza Activity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pneumococcal Bacteraemia ◽  
Using Data

A review of the epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in Scotland was carried out using data from laboratory-based systems during the period 1988–99. This comprised 5456 (90·8%) isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from blood, 467 (7·8%) from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and 84 (1·4%) from other sterile sites. The mean annual incidence of invasive disease was 9·8/105 population (9·0/105 for bacteraemia and 0·8/105 for meningitis). Invasive disease was highest in children <2 years of age and in the elderly [ges ]65 years (44·9/105 and 28·4/105 population in these age groups respectively). The highest incidence of pneumococcal meningitis, 11·8/105 persons occurred in children <2 years of age. Males had a higher incidence of pneumococcal bacteraemia and meningitis than females (male[ratio ]female = 1·2[ratio ]1 for bacteraemia (RR = 1·17, 95% CI 1·11, 1·24) and 1·5[ratio ]1 for meningitis (RR = 1·41, 95% CI 1·18, 1·70)). Pneumococcal disease was highest in winter periods and coincided with influenza activity. The proportion of penicillin and erythromycin non-susceptible isolates increased from 4·2% in 1992 to 12·6% in 1999 and from 5·6% in 1994 to 16·3% in 1999 respectively. Our data confirm the substantial and increasing disease burden from pneumococcal disease and rise in prevalence of antibiotic non-susceptibility among pneumococci in Scotland. Continued surveillance of groups at increased risk for pneumococcal disease and the antibiotic susceptibility and serotype distribution of isolates are important to develop appropriate policies for the prevention of pneumococcal disease in Scotland.

scholarly journals Pneumococcal Capsular Polysaccharide Immunity in the Elderly

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh Adler ◽  
Daniela M. Ferreira ◽  
Stephen B. Gordon ◽  
Jamie Rylance
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Pneumococcal Infections ◽  
Opsonic Activity ◽  
Serotype Replacement ◽  
Colonization Dynamics ◽  
And Function ◽  
Antibody Levels

ABSTRACT Immunity to pneumococcal infections is impaired in older people, and current vaccines are poorly protective against pneumococcal disease in this population. Naturally acquired immunity to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides develops during childhood and is robust in young adults but deteriorates with advanced age. In particular, antibody levels and function are reduced in older people. Pneumococcal vaccines are recommended for people >65 years old. However, the benefits of polysaccharide and protein-conjugated vaccines in this population are small, because of both serotype replacement and incomplete protection against vaccine serotype pneumococcal disease. In this review, we overview the immune mechanisms by which naturally acquired and vaccine-induced pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide immunity declines with age, including altered colonization dynamics, reduced opsonic activity of antibodies (particularly IgM), and impaired mucosal immunity.

scholarly journals Animal Models of Pneumococcal pneumonia

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 4220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Borsa ◽  
Pasquale ◽  
Restrepo
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Pneumonia ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Bacterial Inoculation ◽  
Pneumococcal Infections ◽  
Tract Infections

Streptococcus pneumoniae remains the most common bacterial pathogen causing lower respiratory tract infections and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in children and the elderly. Another important aspect related to pneumococcal infections is the persistent rate of penicillin and macrolide resistance. Therefore, animal models have been developed to better understand the pathogenesis of pneumococcal disease and test new therapeutic agents and vaccines. This narrative review will focus on the characteristics of the different animal pneumococcal pneumonia models. The assessment of the different animal models will include considerations regarding pneumococcal strains, microbiology properties, procedures used for bacterial inoculation, pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and preventive approaches.

scholarly journals Control of Streptococcal Infections: Is a Common Vaccine Target Achievable Against Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus pneumoniae

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmund Bedeley ◽  
Andrea Gori ◽  
Dorothy Yeboah-Manu ◽  
Kanny Diallo
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Streptococcus Agalactiae ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Genomic Sequence ◽  
Group B Streptococcus ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Pneumococcal Infections ◽  
Antibiotics Use ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Group B

Both Streptococcus agalactiae [group B streptococcus (GBS)] and Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) remain significant pathogens as they cause life threatening infections mostly in children and the elderly. The control of diseases caused by these pathogens is dependent on antibiotics use and appropriate vaccination. The introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) against some serotypes has led to reduction in pneumococcal infections, however, the subsequent serotype switching, and replacement has been a serious challenge. On the other hand, no vaccine is yet licensed for use in the control of GBS diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the history and global disease burden, disease pathophysiology and management, vaccines update, and the biology of both pathogens. Furthermore, we address recent findings regarding structural similarities that could be explored for vaccine targets across both mucosal pathogens. Finally, we conclude by proposing future genomic sequence comparison using the wealth of available sequences from both species and the possibility of identifying more related structural components that could be exploited for pan-pathogen vaccine development.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Erectile Dysfunction and Awareness of Its Treatment in Abuja, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
S. Abu ◽  
T. Atim ◽  
N. R. Ripiye
Keyword(s):  
Erectile Dysfunction ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Health Seeking ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Threatening Condition ◽  
Seeking Behavior ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Young Subjects ◽  
Age Range

Introduction: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the most common male sexual dysfunction all over the World. It is underestimated in developing countries including Nigeria because it is assumed not to be a life threatening condition which is associated with stigmatization and poor health seeking behavior. The Prevalence rate of ED among specific age groups has not been reported in most available local studies. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence rates of ED and the severity of ED among different age groups and patients’ awareness of its treatment. Methods: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional hospital based survey among men aged 18 years and above seen in the outpatient clinics of University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria. Self reported erectile dysfunction was obtained using proforma. The prevalence and severity of ED was obtained using International Index of Erectile Function-5 Questionnaire (IIEF-5). Results: A total of 378 subjects were recruited for this study with age range of 18-76 years. The prevalence of ED in this study using IIEF-5 was 66.4%. The prevalence of ED was noted to increase with increasing age as ED was more prevalent (59%) among men aged 60-79 year. ED was least common among the young subjects (15.7%) and the most severe ED found among the elderly There was a positive correlation between age and ED (rho =0.306). There was statistically significance association between ED and co-morbidities with hypertension accounting for 22.5% and diabetes 16.7%. The percentage of subjects aware of treatment for ED was 39.4% and 20.4% of the subjects had sought help from doctors. Only about a quarter (26.5%) of the subjects had their sexual challenges discussed with the doctor. Conclusion: ED is a common medical and social problem in our environment though still shrouded in secrecy. ED is more prevalent and severe among age 60-79 years. Awareness of treatment seeking behavior and the ability of the attending physicians to discuss with men about their sexual health remains quite poor in our environment.

scholarly journals Liposomal encapsulation of polysaccharides (LEPS) as an effective vaccine strategy to protect aged hosts against S. pneumoniae infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manmeet Bhalla ◽  
Roozbeh Nayerhoda ◽  
Essi Y. I Tchalla ◽  
Alexsandra Abamonte ◽  
Dongwon Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Pneumococcal Infection ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Infections ◽  
Vaccine Strategy ◽  
Vaccine Platform ◽  
Old Mice

Despite the availability of licensed vaccines, pneumococcal disease caused by the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), remains a serious infectious disease threat globally. Disease manifestations include pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis, resulting in over a million deaths annually. Pneumococcal disease disproportionally impacts elderly individuals ≥65 years old. Interventions are complicated through a combination of complex disease progression and 100 different bacterial capsular polysaccharide serotypes. This has made it challenging to develop a broad vaccine against S. pneumoniae, with current options utilizing capsular polysaccharides as the primary antigenic content. However, current vaccines are substantially less effective in protecting the elderly. We previously developed a Liposomal Encapsulation of Polysaccharides (LEPS) vaccine platform, designed around limitations of current pneumococcal vaccines, that allowed the non-covalent coupling of polysaccharide and protein antigen content and protected young hosts against pneumococcal infection in murine models. In this study, we modified the formulation to make it more economical and tested the novel LEPS vaccine in aged hosts. We found that in young mice (2-3 months), LEPS elicited comparable responses to the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine Prevnar-13. Further, LEPS immunization of old mice (20-22 months) induced comparable antibody levels and improved antibody function compared to Prevnar-13. Importantly, LEPS protected old mice against both invasive and lung localized pneumococcal infections. In summary, LEPS is an alternative and effective vaccine strategy that protects aged hosts against different manifestations of pneumococcal disease.

Pneumococcal Vaccine

1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 335-341
Author(s):  
Georges Peter ◽  
Jerome O. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Pneumococcal Vaccine ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccines ◽  
Pneumococcal Infections ◽  
Protein Conjugate ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Polysaccharide Antigens ◽  
Polysaccharide Pneumococcal Vaccine ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Streptococcus pneumoniae, commonly termed the pneumococcus, is a major pediatric pathogen both in developed and developing countries. Despite the availability of multiple antimicrobials to which this organism is susceptible, it continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality. Recognition of the limitations of antimicrobial therapy in controlling the consequences of infection, particularly among high-risk persons such as those who have underlying pulmonary or cardiovascular disease and the elderly, led to the introduction in the 1970s of a polyvalent, polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine. As a result, the current indications for vaccination of both children and adults are based on risk factors for severe, potentially life-threatening pneumococcal infections and, in the case of children, the age-related immunogenicity of the polysaccharide antigens of this vaccine. Appropriate use of this vaccine is facilitated by knowledge of the pathogenicity of S pneumoniae, epidemiology of the infections it causes, and the immunogenicity and efficacy of the vaccine. The limitations of the current pneumococcal vaccine not only affect management of vaccinated patients but also have prompted development of investigational vaccines for use among infants and young children. Polysaccharide-protein conjugate pneumococcal vaccines that have increased immunogenicity in infants are in clinical trials and will be discussed only briefly in this review.

scholarly journals Liposomal Encapsulation of Polysaccharides (LEPS) as an Effective Vaccine Strategy to Protect Aged Hosts Against S. pneumoniae Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manmeet Bhalla ◽  
Roozbeh Nayerhoda ◽  
Essi Y. I. Tchalla ◽  
Alexsandra Abamonte ◽  
Dongwon Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Pneumococcal Infection ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Infections ◽  
Vaccine Strategy ◽  
Vaccine Platform ◽  
Old Mice

Despite the availability of licensed vaccines, pneumococcal disease caused by the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), remains a serious infectious disease threat globally. Disease manifestations include pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis, resulting in over a million deaths annually. Pneumococcal disease disproportionally impacts older adults aged ≥65 years. Interventions are complicated through a combination of complex disease progression and 100 different bacterial capsular polysaccharide serotypes. This has made it challenging to develop a broad vaccine against S. pneumoniae, with current options utilizing capsular polysaccharides as the primary antigenic content. However, current vaccines are substantially less effective in protecting the elderly. We previously developed a Liposomal Encapsulation of Polysaccharides (LEPS) vaccine platform, designed around limitations of current pneumococcal vaccines, that allowed the non-covalent coupling of polysaccharide and protein antigen content and protected young hosts against pneumococcal infection in murine models. In this study, we modified the formulation to make it more economical and tested the novel LEPS vaccine in aged hosts. We found that in young mice (2–3 months), LEPS elicited comparable responses to the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine Prevnar-13. Further, LEPS immunization of old mice (18–22 months) induced comparable antibody levels and improved antibody function compared to Prevnar-13. Importantly, LEPS protected old mice against both invasive and lung localized pneumococcal infections. In summary, LEPS is an alternative and effective vaccine strategy that protects aged hosts against different manifestations of pneumococcal disease.

scholarly journals Giant fecaloma complicated by hydronephrosis and obstructive pyelonephritis (case report)

2019 ◽  
pp. 62-70
Author(s):  
A. L. Yudin ◽  
E. A. Yumatova ◽  
E. A. Marina ◽  
A. I. Rudaya
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Fecal Impaction ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Therapeutic Problem ◽  
Obstructive Pyelonephritis

Fecal impaction is a common and potentially dangerous disease that occurs in all age groups with a frequency of approximately 15%. Children, the elderly and people with disabilities are considered the most vulnerable. It is a complex diagnostic and therapeutic problem. Coprostasis usually occurs in conditions of chronic or severe constipation, anatomical anorectal abnormalities, and neurogenic or functional gastrointestinal disorders. Fecalomas are one of the manifestations of coprostasis and can lead to a large range of complications. Only knowledge of possible complications and their timely diagnosis can prevent the development of life-threatening conditions. In our work, we present the case of giant fecaloma, complicated by hydronephrosis and obstructive pyelonephritis.

scholarly journals Invasive Pneumococcal Infections in Denmark from 1995 to 1999: Epidemiology, Serotypes, and Resistance

2002 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 358-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helle Bossen Konradsen ◽  
Margit Staum Kaltoft
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Coverage Rate ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Pneumococcal Infections ◽  
Antibiotic Policy ◽  
Nationwide Surveillance ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns

ABSTRACT Danish nationwide surveillance data on invasive pneumococcal disease from the 5-year period from 1995 to 1999, including 5,452 isolates, are presented and described. Annual overall incidence rates, serotype distribution, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the isolates were monitored. Major changes in the total annual incidence rate from 27/100,000 in 1996 to 17/100,000 in 1999 and a significant change in the proportion of invasive isolates belonging to types 1 and 12F were observed. The serotype coverage rate by the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine among the elderly was 92.9%, and the serotype coverage rate by the 7-, 9-, and 11-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines among children less than 2 years old were 71.7, 75.2, and 81.4%, respectively. Invasive isolates with reduced susceptibility to penicillin or erythromycin increased from 1995 to 1999, with a high proportion of the penicillin-nonsusceptible invasive isolates originating from people 60 years old or older (57.0%). These observations underline the importance of adequate surveillance systems of invasive pneumococcal disease to introduce and maintain national vaccine strategies and adequate antibiotic policy.

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