Opportunities for development of elevated electric transport in a large city

Modern large cities include both historically developed central parts and rapidly developing peripheral neighborhoods. Today, transport flows are formed not only by traditional bus, trolleybus, and tram routes, but also by significant fleets of taxis and private vehicles. An increase in traffic load and a shortage of parking spaces significantly reduces the capacity of roads and negatively affects the environmental situation. Ensuring transport accessibility based on the development of underground urban transport, the metro, is accompanied by great labor intensity, time and financial costs. Residents of large cities try to use bicycles, electric scooters, monowheels for intra-city movements. However, in winter in Russia this type of ecological personal transport becomes less accessible. A promising option for the development of public transport for large cities with a significant length of the street network in the absence of the technical possibility of expanding the roadway, can be an elevated electric transport (monorail). Using the example of the city of Samara, where the level of automobilization in 2019 reached 344 cars per 1000 people, the possibilities of developing the transport system of a large city with the inclusion of a monorail transport section in such a system are considered. This innovative solution will improve transport accessibility and reduce the negative impact on the urban environment. The average payback period of the project will be 4.4 years.

TYPOLOGY OF APPROACHES TO THE ARCHITECTURAL ORGANIZATION OF LUNAR SETTLEMENTS

Problem statement. Humanity is inching closer to the technical possibility of establishing outer space settlements on the Moon. The space club nations have joined their potential or move ahead with their own space exploration efforts to work on outer space projects of Lunar habitats. The new Moon Race has begun with its first stage of architectural design played out on Earth. The Internet resources and research publications in printed journals suggest different approaches to lunar settlement designs, which can be explained by extreme surface conditions and configurations of the Moon, as well as various goals and objectives set by the states seeking to gain a foothold on our nearest neighbor in space. In cooperation with other nations, Ukraine participates in the exploration of the Moon. However, the global expert comunity has not yet come up with clear and unambiguous concepts of the typology of the organizational architecture for lunar settlements. The goal of this paper is to give insight into the typology of objective timeless approaches to the architectural organization of lunar settlements. Conclusions. Colonisation of other planets, as an immediate objective of the humankind, will begin with the exploration of the Moon, where various adaptation methods could be developed relevant to the conditions of other worlds. Nevetherless, there are some common objective factors affecting the settlements of pioneers from Earth. Thus, the need for identifying and systematising an objective typology of approaches to the architectural organization of lunar settlements as a condition for the subsequent colonisation of more distant planets has become important.

ENERGY EFFICIENT EQUIPMENT FOR MODERNIZATION OF THE GAS BOILERS POWER 0.1-30 MW

The possibility of modernization of boilers TVH-8M, TVH-8 and NYYSTU-5, operated in Ukraine, with the increasing of their technical and economic indicators to the modern European level is shown. Projects of modernization of boilers have been developed, which consist in redesign of heating surfaces in convective shafts of existing boilers without increasing their overall dimensions with using convective part of pipes diameter 32 x 3 mm and replacement of burner devices by developed new type MPIG-3. It is shown that the results of industrial implementations achieved efficiency of boilers type TVH-8M (TVH-8) 94-96% in the operating range of their load and obtained the calculated efficiency for boilers NYYSTU-5 92-94%. It is experimentally proven that when installing special calibrated nozzle, instead of drilled holes in the collectors of gas burners, it is possible to keep the nozzle geometry (natural gas burner consumption depending on pressure) unchanged throughout the service life. The technical possibility of combustion of biogas and mixtures of natural gas and hydrogen in the slot bottom diffusion burners of the MPIG-3 type, when replacing only the nozzle apparatus is shown. Bibl. 17, Fig. 6, Table 1.

Comparison of Intramedullary Magnetic Nail, Monolateral External Distractor, and Spatial External Fixator in Femur Lengthening in Adolescents with Congenital Diseases

The aim of this study is to evaluate the course of the treatment and clinical and functional outcomes of femur lengthening in adolescents with congenital disorders by the application of different surgical methods. This retrospective study comprised 35 patients (39 procedures). A total of 11 patients underwent femur lengthening with the use of the intramedullary magnetic nail (IMN) Precise 2 (NuVasive, San Diego, CA, USA), 7 patients (11 procedures) with the use of the monolateral external distractor Modular Rail System (MRS) (Smith and Nephew, Memphis, TN, USA), and 17 with the use of the computer-assisted external fixator Taylor Spatial Frame (TSF) (Smith and Nephew, Memphis, TN, USA). The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) congenital femoral length deficiency without any axial deformities and (2), independently of the finally applied treatment, the technical possibility of use of each of the analyzed methods. The distraction index did not differ significantly between the groups (p = 0.89). The median lengthening index was the lowest in the IMN group (24.3 d/cm; IQR 21.8–33.1) and statistically different in comparison to the MRS (44.2 d/cm; IQR 42–50.9; p < 0.001) and the TSF groups (48.4 d/cm; IQR 38.6–63.5; p < 0.001). Similarly, the consolidation index in the IMN group (12.9 d/cm; IQR 10.7–21.3) was statistically lower than that in the MRS (32.9 d/cm; IQR 30.2–37.6; p < 0.001) and the TSF (36.9 d/cm; IQR 26.6–51.5; p < 0.001) groups. This study indicates that IMN is a more valuable method of treatment for femoral length discrepancy without axial deformity than MRS and TSF in complication rate and indexes of lengthening and consolidation.

Сloud technologies application analysis at all phases of the project life cycle in terms of the their implementation and use risks

In the article, the authors analyze сloud technologies application at all phases of the project life cycle in terms of their implementation and use risks. This analysis makes it possible to determine: is there currently a technical possibility to remotely manage the buildings and structures construction and operation, whether an information appears sufficient amount in the reporting documents for making management decisions. In addition, the cloud structuring storage allows an applied digital technologies assessment the construction industry and the housing and utilities. The practical application effectiveness of cloud technologies at the stage of operating capital construction facilities provides examples in the article also.

Evaluating technological feasibility of fruit and vegetable transportation by sea between ports of Caspian Sea

The modern process of fruit and vegetable transportation between countries depends not only on geographical, but also on political and economic factors, which makes for searching more efficient and shorter routes. The availability of such a transport opportunity as sea transportation between the ports of the Caspian Sea makes it possible to analyze new routes for the product transportation from Iran, Azerbaijan and other countries to Russia using dry cargo vessels that are currently used as the general cargo vessels. There have been analyzed the new routes for transportation of perishable products in refrigerated containers and assessed the possibility of their transportation on the “Volga” type bulk carriers. The routes “Astara (Azerbaijan) - Moscow”, “Astara - port Alat - port Kuryk - Moscow” have been illustrated. A general arrangement drawing of a “Volga” type dry cargo vessel (project 19610) is presented, the photographs of transporting timber and containers on the decks of dry cargo vessels are given. Calculating the load of the dry cargo ship’s power plant has shown a technical possibility of transporting 16 refrigerated containers on deck of the “Volga” type vessel without changes in the design of the ship’s power plant. Conclusions are made about the need to develop effective cargo transportation by waterways in modern conditions of the loss of traditional Russian suppliers of fruit and vegetable products, about the possibility of additional use of dry cargo ships, as well as the feasibility of developing a backup diesel generator for emergency power supply of deck refrigerated containers in connection with a possible increase in the capacity of the ship power plant.

REVIEW, Classification AND VISUALISATION of opinion dynamics IN SOCIAL COMMUNITIES

В теории игр существует множество различных динамик мнений для социальных сообществ. Процессы обмена мнениями, формирование и изменение как коллективного, так и индивидуального мнений напрямую зависят от вида социального сообщества, условий взаимодействия всех участников, возможности достижения консенсуса, вида взаимосвязи между каждым из членов коллектива и других факторов. Каждая из закономерностей имеет определенные характеристики, некоторые из которых являются обобщающими. Важной задачей является численное моделирование с визуализацией процесса изменения мнений. Это позволит анализировать взаимодействие участников более эффективно. Также графическое представление позволяет рассматривать формирование новых мнений и сходимость более детально, оценивать поведение каждого участника и попытку «уклониться» от консенсуса. Другой не менее важной задачей является классификация социальных динамик по следующим признакам: сходимость мнений (достижение консенсуса); наличие порога доверия (эта характеристика позволит разбивать все сообщество на подгруппы согласно уровню доверия участников друг к другу); виды взаимодействия между участниками (парное и групповое). Оба этих аспекта позволяют систематизировать наиболее «популярные» закономерности, а также наглядно и обстоятельно рассмотреть процесс изменения мнений участников и сходимость их мнений. В работе рассматриваются различные динамики мнений внутри социальных сообществ. Выбор социальных динамик, представленных в данном исследовании, обусловлен двумя критериями. Первым является цитируемость научных работ с их описанием в поисковых системах и научных базах. Вторым - техническая возможность визуализации на языке программирования Python. There is a bunch of different opinion dynamics for social communities in game theory. The processes of opinions exchange, the formation and change of both collective and individual opinions directly depend on the social community type, the participants interaction conditions, the consensus possibility, the relationship type between each of the team members and other factors. Every regularity has certain characteristics, some of them are generalizing. An important task is numerical modeling with visualization of the changing opinions process. This will allow to analyze the interaction of participants more effectively. Also, the graphical presentation allows us to consider the formation of new opinions and convergence in more detail, to evaluate the behavior of each participant and an attempt to “avoid” the consensus. Another important task is the classification of social dynamics according to the following criteria: convergence of opinions (the achievability of consensus); the trust threshold presence (this characteristic will allow the entire community to be divided into subgroups according to the trust level of the participants to each other); types of interaction between participants (paired, group). Both of these aspects make it possible to systematize the most "popular" patterns, as well as to visually and thoroughly examine the changing participants’ opinions process and the convergence of their opinions. There are different opinion dynamics within social communities examined in this paper. Dynamics presented in this study were selected due to two criteria. The first one is the citation of scientific works with their description in search engines and scientific databases. The second criterion is the technical possibility of visualization in the Python programming language.

The Technology of Distortion-Free Quenching in a Magnetic Field of Thin-Walled Details of the Ring Form

During heat treatment of machine parts and tools, besides the usual task of ensuring a high complex of mechanical and operational properties, there is a problem of distortion of products in the process of heat treatment and the need for editing operations (which are carried out manually and require significant labor costs). The known methods do not solve the problem of removing distortion for thin-walled parts of the ring shape completely. This paper shows the technical possibility of using the energy of a constant magnetic field for the "internal" straightening of products during heat treatment in the temperature range of super-plasticity of transformation. The use of special equipment makes it possible to eliminate virtually the distortion of thin-walled parts of the ring shape and to improve their mechanical properties.

Number of reply comments (User Comments/Interactions)

The variable ‘number of reply comments’ is an indicator of interactivity in online discussions. The number of reply comments is a simple measure of how much response a user comment has received. It is applicable if platforms that host comment sections offer the technical possibility to users to respond directly to existing user comments. The reply comments (also called ‘sub-level comments’ or ‘child comments’) then usually appear indented below the existing user comment they refer to (also called ‘top-level comment’ or ‘parent comment’). The measure does not provide information about the quality of the interaction between the commenters. It neither covers interactivity that occurs “outside” of comment threads below top-level comments, i.e. commenters responding in new top-level comments instead of sub-level comments. Field of application/theoretical foundation: Normative approaches to discourse ethics (e.g. Habermas, 1992) evaluate interactivity as a prerequisite for high-quality discourses. Example studies: Medium Measure Unit of analysis Studies Online; online discussions below news posts Number of reply comments (sub-level comments) to a top-level comment Individual user comments Naab & Küchler (work in progress) Info about variables Variable name/definition: Anzahl der Antwortkommentare auf einen Nutzerkommentar Operationalization/coding instructions: Manuell: Zählen Sie die Kind-Kommentare (Antwortkommentare, Second-Level-Kommentare), die zu einem Eltern-Kommentar (Top-Level-Kommentar) verfasst wurden und tragen die Anzahl ein. Automatisiert: Sofern ein Datensatz alle Nutzerkommentare eines Kommentarthreads, Informationen über das Eltern- bzw. Kind-Level jedes Kommentars sowie eine Zuordnung aller Kind-Kommentare zu einem Eltern-Kommentar enthält, ist es möglich, die Anzahl der Kind-Kommentare für jeden Eltern-Kommentar per Auswertungssoftware zu aggregieren. Level of analysis: Kommentarthread (Eltern-Kommentar + alle zugehörigen Kind-Kommentare/Antwortkommentare) References Naab, T.K. & Küchler, C. (work in progress). Unveröffentlichtes Codebuch aus dem DFG-Projekt „Gegenseitige Sanktionierung unter NutzerInnen von Kommentarbereichen auf Nachrichtenwebseiten und auf Facebook“. Augsburg. Habermas, J. (1992). Faktizität und Geltung: Beiträge zur Diskurstheorie des Rechts und des demokratischen Rechtsstaates. Suhrkamp.

Accounting fraud before codification: An inquiry on budget misstatements in eighteenth-century Venice

The article focuses on the understudied role of accounting information in financial fraud in pre-modern historical contexts where specific regulations and standards were absent. Following a systematic literature review, the authors adopt an enriched version of the ‘fraud triangle’ to correctly identify fraud in such a setting. A microhistorical approach allows them to identify an exceptional case documenting the use of accounting statements to disclose a financial fraud in a ceramic manufacturing partnership in late eighteenth-century Venice. The case is analysed to identify the role of accounting information in determining the purpose (incentive), the technical possibility (opportunity) and the consequences (rationalisation) of the fraud. The results emphasise the authorities’ use of accounting statements to assess the situation of the company and fix its crisis, rather than to sanction fraudulent behaviours.