Analysis of Strain Relaxation in Au/Ni Multilayers by X-Ray Diffraction

1989 ◽  
Vol 160 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Chaudhuri ◽  
V. Gondhalekar ◽  
S. Shah ◽  
A.F. Jankowski
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Depth Profile ◽  
Strain Distribution ◽  
Strain Relaxation ◽  
Kinematic Model ◽  
Metallic Multilayers ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Multilayer Systems ◽  
X Ray

AbstractThe strain distribution within individual layers in Au/Ni multilayer systems was obtained by an iterative fitting of the experimental x-ray diffraction pattern with a kinematic model. The depth profile of strain in the modulation direction was obtained for these metallic multilayers with repeat periodicities ranging from 1.19 nm to 4.26 nm. It was found that the role of interfacial coherency and strengthening is of great importance in understanding the origin of the supermodulus effect in metallic multilayers.

The Epicuticle of an Arachnid, Palamneus swammerdami

1954 ◽  
Vol s3-95 (31) ◽  
pp. 371-381
Author(s):  
G. KRISHNAN
Keyword(s):  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Basal Layer ◽  
Thin Membrane ◽  
Basic Pattern ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Chemical Constitution ◽  
Long Chain

The epicuticle of Palamneus swammerdami in the unhardened condition is homogeneous. It stains uniformly red with Mallory. When hardened, it comprises an internal unstained region, giving evidence of --S--S-- bonding, and is bounded externally by a very thin membrane which stains blue with Mallory. The protein of the inner basal layer differs from its counterpart in the insect epicuticle in the absence of tyrosine, in the occurrence of cystine and cysteine, and in being resistant to the action of hot alkalis. Though apparently related to the keratin of vertebrates, it is not identical with it. The outer thin membrane is lipide in nature. X-ray diffraction studies show that the epicuticular protein is unique: it is unlike both arthropodin and the keratin of vertebrates. However, the outer membrane of the epicuticle yields a diffraction pattern indicating the presence of long-chain paraffins and is similar to the outer epicuticle of the blowfly larva. The chitin of the cuticle appears to be identical in pattern with that of insects. In spite of differences in structural and chemical constitution, the epicuticle of the scorpion shows a resemblance to the basic pattern of the insect epicuticle. The differences may be attributed to the absence of phenolic tanning and the occurrence of --S--S-- bonding. The possible role of the purines present in the cuticle of the scorpion is discussed in relation to --S--S-- bonding.

Analysis of the Strain Profile in Thin Au/Ni Multilayers by X-Ray Diffraction

1990 ◽  
Vol 208 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Chaudhuri ◽  
V. Gondhalekar ◽  
A. F. Jankowski
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Diffraction Theory ◽  
Metallic Multilayers ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Strain Profile ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Depth Profiles

ABSTRACTA dynamical x-ray diffraction theory has been used to obtain microscopic strain profiles in thin Au/Ni multilayers. Depth profiles of strains in these multilayers, with repeat periodicities varying from 0.82 nm to 9.0 nm, are obtained by an iterative fitting of the calculated diffraction pattern with the experimental one. Interfacial coherency is found to play an important role in understanding the origin of the supermodulus effect in metallic multilayers.

Electron Microscopy of Shock Loaded Polycrystalline Beryllium

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 506-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Galbraith ◽  
L. E. Murr ◽  
A. L. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Structural Change ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Shock Loading ◽  
Slip Systems ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray

Uniaxial compression tests and hydrostatic tests at pressures up to 27 kbars have been performed to determine operating slip systems in single crystal and polycrystal1ine beryllium. A recent study has been made of wave propagation in single crystal beryllium by shock loading to selectively activate various slip systems, and this has been followed by a study of wave propagation and spallation in textured, polycrystal1ine beryllium. An alteration in the X-ray diffraction pattern has been noted after shock loading, but this alteration has not yet been correlated with any structural change occurring during shock loading of polycrystal1ine beryllium.This study is being conducted in an effort to characterize the effects of shock loading on textured, polycrystal1ine beryllium. Samples were fabricated from a billet of Kawecki-Berylco hot pressed HP-10 beryllium.

Cytomembrane Preservation in Tissue Dehydrated Only With Glutaraldehyde and Epon 812 Resin

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 320-321
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Pease
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Unpublished Study ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Sectioned Material

A previous study demonstrated that tissue could be successfully infiltrated with 50% glutaraldehyde, and then subsequently polymerized with urea to create an embedment which retained cytomembrane lipids in sectioned material. As a result, the 180-190 Å periodicity characteristic of fresh, mammalian myelin was preserved in sections, as was a brilliant birefringence, and the capacity to bind OsO4 vapor in the hydrophobic bilayers. An associated (unpublished) study, carried out in co-operation with Drs. C.K. Akers and D.F. Parsons, demonstrated that the high concentration of glutaraldehyde (and urea) did not significantly alter the X-ray diffraction pattern of aldehyde-fixed, myelin. Thus, by itself, 50% glutaraldehyde has little effect upon cytomembrane systems and can be used with confidence for the first stages of dehydration.

Role of the Structure and Electronic Properties of Fe2O3-MoO3 Catalyst on the Dehydration of Isopropyl Alcohol

1993 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 1591-1599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abd El-Aziz A. Said
Keyword(s):  
Active Sites ◽  
Isopropyl Alcohol ◽  
Oxide Catalyst ◽  
Flow System ◽  
Charge Carriers ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Catalyst Composition ◽  
Surface Active

Molybdenum oxide catalyst doped or mixed with (1 - 50) mole % Fe3+ ions were prepared. The structure of the original samples and the samples calcined at 400 °C were characterized using DTA, X-ray diffraction and IR spectra. Measurements of the electrical conductivity of calcined samples with and without isopropyl alcohol revealed that the conductance increases on increasing the content of Fe3+ ions up to 50 mole %. The activation energies of charge carriers were determined in presence and absence of the alcohol. The catalytic dehydration of isopropyl alcohol was carried out at 250 °C using a flow system. The results obtained showed that the doped or mixed catalysts are active and selective towards propene formation. However, the catalyst containing 40 mole % Fe3+ ions exhibited the highest activity and selectivity. Correlations were attempted to the catalyst composition with their electronic and catalytic properties. Probable mechanism for the dehydration process is proposed in terms of surface active sites.

scholarly journals Efficient methods of X-ray diffraction pattern inversion

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 102605
Author(s):  
Ian Gregory Shuttleworth
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray

scholarly journals X-ray diffraction analysis of matter taking into account the second harmonic in the scattering of powerful ultrashort pulses of an electromagnetic field

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Eseev ◽  
A. A. Goshev ◽  
K. A. Makarova ◽  
D. N. Makarov
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Diffraction Analysis ◽  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Second Harmonic ◽  
Ultrashort Pulses ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scattering Spectra ◽  
Technical Possibility ◽  
2D And 3D

AbstractIt is well known that the scattering of ultrashort pulses (USPs) of an electromagnetic field in the X-ray frequency range can be used in diffraction analysis. When such USPs are scattered by various polyatomic objects, a diffraction pattern appears from which the structure of the object can be determined. Today, there is a technical possibility of creating powerful USP sources and the analysis of the scattering spectra of such pulses is a high-precision instrument for studying the structure of matter. As a rule, such scattering occurs at a frequency close to the carrier frequency of the incident USP. In this work, it is shown that for high-power USPs, where the magnetic component of USPs cannot be neglected, scattering at the second harmonic appears. The scattering of USPs by the second harmonic has a characteristic diffraction pattern which can be used to judge the structure of the scattering object; combining the scattering spectra at the first and second harmonics therefore greatly enhances the diffraction analysis of matter. Scattering spectra at the first and second harmonics are shown for various polyatomic objects: examples considered are 2D and 3D materials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and hybrid structures consisting of nanotubes. The theory developed in this work can be applied to various multivolume objects and is quite simple for X-ray structural analysis, because it is based on analytical expressions.

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