Carbon Nanotube Electroactive Polymer Materials: Opportunities and Challenges

AbstractCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) with macroscopically ordered structures (e.g., aligned or patterned mats, fibers, and sheets) and associated large surface areas have proven promising as new CNT electroactive polymer materials (CNT-EAPs) for the development of advanced chemical and biological sensors. The functionalization of CNTs with many biological species to gain specific surface characteristics and to facilitate electron transfer to and from them for chemical- and bio-sensing applications is an area of intense research activity.Mechanical actuation generated by CNT-EAPs is another exciting electroactive function provided by these versatile materials. Controlled mechanical deformation for actuation has been demonstrated in CNT mats, fibers, sheets, and individual nanotubes. This article summarizes the current status and technological challenges for the development of electrochemical sensors and electromechanical actuators based on carbon nanotube electroactive materials.

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A Review on Impedimetric and Voltammetric Analysis Based on Polypyrrole Conducting Polymers for Electrochemical Sensing Applications

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13162728 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (16) ◽

pp. 2728

Author(s):

Nurul Akmaliah Dzulkurnain ◽

Marliyana Mokhtar ◽

Jahwarhar Izuan Abdul Rashid ◽

Victor Feizal Knight ◽

Wan Md Zin Wan Yunus ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Conducting Polymers ◽

Electrochemical Sensor ◽

Electrochemical Sensors ◽

Surface Characteristics ◽

Theoretical Background ◽

Electrochemical Analysis ◽

Electrochemical Sensing ◽

Voltammetric Analysis ◽

Sensing Applications ◽

Sensing Material

Conducting polymers have been widely used in electrochemical sensors as receptors of the sensing signal’s analytes and transducers. Polypyrrole (PPy) conducting polymers are highlighted due to their good electrical conductive properties, ease in preparation, and flexibility of surface characteristics. The objective of this review paper is to discuss the theoretical background of the two main types of electrochemical detection: impedimetric and voltammetric analysis. It also reviews the application and results obtained from these two electrochemical detections when utilizing PPy as a based sensing material in electrochemical sensor. Finally, related aspects in electrochemical sensor construction using PPy will also be discussed. It is anticipated that this review will provide researchers, especially those without an electrochemical analysis background, with an easy-to-understand summary of the concepts and technologies used in electrochemical sensor research, particularly those interested in utilizing PPy as a based sensing material.

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Mo-Based Layered Nanostructures for the Electrochemical Sensing of Biomolecules

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20185404 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (18) ◽

pp. 5404

Author(s):

Rayhane Zribi ◽

Giovanni Neri

Keyword(s):

Electrochemical Properties ◽

Electrode Materials ◽

Electrochemical Sensors ◽

Electrochemical Sensing ◽

Layered Compounds ◽

Current Status ◽

Synthesis Methods ◽

Sensing Applications ◽

Layered Nanostructures ◽

2D Nanomaterials

Mo-based layered nanostructures are two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials with outstanding characteristics and very promising electrochemical properties. These materials comprise nanosheets of molybdenum (Mo) oxides (MoO2 and MoO3), dichalcogenides (MoS2, MoSe2, MoTe2), and carbides (MoC2), which find application in electrochemical devices for energy storage and generation. In this feature paper, we present the most relevant characteristics of such Mo-based layered compounds and their use as electrode materials in electrochemical sensors. In particular, the aspects related to synthesis methods, structural and electronic characteristics, and the relevant electrochemical properties, together with applications in the specific field of electrochemical biomolecule sensing, are reviewed. The main features, along with the current status, trends, and potentialities for biomedical sensing applications, are described, highlighting the peculiar properties of Mo-based 2D-nanomaterials in this field.

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Carbon Nanotubes, Nanofibers and Nanospikes for Electrochemical Sensing: A Review

International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems ◽

10.1142/s0129156417400080 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 26 (03) ◽

pp. 1740008 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Aysha S. Shanta ◽

Khandakar A. Al Mamun ◽

Syed K. Islam ◽

Nicole McFarlane ◽

Dale K. Hensley

Keyword(s):

Carbon Nanotubes ◽

Electron Transfer ◽

Carbon Nanostructures ◽

Electrochemical Sensors ◽

Electrochemical Sensing ◽

Surface Areas ◽

Sensing Applications ◽

Defect Sites ◽

Comparative Review ◽

Bonding Properties

The structural and material properties of carbon based sensors have spurred their use in biosensing applications. Carbon electrodes are advantageous for electrochemical sensors due to their increased electroactive surface areas, enhanced electron transfer, and increased adsorption of target molecules. The bonding properties of carbon allows it to form a variety of crystal structures. This paper performs a comparative review of carbon nanostructures for electrochemical sensing applications. The review specifically compares carbon nanotubes (CNT), carbon nanofibers (CNF), and carbon nanospikes (CNS). These carbon nanostructures possess defect sites and oxygen functional groups that aid in electron transfer and adsorption processes.

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Carbon Nanotube-Based Electrochemical Sensors: Principles and Applications in Biomedical Systems

Journal of Sensors ◽

10.1155/2009/187615 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 2009 ◽

pp. 1-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 67

Author(s):

Chengguo Hu ◽

Shengshui Hu

Keyword(s):

Carbon Nanotubes ◽

Carbon Nanotube ◽

Electrochemical Sensors ◽

Direct Electron Transfer ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Electrochemical Sensing ◽

Sensing Applications ◽

Biomedical Systems ◽

Good Biocompatibility ◽

And Chemical Properties

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have received considerable attention in the field of electrochemical sensing, due to their unique structural, electronic and chemical properties, for instance, unique tubular nanostructure, large specific surface, excellent conductivity, modifiable sidewall, high conductivity, good biocompatibility, and so on. Here, we tried to give a comprehensive review on some important aspects of the applications of CNT-based electrochemical sensors in biomedical systems, including the electrochemical nature of CNTs, the methods for dispersing CNTs in solution, the approaches to the immobilization of functional CNT sensing films on electrodes, and the extensive biomedical applications of the CNT-based electrochemical sensors. In the last section, we mainly focused on the applications of CNT-based electrochemical sensors in the analysis of various biological substances and drugs, the methods for constructing enzyme-based electrochemical biosensors and the direct electron transfer of redox proteins on CNTs. Because several crucial factors (e.g., the surface properties of carbon nanotubes, the methods for constructing carbon nanotube electrodes and the manners for electrochemical sensing applications) predominated the analytical performances of carbon nanotube electrodes, a systematical comprehension of the related knowledge was essential to the acquaintance, mastery and development of carbon nanotube-based electrochemical sensors.

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Current Progress in Biomedical Applications of Chitosan-Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites: A Review

Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1389557520666200513120407 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (16) ◽

pp. 1619-1632

Author(s):

Katarzyna Pieklarz ◽

Michał Tylman ◽

Zofia Modrzejewska

Keyword(s):

Carbon Nanotube ◽

Medical Science ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Polymer Materials ◽

Biological Macromolecules ◽

Medical Sciences ◽

New Generation ◽

High Degree ◽

Dressing Materials

The currently observed development of medical science results from the constant search for innovative solutions to improve the health and quality of life of patients. Particular attention is focused on the design of a new generation of materials with a high degree of biocompatibility and tolerance towards the immune system. In addition, apart from biotolerance, it is important to ensure appropriate mechanical and technological properties of materials intended for intra-body applications. Knowledge of the above parameters becomes the basis for considerations related to the possibilities of choosing the appropriate polymer materials. The researchers' interest, as evidenced by the number of available publications, is attracted by nanobiocomposites based on chitosan and carbon nanotubes, which, due to their properties, enable integration with the tissues of the human body. Nanosystems can be used in many areas of medicine. They constitute an excellent base for use as dressing materials, as they exhibit antimicrobial properties. In addition, they can be carriers of drugs and biological macromolecules and can be used in gene therapy, tissue engineering, and construction of biosensors. For this reason, potential application areas of chitosan-carbon nanotube nanocomposites in medical sciences are presented in this publication, considering the characteristics of the system components.

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Utilising Commercially Fabricated Printed Circuit Boards as an Electrochemical Biosensing Platform

Micromachines ◽

10.3390/mi12070793 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 793

Author(s):

Uroš Zupančič ◽

Joshua Rainbow ◽

Pedro Estrela ◽

Despina Moschou

Keyword(s):

Printed Circuit Boards ◽

Electrochemical Sensors ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Electrochemical Sensing ◽

Label Free ◽

Circuit Boards ◽

Printed Circuit ◽

Sensing Applications ◽

Electrochemical Biosensing ◽

Pre Treatment

Printed circuit boards (PCBs) offer a promising platform for the development of electronics-assisted biomedical diagnostic sensors and microsystems. The long-standing industrial basis offers distinctive advantages for cost-effective, reproducible, and easily integrated sample-in-answer-out diagnostic microsystems. Nonetheless, the commercial techniques used in the fabrication of PCBs produce various contaminants potentially degrading severely their stability and repeatability in electrochemical sensing applications. Herein, we analyse for the first time such critical technological considerations, allowing the exploitation of commercial PCB platforms as reliable electrochemical sensing platforms. The presented electrochemical and physical characterisation data reveal clear evidence of both organic and inorganic sensing electrode surface contaminants, which can be removed using various pre-cleaning techniques. We demonstrate that, following such pre-treatment rules, PCB-based electrodes can be reliably fabricated for sensitive electrochemical biosensors. Herein, we demonstrate the applicability of the methodology both for labelled protein (procalcitonin) and label-free nucleic acid (E. coli-specific DNA) biomarker quantification, with observed limits of detection (LoD) of 2 pM and 110 pM, respectively. The proposed optimisation of surface pre-treatment is critical in the development of robust and sensitive PCB-based electrochemical sensors for both clinical and environmental diagnostics and monitoring applications.

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Electroconductive nylon-6/multi-walled carbon nanotube nanocomposite for sodium sensing applications

Composites Part C: Open Access ◽

10.1016/j.jcomc.2021.100116 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. 100116

Author(s):

Dunia Jaffal ◽

Shelby Daniels ◽

Hsiao-Ying Tang ◽

Hanieh Ghadimi ◽

Chelsea N. Monty

Keyword(s):

Carbon Nanotube ◽

Nylon 6 ◽

Sensing Applications ◽

Multi Walled Carbon Nanotube

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A Review: Carbon Nanotube-Based Piezoresistive Strain Sensors

Journal of Sensors ◽

10.1155/2012/652438 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 152

Author(s):

Waris Obitayo ◽

Tao Liu

Keyword(s):

Carbon Nanotubes ◽

Carbon Nanotube ◽

Composite Films ◽

Strain Sensors ◽

Voltage Response ◽

Strain Sensing ◽

Multiwalled Carbon ◽

Sensing Applications ◽

Mechanical Deformations ◽

Electrical Resistivities

The use of carbon nanotubes for piezoresistive strain sensors has acquired significant attention due to its unique electromechanical properties. In this comprehensive review paper, we discussed some important aspects of carbon nanotubes for strain sensing at both the nanoscale and macroscale. Carbon nanotubes undergo changes in their band structures when subjected to mechanical deformations. This phenomenon makes them applicable for strain sensing applications. This paper signifies the type of carbon nanotubes best suitable for piezoresistive strain sensors. The electrical resistivities of carbon nanotube thin film increase linearly with strain, making it an ideal material for a piezoresistive strain sensor. Carbon nanotube composite films, which are usually fabricated by mixing small amounts of single-walled or multiwalled carbon nanotubes with selected polymers, have shown promising characteristics of piezoresistive strain sensors. Studies also show that carbon nanotubes display a stable and predictable voltage response as a function of temperature.

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Carbon Nanotube and Polyacrylonitrile Nanofiber Devices for Sensing Applications

Journal of Electronic Materials ◽

10.1007/s11664-021-09278-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Narendra Kumar ◽

Pardeep Kumar ◽

Naveen Kumar Navani ◽

Sanjeev Kumar Manhas

Keyword(s):

Carbon Nanotube ◽

Sensing Applications

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Current Status of Radioactive Waste Disposal in Russia

9th ASME International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation: Volumes 1, 2, and 3 ◽

10.1115/icem2003-4532 ◽

2003 ◽

Author(s):

T. A. Gupalo ◽

V. V. Lopatin ◽

N. F. Lobanov

Keyword(s):

Radioactive Waste ◽

Fuel Cycle ◽

Radioactive Waste Disposal ◽

Current Status ◽

Nuclear Materials ◽

Potential Hazard ◽

Research Activity ◽

Closed Fuel Cycle ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

Geological Formations

A huge amount of radioactive waste has been accumulated in the Russian Federation (RF) in the course of implementation of the defense and energy programs, industrial and research activity involving the use of nuclear materials. The most justified and technically feasible technology of solidified RW isolation is its disposition in low-permeable geological formations in specially constructed underground facilities. Today in Russia a Closed Fuel Cycle (CFC) has been adopted, at the CFC final stage the spent nuclear materials and radioactive waste have to be isolated from the biosphere for the whole term of their potential hazard. In Russia, in accordance with the regional approach to the decision of Radioactive Waste (RW) disposal problem, several candidate disposal sites have been assigned.

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