Chemical Implications of Heat and Radiation Damage to Rock Salt

1984 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry R. Pederson
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Gamma Irradiation ◽  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Rock Salt ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Paradox Basin ◽  
Base Content ◽  
Natural Rock ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Induced Defects

AbstractChemical changes induced in Palo Duro and Paradox Basin natural rock salts and in synthetic NaCl by heat and gamma radiation were investigated. Heating of unirradiated natural rock salts to 300°C resulted in HCI (most prevalent), SO2, CO2, and H2S evolution, and increased the base content of the remaining salt by not more than 10 microequivalents per gram; whereas, heating of synthetic NaCI gave no product. Gamma irradiation produced sodium colloids and neutral chlorine in amounts similar to the results of Levy and coworkers. When the irradiated salts were heated, three reactions were apparent: (1) radiation-induced defects recombined; (2) neutral chlorine was evolved; and (3) HCl, SO2, CO2, and H2S were evolved, similar to results for unirradiated salts. Because reaction (1) appeared to dominate over reaction (2), it is expected that the influence of radiation damage to salt on the near-field chemical environment will be minor.

Gamma radiation-induced defects in KCl, MgCl2, and ZnCl2 salts at room temperature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Ramos-Ballesteros ◽  
Ruchi Gakhar ◽  
Gregory P. Horne ◽  
Kazuhiro Iwamatsu ◽  
James F. Wishart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Gamma Irradiation ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Diffuse Reflectance ◽  
Post Irradiation ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Induced Defects

Room temperature post-irradiation measurements of diffuse reflectance and EPR spectroscopies were made to characterize the long-lived radiation-induced species formed upon gamma irradiation (up to 100 kGy) of solid KCl, MgCl2, and ZnCl2 salts.

scholarly journals Gamma Radiation-Induced Disruption of Cellular Junctions in HUVECs Is Mediated through Affecting MAPK/NF-κB Inflammatory Pathways

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Wang ◽  
R. Chandra Segaran ◽  
L. Y. Chan ◽  
Aref A. M. Aladresi ◽  
A. Chinnathambi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Cell Viability ◽  
Gamma Irradiation ◽  
Mapk Pathway ◽  
Umbilical Vein ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Migration Ability ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Cellular Junctions ◽  
Radiation Induced

Ionizing radiation-induced cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been well documented. However, the mechanisms of CVD genesis are still not fully understood. In this study, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to gamma irradiation at different doses ranging from 0.2 Gy to 5 Gy. Cell viability, migration ability, permeability, oxidative and nitrosative stresses, inflammation, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NF-κB) pathway activation were evaluated postirradiation. It was found that gamma irradiation at doses ranging from 0.5 Gy to 5 Gy inhibited the migration ability of HUVECs without any significant effects on cell viability at 6 h and 24 h postirradiation. The decreased transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER), increased permeability, and disruption of cellular junctions were observed in HUVECs after gamma irradiation accompanied by the lower levels of junction-related proteins such as ZO-1, occludin, vascular endothelial- (VE-) cadherin, and connexin 40. The enhanced oxidative and nitrosative stresses, e.g., ROS and NO2- levels and inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α were demonstrated in HUVECs after gamma irradiation. Western blot results showed that protein levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway molecules p38, p53, p21, and p27 increased after gamma irradiation, which further induced the activation of the NF-κB pathway. BAY 11-7085, an inhibitor of NF-κB activation, was demonstrated to partially block the effects of gamma radiation in HUVECs examined by TEER and FITC-dextran permeability assay. We therefore concluded that the gamma irradiation-induced disruption of cellular junctions in HUVECs was through the inflammatory MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Interaction of water vapor with gamma-radiation-induced defects in proton conductive polymers

2009 ◽  
Vol 180 (6-8) ◽  
pp. 585-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Tsuchiya ◽  
Y. Konishi ◽  
S. Nagata ◽  
T. Shikama
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Conductive Polymers ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Induced Defects

Recent Advances in Understanding Helium Embrittlement in Metals

MRS Bulletin ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 14-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.I. Baskes
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Fusion Energy ◽  
Bubble Formation ◽  
Pair Potential ◽  
Damage Threshold ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Helium Embrittlement ◽  
Atomistic Calculations ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Induced Defects

Helium is formed in metals as a secondary product of fission/fusion energy technology. Even though helium is chemically inert and essentially insoluble in metals, under specific exposure conditions it is known to cause them to lose their ductility. At high temperatures, helium atoms produced from the transmutation of 10B or from a two-step process with 58Ni in amounts as low as a few parts per million migrate to grain boundaries to cause inter-granular failure. Ion implantation of helium may cause a similar effect. More recently it has been found that helium produced from tritium decay at or slightly above room temperature also markedly degrades the mechanical properties of metals. In order to design alloys of the future it is necessary to understand the mechanisms responsible for this helium embrittlement.Early experiments found that helium is strongly trapped at radiation-produced defects in metals. Atomistic calculations using pair potential interactions verified these findings. It was initially thought that the helium embrittlement in metals was due to the trapping and subsequent bubble formation at radiation-induced defects. It has been shown, however, that helium may be trapped in metals even in the absence of radiation damage. Thomas et al. found that 3He generated at low temperatures from tritium decay remained trapped in nickel upon heating to 500°C. In both this experimentand a subsequentone in gold the helium was introduced without the production of radiation damage. In this second experiment Thomas used transmission electron microscopy to see in the gold small (10Å) bubbles that had been implanted with low-energy (sub-damage threshold) helium.

Radiation damage and evolution of radiation-induced defects in Er2O3bixbyite

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 115403 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Kittiratanawasin ◽  
Roger Smith ◽  
B P Uberuaga ◽  
K E Sickafus
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Induced Defects
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