Optical Profilometry as a Non-Destructive Technique to Quantify Engraving on Medieval Brass Astrolabes

2004 ◽  
Vol 852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian D. Newbury ◽  
Michael R. Notis
Keyword(s):  
White Light ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Lateral Resolution ◽  
Depth Of Field ◽  
Scientific Instrument ◽  
Vertical Resolution ◽  
Optical Profilometry ◽  
Surface Features ◽  
Non Destructive

ABSTRACTOptical profilometry has been performed on an astrolabe dated 1556 AD and attributed to the famous maker Gualterus Arsenius of Louvain, Belgium. In this non-destructive technique, a beam of white light is impinged on the sample and combined with the chromatic aberration technique to accurately measure surface features. With machine parameters set to a vertical resolution of 0.1 μm, lateral resolution to 6 μm and a 3 mm depth of field, various engraving features on the astrolabe were studied. Both hand-scribed and stamped markings are present on the astrolabe components. Inspection of the hand-scribed date on the instrument's mater allows one to quantify the shape and dimensions of the tool used, as well as the direction and inclination of the engraving tool during inscription. The results of this analysis give information about how the astrolabe was constructed in one of the Renaissance's greatest scientific instrument workshops. The results are compared to similar engravings on an undated and unsigned Islamic astrolabe tympan.

Resolution in the scanning tunneling microscope

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 488-489
Author(s):  
R. J. Wilson ◽  
D. D. Chambliss ◽  
S. Chiang ◽  
V. M. Hallmark
Keyword(s):  
Scanning Tunneling Microscope ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Atomic Scale ◽  
Lateral Resolution ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Electronic Noise ◽  
Vertical Resolution ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Spatial Profile ◽  
Theoretical Analyses

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has been used for many atomic scale observations of metal and semiconductor surfaces. The fundamental principle of the microscope involves the tunneling of evanescent electrons through a 10Å gap between a sharp tip and a reasonably conductive sample at energies in the eV range. Lateral and vertical resolution are used to define the minimum detectable width and height of observed features. Theoretical analyses first discussed lateral resolution in idealized cases, and recent work includes more general considerations. In all cases it is concluded that lateral resolution in STM depends upon the spatial profile of electronic states of both the sample and tip at energies near the Fermi level. Vertical resolution is typically limited by mechanical and electronic noise.

400 Kv Electron Cryo-Microscopic Imaging Of Large Icosahedral Viruses Towards Atomic Resolution

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (S2) ◽  
pp. 186-187
Author(s):  
Joanita Jakarta ◽  
Wah Chiu
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Depth Of Field ◽  
Periodic Arrays ◽  
Icosahedral Viruses ◽  
Simplex Virus

Three-dimensional structure studies provide important information about the organization of macromolecules, often revealing biological mechanisms and protein structure-function relationships. 400 KV electron cryo-microscopy is an emerging technology that is proving to be a powerful tool for studying the structures of large macromolecular assemblies that are often not tractable using other techniques. Its large depth of field makes it well-suited for imaging large objects to high resolution. In addition, a high accelerating voltage minimizes chromatic aberration yielding images of higher contrast. Recently a 400 KV electron cryo-microscope has been used to image periodic arrays of tubulin to 3.5 Å and single particles at somewhat lower resolutions (13 Å) providing practical demonstrations of its usefulness in modern structural biology. In this paper we present high resolution image data of two large icosahedral viruses: herpes simplex virus IB nucleocapsid (HSV IB) and rice dwarf virus (RDV). Human herpes virus (HSV) is associated with a spectrum of diseases ranging from cold sores to more severe clinical manifestations such as mental retardation.

Improvement of lateral resolution and extension of depth of field in two-photon microscopy by a higher-order radially polarized beam

Microscopy ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sari Ipponjima ◽  
Terumasa Hibi ◽  
Yuichi Kozawa ◽  
Hibiki Horanai ◽  
Hiroyuki Yokoyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Order ◽  
Lateral Resolution ◽  
Depth Of Field ◽  
Two Photon Microscopy ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Radially Polarized Beam ◽  
Polarized Beam ◽  
Radially Polarized

Lateral Resolution Enhancement of Vertical Scanning Interferometry by Sub-Pixel Sampling

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf S. Arvidson ◽  
Cornelius Fischer ◽  
Dale S. Sawyer ◽  
Gavin D. Scott ◽  
Douglas Natelson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Resolution Enhancement ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Lateral Resolution ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Vertical Resolution ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Scanning Interferometer ◽  
High Vertical Resolution ◽  
Vertical Scanning Interferometry

AbstractWe apply common image enhancement principles and sub-pixel sample positioning to achieve a significant enhancement in the spatial resolution of a vertical scanning interferometer. We illustrate the potential of this new method using a standard atomic force microscope calibration grid and other materials having motifs of known lateral and vertical dimensions. This approach combines the high vertical resolution of vertical scanning interferometry and its native advantages (large field of view, rapid and nondestructive data acquisition) with important increases in lateral resolution. This combination offers the means to address a common challenge in microscopy: the integration of properties and processes that depend on, and vary as a function of observational length.

Non-destructive determination of surface features of pomegranate fruit

2016 ◽  
pp. 247-250
Author(s):  
R. Spielmanns ◽  
J. Spielmanns ◽  
L. Damerow ◽  
M.M. Blanke
Keyword(s):  
Surface Features ◽  
Pomegranate Fruit ◽  
Non Destructive

Examination Report: The Polychromy of the Arch of Titus Menorah Relief

Images ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinrich Piening
Keyword(s):  
White Light ◽  
Paint Layer ◽  
Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Art Objects ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
Technical Report ◽  
Digital Restoration ◽  
Yellow Ochre ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Data Library

Abstract Between June 5 and 7, 2012, the menorah relief of the Arch of Titus in Rome was subjected to UV-VIS spectrometry analysis by the Arch of Titus Digital Restoration Project. This technical report details the methods by which UV-VIS-spectrometry of the menorah relief revealed traces of yellow ochre as a paint layer applied directly to the stone surface of a menorah arm and the front of the menorah base. UV-VIS spectrometry is a non-destructive technique used to identify colorants. The surface to be examined is briefly illuminated by white light. From the reflected light this produces, the portion of white light that has been absorbed by the surface is calculated. The absorbed spectra are then compared with those in a special data library comprising about six thousand spectra of different art objects. Analysis of this data, and the characteristics of the spectra, show that the yellow pigment must have been cleaned and prepared thoroughly before use, and that it was applied as a first coat. Together this suggests that the menorah was originally painted yellow.

scholarly journals A New Method for Conservation of Ancient Colored Drawing on Hemp Textiles

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaojiao Liu ◽  
Yuhu Li ◽  
Huiping Xing ◽  
Daodao Hu ◽  
Xiaolian Chao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uv Light ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Element Distribution ◽  
Depth Of Field ◽  
Conservation Treatment ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Wet Heat ◽  
Historical Culture ◽  
Restoration And Protection ◽  
Cultural Relics

Abstract As a kind of textile, hemp artifact is a valuable cultural heritage. Suffering from several degradation factors in the preservation of cultural relics, some ancient hemp colored-paintings have been damaged, further affected their ornamental values. Therefore, it is urged to take the suitable conservation measures to protect the precious hemp artifacts for the historical culture succession. In this paper, an examination and analysis of the hemp colored paintings were the first step to propose an appropriate conservation treatment. Ultra-depth-of-field microscope was used to identify the kinds of fiber, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) was utilized to observe their condition and surface morphology. The element distribution and composition were identified by SEM, energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) was applied to identify the kinds of binding media and amino acid composition. Moreover, novel reinforcement materials and technology were proposed with the principle of compatibility and feasibility. The properties of tensile strength, aging resistance and chromatic aberration were tested before and after dry heat aging, wet heat aging and UV light aging. After systematic examination and evaluation of the hemp colored paintings and reinforcement materials, the optimal conservation treatment was finally established, and the Chinese hemp painting as an example has been protected successfully. This paper provides new methods and ideas for the restoration and protection of the linen cultural relics, which would promote the progress of protecting valuable cultural heritages.

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