Reaction Products in the Combustion of the High Energy Density Storage Material Lithium with Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen

2014 ◽  
Vol 1644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renate Kellermann ◽  
Dan Taroata ◽  
Martin Schiemann ◽  
Helmut Eckert ◽  
Peter Fischer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Lithium Oxide ◽  
Gas Mixture ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Storage Material ◽  
Gaseous Reaction

ABSTRACTIn this work, electrochemically recyclable lithium is analyzed as high energy density, large scale storage material for stranded renewable energy in a closed loop. The strongly exothermic reaction of lithium with carbon dioxide (CO2) yields thermal energy directly comparable to the combustion of coal or methane in an oxygen containing atmosphere. The thermal level of the reaction is sufficient for re-electrification in a thermal power plant compatible process.The reaction of single lithium particles, avoiding particle-particle interactions, is compared to the combustion of atomized lithium spray in a CO2 containing atmosphere. Particle temperatures of up to 4000K were found for the reaction of single lithium particles in a CO2, nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2) and steam gas mixture. Furthermore the combustion of atomized lithium spray in both dry CO2 atmosphere and CO2/steam gas mixture was analyzed. The identified solid reaction products are lithium carbonate, lithium oxide and lithium hydroxide. The formation of carbon monoxide (CO) as gaseous reaction product is demonstrated. Carbon monoxide is a valuable by-product, which could be converted to methanol or gasoline using hydrogen.

scholarly journals Effects of the Nail Geometry and Humidity on the Nail Penetration of High-Energy Density Lithium Ion Batteries

Batteries ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Stefan Doose ◽  
Wolfgang Haselrieder ◽  
Arno Kwade
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Thermal Runaway ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Gaseous Reaction

Internal short-circuit tests were carried out in a battery safety investigation chamber to determine the behavior of batteries during the nail penetration test. So far, systematic investigations regarding the test setup and its influence are rarely found in the literature. Especially, to improve the comparability of the multitude of available results, it is essential to understand the effects of the geometric, operating and ambient parameters. In this study commercial lithium ion batteries with a capacity of 5.3 and 3.3 Ah were used to study the influence of the varied parameters on the voltage drop, the development of surface temperatures and of infrared active gas species. We studied both the influence of the geometry of the penetrating nail and concentration of water in the inert atmosphere especially on the quantities of the reaction products under variation of cell capacity. It could be shown that the geometry of the nail, within certain limits, has no influence on the processes of the thermal runaway of high energy density lithium ion batteries (LIBs). However, a change in capacity from 5.3 to 3.3 Ah shows that in particular the gaseous reaction products differ: The standardized gas concentrations show a higher measurable concentration of all gases except CO for the 3.3 Ah LIBs. This circumstance can be explained by the intensity of the reactions due to the different battery capacities: In the 5.3 Ah cells a larger amount of unreacted material is immediately discharged from the reaction center, and by the different available amounts of oxidizing reaction partners. An increase of the water content in the surrounding atmosphere during the thermal runaway leads to a reduction of the measurable gas concentrations of up to 36.01%. In general, all measured concentrations decrease. With increased water content more reaction products from the atmosphere can be directly bound or settle as condensate on surfaces.

scholarly journals High Energy Density Mixed Polymeric Phase from Carbon Monoxide and Nitrogen

2013 ◽  
Vol 111 (23) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zamaan Raza ◽  
Chris J. Pickard ◽  
Carlos Pinilla ◽  
A. Marco Saitta
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density

Theoretical prediction and atomic-scale investigation of a tetra-VN2 monolayer as a high energy alkali ion storage material for rechargeable batteries

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (47) ◽  
pp. 26858-26866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Xu ◽  
Dashuai Wang ◽  
Yanhui Liu ◽  
Ruqian Lian ◽  
Xinying Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Rate Capability ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Rechargeable Batteries ◽  
Atomic Scale ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Storage Material ◽  
Transition Metal Nitride ◽  
Ion Storage ◽  
Alkali Ion

A new 2D transition metal nitride tetra-VN2 monolayer with a superior rate capability and a high energy density could be used as a potential alkali ion storage material for high energy rechargeable batteries.

Conversion of Carbon Dioxide into Several Potential Chemical Commodities Following Different Pathways - A Review

2013 ◽  
Vol 764 ◽  
pp. 1-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibram Ganesh
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Value Added ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Methanol Production

This article reviews the literature related to the direct uses of CO2and its conversion into various value added chemicals including high energy density liquid fuels such as methanol. The increase in the direct uses of CO2and its conversion into potential chemical commodities is very important as it directly contributes to the mitigation of CO2related global warming problem. The method being followed at present in several countries to reduce the CO2associated global warming is capturing of CO2at its major outlets using monoethanolamine based solution absorption technique followed by storing it in safe places such as, oceans, depleted coal seams, etc., (i.e., carbon dioxide capturing and storing in safe places, CCS process). This is called as CO2sequestration. Although, the CCS process is the most understood and immediate option to mitigate the global warming problem, it is considerably expensive and has become a burden for those countries, which are practicing this process. The other alternative and most beneficial way of mitigating this global warming problem is to convert the captured CO2into certain value added bulk chemicals instead of disposing it. Conversion of CO2into methanol has been identified as one of such cost effective ways of mitigating global warming problem. Further, if H2is produced from exclusively water using only solar energy instead of any fossil fuel based energy, and is used to convert CO2into methanol there are three major benefits: i) it contributes greatly to the global warming mitigation problem, ii) it greatly saves fossil fuels as methanol production from CO2could be an excellent sustainable and renewable energy resource, and iii) as on today, there is no better process than this to store energy in a more convenient and highly usable form of high energy density liquid fuel. Not only methanol, several other potential chemicals and value added chemical intermediates can be produced from CO2. In this article, i) synthesis of several commodity chemicals including poly and cyclic-carbonates, sodium carbonate and dimethyl carbonate, carbamates, urea, vicinal diamines, 2-arylsuccinic acids, dimethyl ether, methanol, various hydrocarbons, acetic acid, formaldehyde, formic acid, lower alkanes, etc., from CO2, ii) the several direct uses of CO2, and iii) the importance of producing methanol from CO2using exclusively solar energy are presented, discussed and summarized by citing all the relevant and important references.

scholarly journals Ground state structure of high-energy-density polymeric carbon monoxide

2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (14) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kang Xia ◽  
Jian Sun ◽  
Chris J. Pickard ◽  
Dennis D. Klug ◽  
Richard J. Needs
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Ground State ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Ground State Structure ◽  
State Structure ◽  
Polymeric Carbon

A high-energy-density lithium-oxygen battery based on a reversible four-electron conversion to lithium oxide

Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 361 (6404) ◽  
pp. 777-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Xia ◽  
C. Y. Kwok ◽  
L. F. Nazar
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Coulombic Efficiency ◽  
Bond Cleavage ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Lithium Oxide ◽  
Lithium Peroxide ◽  
Lithium Oxygen Battery ◽  
Electron Reduction

Lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) batteries have attracted much attention owing to the high theoretical energy density afforded by the two-electron reduction of O2 to lithium peroxide (Li2O2). We report an inorganic-electrolyte Li-O2 cell that cycles at an elevated temperature via highly reversible four-electron redox to form crystalline lithium oxide (Li2O). It relies on a bifunctional metal oxide host that catalyzes O–O bond cleavage on discharge, yielding a high capacity of 11 milliampere-hours per square centimeter, and O2 evolution on charge with very low overpotential. Online mass spectrometry and chemical quantification confirm that oxidation of Li2O involves transfer of exactly 4 e–/O2. This work shows that Li-O2 electrochemistry is not intrinsically limited once problems of electrolyte, superoxide, and cathode host are overcome and that coulombic efficiency close to 100% can be achieved.

An advanced sandwich-type architecture of MnCo2O4@N–C@MnO2 as an efficient electrode material for a high-energy density hybrid asymmetric solid-state supercapacitor

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (47) ◽  
pp. 24509-24522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khem Raj Shrestha ◽  
Syam Kandula ◽  
G. Rajeshkhanna ◽  
Manish Srivastava ◽  
Nam Hoon Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Sandwich Shell ◽  
Storage Material ◽  
Efficient Energy ◽  
Sandwich Type ◽  
Energy Storage Material

A thin layer of N–C sandwiched between an electroactive MnCo2O4 core and MnO2 shell results in sophisticated, robust core@sandwich@shell as a highly efficient energy storage material.

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