Microwave Processing Applied to Ceramic Reactions

1996 ◽  
Vol 430 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Gonzalez ◽  
I. Gomez ◽  
J. Aguilar
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Radiation ◽  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Liquid State ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Electric Arc Furnace ◽  
Microwave Energy ◽  
Electric Arc ◽  
Arc Furnace ◽  
X Ray

AbstractThe necessary energy for processing ceramics usually comes from gas firing or electricity. With gas firing, ceramics processing is conducted at relative low temperatures. In the case of electric arc furnace, temperatures are high enough to smelt the material and the reaction takes place in a liquid state. In this work we use microwave radiation for conducting reactions between oxides to produce ceramic materials, mainly spinels. The microwave energy was supplied using an 800W magnetron operating at 2.45 GHz. The microstructure and the mineral composition were studied by means of SEM and X-Ray diffractometer respectively.

Conversion of Electric Arc Furnace Dust into Ceramics Using Thermodynamic Calculations and Experimental Work

2018 ◽  
Vol 765 ◽  
pp. 73-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Mostafa ◽  
Mohamed Shahtout ◽  
Tariq Al Afeefi ◽  
Mamoun Medraj
Keyword(s):  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Electric Arc Furnace ◽  
Electric Arc ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Thermodynamic Calculations ◽  
Grain Size Analysis ◽  
Arc Furnace ◽  
Iron Oxide Particles ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Electric Arc Furnace Dust

Steelmaking is accompanied with releasing a large quantity of solid particle in the form of dust. Electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) is known to have high pH number and traces of heavy metals. The objective of this work was to find a suitable procedure for converting the dust waste into inert and useful byproducts using thermodynamic calculations and experimental investigation. The physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics of initial EAFD were analyzed using different techniques, such as: X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), grain size analysis and metallography. The pH measurement procedure was carried out in accordance with the standard test method for pH of soils “ASTM 4972-95a”. The results of XRD, SEM and EDS analysis were consistent and showed that Fe2O3, CaO, Al2O3, SiO2, MgO, ZnO and traces of other oxides are in the main composition of the EAFD batches with different relative amounts. Furthermore, the particle size measurements revealed that the EAFD particles are in the 0.1 to 394 μm size range. The pH number was ranging between 11.15 and 12.21 for all measurements. The experimental results were used as input data for thermodynamic calculations and accordingly SiO2 and Al2O3 were among the candidates for making ceramic materials through forming glass regions that surround and encapsulate the iron oxide particles. SiO2 modified samples exhibited better apparent structural properties than other compositions. Whereas Al2O3-modified samples showed variation in the product color. Thus, it is concluded from this work that a mixture of EAFD can be modified by 5-20 wt.% of SiO2 and then fired at 1100°C to make inert ceramic materials with reasonable mechanical properties.

scholarly journals Synthesis of nanosized nickel zinc ferrite using electric arc furnace dust and ferrous pickle liquor

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayman Galal ◽  
Olfat Sadek ◽  
Moataz Soliman ◽  
Shaker Ebrahim ◽  
M. Anas
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Zinc Ferrite ◽  
Electric Arc Furnace ◽  
Electric Arc ◽  
Arc Furnace ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Electric Arc Furnace Dust ◽  
Nickel Zinc ◽  
Ni Content ◽  
Pickle Liquor

AbstractElectric arc furnace dust (EAFD) and waste pickle liquor (WPL); two major side products of the steel industry with negative environmental impact were used for the synthesis of nickel zinc ferrite (NZF); the important magnetic ceramic material of versatile industrial applications. The structural and magnetic properties of the prepared material were examined which showed good magnetic properties (high saturation magnetization and low coercivity) compared with those synthesized from pure reagents. In the applied process, nano sized nickel zinc ferrite (NZF) with a composition of Nix(Zn + impurities)1−xFe2O4 (where x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and impurities of manganese, magnesium, and calcium were prepared using zinc-containing electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) and waste pickle liquor (WPL). The chemical compositions of the prepared samples were determined using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. The optimum acetic acid concentration for EAFD treatment was found 2% v/v that decreased Ca content of EAFD by 70.6% without loss of Fe and Zn. The structural and morphological characterization was done by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) to confirm the formation of Ni–Zn ferrite nanoparticles and estimate the particle sizes. The maximum saturation magnetization (Ms) of 73.89 emu/g was achieved at 0.5 Ni content and the minimum coercivity of 2.55 Oe was obtained at 0.25 Ni content.

Glass-ceramic materials from electric arc furnace dust

2007 ◽  
Vol 139 (3) ◽  
pp. 424-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Kavouras ◽  
T. Kehagias ◽  
I. Tsilika ◽  
G. Kaimakamis ◽  
K. Chrissafis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glass Ceramic ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Electric Arc Furnace ◽  
Electric Arc ◽  
Arc Furnace ◽  
Electric Arc Furnace Dust ◽  
Glass Ceramic Materials

scholarly journals Grain Size Effect in Elution Test of Electric Arc Furnace Slag

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Riboldi ◽  
Giovanna Cornacchia ◽  
Marcello Gelfi ◽  
Laura Borgese ◽  
Annalisa Zacco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Arc Furnace ◽  
Electric Arc ◽  
Leaching Tests ◽  
Arc Furnace ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Lombardy Region ◽  
Electric Arc Furnace Slag ◽  
Test Requirements ◽  
Furnace Slag

In this paper we discuss the effects of deslagging practices and the size of electric arc furnace (EAF) slags on structural, microstructural, composition and leaching tests. The samples were collected from seven steelmakers located in Brescia (Lombardy Region, Italy). Nine granularity fractions of four samples were tested to evaluate the influence of the granularity on the leaching tests. The results showed that, in general, the release of the elements arises when the size of the particle decreases, except in one sample, in which vanadium and zinc displayed the opposite trend. X-ray diffraction results suggest that behavior may be ascribed to the effect of the grinding, which causes a different percentage of the phases in the various fractions. In conclusion, the possible effects of the size should also be carefully considered when defining new leaching test requirements for EAF slags.

Study of the pH Effects on the Phosphorus Removal Mechanism in Lab-Scale Electric Arc Furnace Slag and Limestone Filters in Synthetic Wastewater

2015 ◽  
Vol 752-753 ◽  
pp. 277-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan Afnizan Wan-Mohamed ◽  
Rafidah binti Hamdan ◽  
Norzila Othman
Keyword(s):  
Electric Arc Furnace ◽  
Electric Arc ◽  
Metal Salts ◽  
Arc Furnace ◽  
Removal Mechanism ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Filter System ◽  
Electric Arc Furnace Slag ◽  
Furnace Slag ◽  
P Removal

Eutrophication as a result of uncontrolled phosphorus (P) concentration that is released in wastewater has emerged as a major problem nowadays. Treatment of P demands high costs specifically to its chemical and maintenance needs. A lot of efforts were undertaken to find the most economical material that can treat P such as Electric Arc Furnace Slag (EAFS), a by-product from steel industry and Limestone (LS), and a natural resource that can be easily obtained from sedimentary rock. Despite numerous study conducted previously, the mechanism of P removal between these two materials have not been explored yet in detail. Therefore, an experimental work had been designed to evaluate the performance of P removal mechanism between the EAFS and LS lab-scale filter systems which can offer the best removal in overall. In this study a column lab scale of vertical rock filters in 100 mm diameter × 400 mm height were constructed for both EAFS and LS filters. The observation period was conducted for 2.5 months utilizing synthetic phosphorus concentration of 25 mg/L as its initial concentration. Working condition of the experiment was adjusted at pH 4.5 to 7.5 under 26.8±0.64 °C. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis was also performed in order to determine chemical composition of EAFS and LS media. Results revealed that EAFS showed a significant effect on the removal of P mechanism compared to the LS filter system. The highest removal of P for both filter systems were observed to achieve 90% (pH 5) in the EAFS compared to only 68% (pH 4.5) in the LS system. This may be associated with the dissolution of Ca, Fe and Al elements in the EAFS that promotes precipitation process and hence gave higher removal compared to the LS element (only Ca has the highest percentage = 91%). At lower pH (acidic) condition the soluble metal salts react with phosphate ion to form phosphate hydrolysis product thus promoting precipitation in the system. In conclusion, it is predicted that precipitation may occur within the filter systems predominantly in the EAFS filter as pH was change from acidic to alkaline (4.5 – 7.5) due to dissolved (Al3+, Ca2+, Fe3+) within the filter system. Nevertheless, it is recommended that future study should be carried out on the precipitates salts through X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis so as the existence of phosphate and metal salts as a result of precipitation can be finally confirmed.

scholarly journals Coke and coal as reductants in manganese ore smelting: An experiment

Mineralogia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 35-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bambang Suharno ◽  
Fajar Nurjaman ◽  
Achmad Rifki ◽  
Robby Krisnaldo Elvin ◽  
Alif Ardiansyah Putra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Bituminous Coal ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Electric Arc Furnace ◽  
Electric Arc ◽  
Manganese Ore ◽  
Arc Furnace ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Kg Medium

Abstract The effect of coke and bituminous coal on the reduction of medium-grade manganese ore in ferromanganese production was investigated. Charges of 30 kg medium grade manganese ore, 12 kg limestone and varied amounts of coke and coal were smelted in a Submerged Electric Arc Furnace (SAF) at temperatures of 1300°C to 1500°C. The composition of the ferromanganese and the slag were determined by X-Ray Fluorescence. It was found that using coke as a single reductant resulted in a 96% yield of ferromanganese which was higher than by using coal either as a single reductant or in a mixture of coal and coke. It was also found that using coke as a single reductant resulted in the lowest specific energy consumption. Using coal as reductant produced ferromanganese containing high sulfur and phosphorus.

scholarly journals Kajian Literatur Parameter Proses Reduksi Selektif Bijih Nikel Laterit

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Fajar Nurjaman ◽  
Fathan Bahfie ◽  
Ulin Herlina ◽  
Widi Astuti ◽  
Bambang Suharno
Keyword(s):  
Blast Furnace ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Rotary Kiln ◽  
Liquid State ◽  
Electric Arc Furnace ◽  
Electric Arc ◽  
Arc Furnace ◽  
Solid Liquid

Proses reduksi selektif bijih nikel laterit merupakan salah satu metode pirometalurgi yang dilakukan dengan mereduksi senyawa besi dan nikel oksida dalam bijih nikel laterit pada temperatur 1100-1200°C menjadi logam ferronikel dengan membatasi metalisasi besi melalui penambahan aditif dan penggunaan jumlah reduktan yang terbatas. Kandungan dan perolehan  nikel dalam konsentrat semakin meningkat dengan semakin banyaknya aditif yang ditambahkan. Namun penambahan aditif dalam jumlah banyak akan meningkatkan biaya produksi proses reduksi selektif tersebut. Penggunaan reduktan batubara dengan kandungan sulfur tinggi memungkinkan untuk mensubstitusi penggunaan aditif. Proses reduksi selektif tidak hanya melibatkan reaksi solid-state melainkan juga melibatkan reaksi solid-liquid state. Oleh karena itu biaya produksi proses reduksi selektif juga dapat diminimalkan  melalui penggunaan basisitas yang optimal sehingga diperoleh kondisi proses dengan titik lebur fasa metalik dan non-metalik yang rendah. Dengan konsumsi energi/temperatur reduksi yang lebih rendah, diharapkan teknologi reduksi selektif bijih nikel laterit mampu menggantikan teknologi pirometalurgi konvensional (blast furnace dan rotary kiln electric arc furnace). Teknologi ini juga diharapkan mampu menjadi solusi permasalahan terkait pengolahan bijih nikel laterit kadar rendah (<1,7% Ni) yang ketersediaannya sangat berlimpah di dunia, dimana nilai keekonomisan yang diperoleh akan sangat rendah jika menggunakan teknologi pirometalurgi konvensional.

scholarly journals Leaching of Zinc for Subsequent Recovery by Hydrometallurgical Techniques from Electric Arc Furnace Dusts and Utilisation of the Leaching Process Residues for Ceramic Materials for Construction Purposes

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1603
Author(s):  
Juan María Terrones-Saeta ◽  
Jorge Suárez-Macías ◽  
Evaristo Rafael Moreno-López ◽  
Francisco Antonio Corpas-Iglesias
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Hazardous Waste ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Electric Arc Furnace ◽  
Electric Arc ◽  
Acid Solutions ◽  
Arc Furnace ◽  
Leaching Process ◽  
Leaching Residue ◽  
Sulfuric Acid Solutions

Steel is one of the most widely used materials in the past and today. Various techniques are used to recycle this material, including the electric arc furnace. This process has several advantages, but it also has a major disadvantage, namely, the generation of waste such as electric arc furnace dusts. Electric arc furnace dusts are classified as hazardous waste due to their high percentage of heavy metals, including zinc. Consequently, in the present research, the leaching of zinc for recovery with sulfuric acid solutions at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure is evaluated, as well as the reuse of the leaching process residue as a raw material for ceramic materials. The sulfuric acid solutions were 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 molar, using clay for ceramic conforming and percentages of the leaching residue from 0–50%. The results showed that the optimum solution was 1 molar sulfuric acid, recovering all the zinc in the sample in 36 h. Furthermore, it was found that the clay-conformed ceramics with less than 40% leaching residue showed acceptable physical and mechanical properties according to standards. Therefore, this research develops a new environmental hydrometallurgy in which metallic elements of interest are valorized and the production of waste is avoided, reducing the deposition of hazardous waste in landfills and the extraction of raw materials for the manufacture of construction materials.

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