The Morphological and Anatomical Studies of The Aerial Parts of Abroma augusta L. from Semarang

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-234
Author(s):  
Rita Ariyana Nur Khasanah ◽  
Niken Kusumarini
Keyword(s):  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Plant Identification ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Anatomical Studies ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Palisade And Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Conservation Effort ◽  
Binocular Microscope ◽  
Black Seeds ◽  
Fresh Preparation

Abroma augusta L. known as Devil’s cotton belongs to Malvaceae. The exploratory study aimed to study the morphological and anatomical characteristics of the aerial parts of A. augusta L. from Semarang. The transverse section of the aerial parts was made by a simple method (fresh preparation) and then observed under a binocular microscope with an optilab. All characteristics were observed and then compared with the references. The collected data were analyzed descriptively and quantitatively. In summary, the results showed that A. augusta L. was an evergreen shrub (small tree) with orthotropic and plagiotropic branches and polymorphous leaves. The inflorenscence was found in the terminal and axillar plagiotropic branching with bisex, actinomorphic, and pentamerous flowers. The fruit was unique (obconical capsule with a rounded base and truncate-tip with 5 angled wings) including cotton fibers and numerous black seeds. The petiole was composed of epidermis, collenchyma, cortical parenchyma, sclerenchyma, vascular bundle, mucilaginous ducts, and pith. The dorsiventral leaf was composed of upper and lower epidermis, palisade, and spongy parenchyma. The stomata type was ranunculaceous (anomocytic) while the guard cell was kidney-shaped. The stomata density on the abaxial leaf was higher than that of the adaxial leaf. The stellate and unicellular non-glandular trichomes, and capitate glandular trichomes were found abundantly on the petiole and leaf blade. These morphological and anatomical studies are important to support the identification as a part of the conservation effort of the plant. Further studies are recommended to investigate the root morphology and anatomy and also biochemical characteristics of each part of the plant in order to obtain  complete plant identification.

Fractal dimension based features are useful descriptors of leaf complexity and shape

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 1301-1310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech Borkowski
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Fractal Dimensions ◽  
Plant Identification ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Mass Dimension ◽  
Scale Range ◽  
Computer Identification

An application of fractal dimensions as measures of leaf complexity to morphometric studies and automated plant identification is presented. Detailed algorithms for the calculation of compass dimension and averaged mass dimension together with a simple method of grasping the scale range related variability are given. An analysis of complexity of more than 300 leaves from 10 tree species is reported. Several classical biometric descriptors as well as 16 fractal dimension features were computed on digitized leaf silhouettes. It is demonstrated that properly defined fractal dimension based features may be used to discriminate between species with more than 90% accuracy, especially when used together with other measures. It seems, therefore, that they can be utilized in computer identification systems and for purely taxonomical purposes.

scholarly journals Valorization of CBD-hemp through distillation to provide essential oil and improved cannabinoids profile

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valtcho D. Zheljazkov ◽  
Filippo Maggi
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Certified Organic ◽  
Secondary Hypothesis ◽  
Epidermal Membrane

AbstractHemp (Cannabis sativa L.) synthesizes and accumulates a number of secondary metabolites such as terpenes and cannabinoids. They are mostly deposited as resin into the glandular trichomes occurring on the leaves and, to a major extent, on the flower bracts. In the last few years, hemp for production of high-value chemicals became a major commodity in the U.S. and across the world. The hypothesis was that hemp biomass valorization can be achieved through distillation and procurement of two high-value products: the essential oil (EO) and cannabinoids. Furthermore, the secondary hypothesis was that the distillation process will decarboxylate cannabinoids hence improving cannabinoid composition of extracted hemp biomass. Therefore, this study elucidated the effect of steam distillation on changes in the content and compositional profile of cannabinoids in the extracted biomass. Certified organic CBD-hemp strains (chemovars, varieties) Red Bordeaux, Cherry Wine and Umpqua (flowers and some upper leaves) and a T&H strain that included chopped whole-plant biomass, were subjected to steam distillation, and the EO and cannabinoids profile were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and HPLC, respectively. The distillation of hemp resulted in apparent decarboxylation and conversion of cannabinoids in the distilled biomass. The study demonstrated a simple method for valorization of CBD-hemp through the production of two high-value chemicals, i.e. EO and cannabinoids with improved profile through the conversion of cannabidiolic acid (CBD-A) into cannabidiol (CBD), cannabichromenic acid (CBC-A) into cannabichromene (CBC), cannabidivarinic acid (CBDV-A) into cannabidivarin (CBDV), cannabigerolic acid (CBG-A) into cannabigerol (CBG), and δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THC-A) into δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). In addition, the distilled biomass contained CBN while the non-distilled did not. Distillation improved the cannabinoids profile; e.g. the distilled hemp biomass had 3.4 times higher CBD in variety Red Bordeaux, 5.6 times in Cherry Wine, 9 times in variety Umpqua, and 6 times in T&H compared to the original non-distilled samples, respectively. Most of the cannabinoids remained in the distilled biomass and small amounts of CBD were transferred to the EO. The CBD concentration in the EO was as follows: 5.3% in the EO of Umpqua, 0.15% in the EO of Cherry Wine and Red Bordeaux and 0.06% in the EO of T&H. The main 3 EO constituents were similar but in different ratio; myrcene (23.2%), (E)-caryophyllene (16.7%) and selina-3,7(11)-diene (9.6%) in Cherry Wine; (E)-caryophyllene (~ 20%), myrcene (16.6%), selina-3,7(11)-diene (9.6%), α-humulene (8.0%) in Red Bordeaux; (E)-caryophyllene (18.2%) guaiol (7.0%), 10-epi-γ-eudesmol (6.9%) in Umpqua; and (E)-caryophyllene (30.5%), α-humulene (9.1%), and (E)-α-bisabolene (6.5%) in T&H. In addition, distillation reduced total THC in the distilled biomass. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses revealed that most of the glandular trichomes in the distilled biomass were not disturbed (remained intact); that suggest a possibility for terpenes evaporation through the epidermal membrane covering the glandular trichomes leaving the cannabinoids in the trichomes. This explained the fact that distillation resulted in terpene extraction while the cannabinoids remained in the distilled material.

scholarly journals Leaf trichomes of Portuguese Lavandula species: a comparative morphological study

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (S3) ◽  
pp. 37-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Zuzarte ◽  
A. M. Dinis ◽  
J. Canhoto ◽  
L. Salgueiro
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Study ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Aromatic Plants ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Leaf Trichome ◽  
Trichome Morphology ◽  
High Diversity ◽  
Scanning Electron

AbstractLavandula species are aromatic plants that produce and accumulate essential oils in different types of glandular trichomes. The oils protect the aerial parts of the plant against herbivores and pathogens, and are of great economic value for fragrance, pharmaceutical, food and flavour industries. In Portugal there are five spontaneous species of Lavandula which are included in three different sections: Section Lavandula (L. latifolia), Section Pterostoechas (L. multifida) and Section Stoechas (L. luisieri, L. pedunculata, L. viridis). Our preliminary observations showed that these species have a high diversity of trichomes. This, associated with the fact that trichome morphology is often referred as an useful characteristic for systematic purposes, led us to investigate leaf trichome morphology in the five Portuguese species, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

A New Species of Adesmia (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Dalbergieae) from Southern Brazil, with Notes on Leaf Anatomy

Phytotaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 521 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-56
Author(s):  
THIAGO COBRA E MONTEIRO ◽  
JOÃO RICARDO VIEIRA IGANCI ◽  
DIANA PACHECO SEIXAS ◽  
TATIANE MARIA RODRIGUES ◽  
ANA PAULA FORTUNA-PEREZ
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Leaf Anatomy ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Taxonomic Study ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
A New Species

A revisional taxonomic study of Adesmia subg. Adesmia ser. Bicolores has unveiled a new species from southern Brazil. Adesmia miottoae is described and illustrated here. Its geographic distribution, phenology, conservation status and morphological similarities with its closest relatives, Adesmia punctata and A. incana, are presented. The species is distinguished by glandular trichomes covering all the aerial parts of the plant, except the corolla. These trichomes are shorter than those of Adesmia punctata. Additionally, a detailed anatomical description of the leaflet blade is provided.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LEAF ANATOMY AND ESSENTIAL OILS OF THE HYBRID MENTHA X VILLOSO-NERVATA AND ITS PARENTAL SPECIES M. LONGIFOLIA AND M. SPICATA

1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikos Gavalas ◽  
Artemios Bosabalidis M. ◽  
Stella Kokkini
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Essential Oil Composition ◽  
Oil Composition ◽  
Lower Leaf Surface ◽  
Palisade And Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Derivatives Of

Leaves of the hybrid Mentha x villoso-nervata are covered with nonglandular trichomes of intermediate length between those of its parental taxa M. longifolia and M. spicata. Glandular trichomes producing essential oils are more numerous on the lower leaf surface than on the upper one in all three mints. Their number per mm2 is higher in M. spicata and it decreases in M. longifolia and M. x villoso-nervata. Stomata are also more numerous on the lower leaf surface of the three taxa, with M. longifolia predominating. The leaf lamina of M. x villoso-nervata is ca. 83% thicker than that of M. longifolia and ca. 9% thicker than that of M. spicata. The number of chloroplasts per mm2 of mesophyll section (leaf cross section) is higher in M. X villoso-nervata. In leaf paradermal sections, the sizes of the epidermal, palisade, and spongy parenchyma cells of M. X villoso-nervata have intermediate values between those of its parental species M. longifolia and M. spicata. M. x villoso-nervata leaves are the lowest in essential oil content. As concerns the essential oil composition, the hybrid resembles one parent, M. longifolia, in the derivatives of piperitenone and piperitone, and the other parent, M. spicata, in the high amount of limonene. It differs, however, from its parental species in that it contains a higher amount of germacrene D.

Factors influencing infection and initiation of decay by the Indian paint fungus (Echinodontiumtinctorium) in western hemlock

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Etheridge ◽  
H. M. Craig
Keyword(s):  
Decay Process ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Host Age ◽  
Destructive Sampling ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Anatomical Studies ◽  
Infection Mechanism ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Large Branch ◽  
Individual Trees

Sporulation by the Indian paint fungus was maximal during cool, wet periods in the fall. Basidiospores were viable throughout the year, but maximum germination occurred only after temperatures had fallen below 0 °C. It is postulated that infection of western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla) occurs in spring when a single basidiospore comes in contact with the stub which remains after shade-killed branchlets, about 1 mm in diameter, are broken off at their base. Anatomical studies of branch stub formation showed that this stage is reached around age 40 and that residual stubs must be exposed almost 2 years before they can serve as infection courts. After stub closure, the fungus becomes dormant and can survive in the medullary tissues for up to 50 years or more without causing decay. The possibility is discussed that conditions associated with large branch stubs and other deep-seated injuries, such as logging scars, broken tops, or frost cracks, are responsible for reactivating dormant infections and initiating the decay process. Clarification of the infection mechanism explains observed variations in severity of decay caused by E. tinctorium in different forest associations and provides a simple method, based on host age and stem-ring patterns, for estimating the decay threat in individual trees and stands, without extensive, destructive sampling.

scholarly journals HPLC - DAD Analysis of Lycorine in Amaryllidaceae Species

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1000500
Author(s):  
Gulen Irem Kaya ◽  
Derya Cicek ◽  
Buket Sarıkaya ◽  
Mustafa Ali Onur ◽  
Nehir Unver Somer
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
High Performance Liquid Chromatographic ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Array Detector ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic Method ◽  
Low Mass ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

Lycorine, the most frequent alkaloid found in Amaryllidaceae plants, has been proven to have various biological activities. Therefore, it is important to quantify this compound in Amaryllidacaeae species. In this study, a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method has been used and validated for the determination of lycorine in Amaryllidaceae plants. A simple method for the extraction of lycorine in low-mass plant samples was employed utilizing columns pre-packed with diatomaceous earth (Extrelut®). This method was applied to the aerial parts and bulbs of Sternbergia sicula Tineo ex Guss., S. lutea (L.) Ker-Gawl. ex Sprengel and Pancratium maritimum L. (Amaryllidaceae) collected during two different vegetation periods. The chromatographic separation was performed using an isocratic system with a mobile phase of trifluoroacetic acid-water-acetonitrile (0.01:90:10) applied at a flow rate 1 mL min−1 using diode array detector. Validation procedures showed that the method was specific, accurate and precise. The amount of lycorine in S. sicula samples ranged between 0.10-0.53%, whereas in those of S. lutea and P. maritimum, the range was 0.19-0.40% and 0.05-0.14%, respectively.

scholarly journals Quantititative Determination of Lycorine and Galanthamine in Galanthus trojanus and G. cilicicus by HPLC-DAD

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1400900
Author(s):  
Gulen Irem Kaya ◽  
Derya Cicek Polat ◽  
Buket Sarikaya ◽  
Mustafa Ali Onur ◽  
Nehir Unver Somer
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Array Detector ◽  
Diode Array ◽  
Diode Array Detector ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Flowering Season ◽  
Low Mass

Lycorine and galanthamine have various biological activities. A reliable HPLC method coupled with DAD detection was developed and validated for the determination of galanthamine and lycorine in Galanthus trojanus and G. cilicicus. A simple method for the extraction of the alkaloids in low-mass plant samples was employed utilizing columns pre-packed with diatomaceous earth (Extrelut®). This method was applied to the aerial parts and bulbs of G. trojanus and G. cilicicus (Amaryllidaceae) collected during the flowering season. The chromatographic separation was performed using an isocratic system with a mobile phase of trifluoroacetic acid-water-acetonitrile (0.01:92.5:7.5) applied at a flow rate of 1 mL min−1 and using a diode array detector. Validation procedures showed that the method was specific, accurate and precise. The highest amount of lycorine (0.012%) was detected in the bulbs of G. trojanus collected from Çan (Çanakkale), whereas the aerial parts of this species collected from Bayramiç (Çanakkale) was not found to contain this alkaloid. In G. cilicicus samples, lycorine was only determined in the bulbs, giving yields of 0.004%; galanthamine yields were between 0.015-0.016%, but none of the G. trojanus samples contained this latter alkaloid.

scholarly journals Changes in leaf tissues of common horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) colonised by the horse-chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ochridella Deschka and Dimić)

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 11-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska ◽  
Weronika Haratym
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Aesculus Hippocastanum ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Palisade And Spongy Parenchyma ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Chestnut Leaf ◽  
Mechanical Barrier

The present study, conducted during the period 2010- 2011, involved morphological observations and anatomical investigations of horse chestnut (<i>Aesculus hippocastanum</i> L.) leaves with symptoms of damage caused by feeding of larvae of the horse-chestnut leaf miner (<i>Cameraria ohridella</i> Deschka & Dimić). Leaves were collected from trees growing in the city of Lublin (Poland). Microscopic slides were prepared from fresh and fixed plant material. Leaf anatomical features were examined by light microscopy in order to determine the mechanical barrier for feeding pests. Changes were also observed during the progressive damage of the leaf tissues caused by the larvae. Selected developmental stages of the pest are presented in the paper. It has been shown that very thin blades of the mesomorphic leaves of <i>Aesculus hippocastanum</i> produce a poorly developed mechanical barrier in which the following elements can be included: the presence of collenchyma and idioblasts with druses of calcium oxalate, few non-glandular trichomes found close to the leaf veins as well as relatively thin outer walls of the epidermal cells. The cells containing tannins and the oil cells found in the mesophyll may form a physiological barrier. However, foraging leaf miner larvae feed only on the palisade and spongy parenchyma cells, leaving undamaged the cells with tannins as well as the idioblasts with calcium oxalate crystals and oils. The feeding of the pest in the leaf mesophyll leads to the death of the epidermis on both sides of the lamina and to drying of the parts of the leaves in the area of the mines.

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