scholarly journals War and mobility. Galicians in the Kingdom of Poland during World War I

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 61-84
Author(s):  
Damian Szymczak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
World War ◽  
Daily Lives

The period of World War I was not only a military confrontation of soldiers of fighting countries. It also significantly affected the daily lives of millions of ordinary people. One of the manifestations of this influence was war mobility. It also concerned the inhabitants of Galicia. As a result of warfare’s, the Galicians were forced to move in different directions; as soldiers, refugees, evacuated. One of the directions of Galician migration was the Kingdom of Poland, that was conquered in 1915 by the Central Powers. The influx of people from Galicia into this area can be divided into several waves. As the first came the Polish soldiers in Austrian uniforms. The next one was made up of Galician Poles served in the Austrian occupation government. Then came to the Kingdom scholars, officials, and intelligentsia invited by the authorities of the rebuilding Polish state. The Galicians were not always well received by their countrymen from the Congress Poland. One of the reasons was prevailing stereotypes and prejudices. However, the Galician’s made a significant contribution to the work of building Polish statehood.

Muslims and the Making of Modern Europe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Greble
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Citizenship Rights ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Building Projects ◽  
Second World

Muslims have lived in Europe for hundreds of years. Only in 1878, however, did many of them become formal citizens of European states. Muslims and the Making of Europe shows how this massive shift in citizenship rights transformed both Muslims’ daily lives and European laws and societies. Starting with the Treaty of Berlin and ending with the eradication of the Shari’a legal system in communist Yugoslavia, this book centers Muslim voices and perspectives in an analysis of the twists and turns of nineteenth- and twentieth- century European history, from early nation-building projects to the shattering of the European imperial order after World War I, through the interwar political experiments of liberal democracy and authoritarianism, and into the Second World War, when Muslims, like other Europeans, were caught between occupation and civil conflict, and the ideological programs of fascism and communism. Its focus moves from Ottoman Europe in the late nineteenth century to Yugoslavia, a multi-confessional, multi-lingual state founded after World War I. Throughout these decades, Muslims negotiated with state authorities over the boundaries of Islamic law, the nature of religious freedom, and the meaning of minority rights. As they did so, Muslims helped to shape emergent political, social, and legal projects in Europe.

4 Publication and Registration of Treaties in Russia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Butler William E
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
International Law ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
World War ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Archives

This chapter focuses on the publication of treaties-a major concern in Russia during the Soviet and post-Soviet eras. This was to prevent the Russian government from engaging in secret diplomacy, as it had been caught doing during World War I. From then on, secret diplomacy was abolished and the secret treaties whose texts were found in Imperial Russian State archives were published, to the discomfiture and embarrassment of the parties on both sides in the War. Soviet international lawyers considered the introduction of the registration and publication of treaties to be a significant contribution of their country to international law. However, the early Soviet legislation on the conclusion, ratification, and denunciation of treaties contained no provisions regarding their publication until 1924. Aside from the history of treaty publication, the chapter also outlines some treaty-relevant legislation.

The Error of Truth

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Osterlind
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
World War ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Business Engineering ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Industrial Revolutions ◽  
Dominant Part

The Error of Truth recounts the astonishing and unexpected tale of how quantitative thinking was invented and rose to primacy in our lives in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, bringing us to an entirely new perspective on what we know about the world and how we know it—even on what we each think about ourselves. Quantitative thinking is our inclination to view natural and everyday phenomena through a lens of measurable events, with forecasts, odds, predictions, and likelihood playing a dominant part. This worldview, or Weltanschauung, is unlike anything humankind had before, and it came about because of a momentous human achievement: namely, we had learned how to measure uncertainty. Probability as a science had been invented. Through probability theory, we now had correlations, reliable predictions, regressions, the bell-shaped curve for studying social phenomena, and the psychometrics of educational testing. Significantly, these developments in mathematics happened during a relatively short period in world history: roughly, the 130-year period from 1790 to 1920, from about the close of the Napoleonic era, through the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolutions, to the end of World War I. Quantification is now everywhere in our daily lives, such as in the ubiquitous microchip in smartphones, cars, and appliances, in the Bayesian logic of artificial intelligence, and in applications in business, engineering, medicine, economics, and elsewhere. Probability is the foundation of our quantitative thinking. Here we see its story: when, why, and how it came to be and changed us forever.

scholarly journals "Vojne je konec, a še naprej jemlje svoj davek" – slovenski in hrvaški vojni ujetniki ob koncu prve svetovne vojne in vpliv zakasnele repatriacije na vsakdanje življenje njihovih svojcev

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2019) (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lampe Urška
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Social History ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Scientific Paper ◽  
English Summary ◽  
Prisoners Of War ◽  
World War ◽  
World War One ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Post War

Category: 1.01 Original scientific paper Language: Original in Slovene (Abstract in Slovene and English, Summary in English) Key words: World War I, Prisoners of War, repatriation, family, social history, history of women, post-war transition Summary: At the end of the First World War, one of the major problems was the issue of repatriation of prisoners of war. The end of the war, for various reasons, did not necessarily mean the end of captivity. The problem first appeared in mass form and conditioned the lives of not only the captives themselves but also their families – especially women and children who were eagerly awaiting the return of their relatives. The delayed repatriation had an impact on their economic and social situation and their daily lives in general. The article therefore addresses the question of the fate of the families of prisoners of war, who have been overlooked by historians, who may have waited for news of relatives and their return for many years after the armistice was concluded in 1918. The issue is addressed in the case of families of Slovenian and Croatian prisoners of war – the ex-Austro-Hungarian soldiers returning from captivity in Russia and Italy, based on requests from relatives submitted to the General Civilian Commissariat of Trieste.

Dispossession and Displacement

2010 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Middle East ◽  
World War I ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Developing Area

This book explores the extent to which forced migration has become a defining feature of life in the Middle East and North Africa. The chapters present research on refugees, internally displaced peoples, as well as ‘those who remain’, from Afghanistan in the East to Morocco in the West. Dealing with the dispossession and displacement of waves of peoples forced into the region at the end of World War I, and the Palestinian dispossession after World War II, the volume also examines the plight of the nearly 4 million Iraqis who have fled their country or been internally displaced since 1990. The chapters are grouped around four related themes — displacement, repatriation, identity in exile and refugee policy — providing a significant contribution to this developing area of contemporary research.

Through the prism of Spain. Socio-economic causes of different outcomes of Russian and Spanish civil wars

2017 ◽  
pp. 142-155
Author(s):  
I. Rozinskiy ◽  
N. Rozinskaya
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
World War I ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Russian Civil War ◽  
World War ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Economic Well Being

The article examines the socio-economic causes of the outcome of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1936), which, as opposed to the Russian Civil War, resulted in the victory of the “Whites”. Choice of Spain as the object of comparison with Russia is justified not only by similarity of civil wars occurred in the two countries in the XX century, but also by a large number of common features in their history. Based on statistical data on the changes in economic well-being of different strata of Spanish population during several decades before the civil war, the authors formulate the hypothesis according to which the increase of real incomes of Spaniards engaged in agriculture is “responsible” for their conservative political sympathies. As a result, contrary to the situation in Russia, where the peasantry did not support the Whites, in Spain the peasants’ position predetermined the outcome of the confrontation resulting in the victory of the Spanish analogue of the Whites. According to the authors, the possibility of stable increase of Spanish peasants’ incomes was caused by the nation’s non-involvement in World War I and also by more limited, compared to Russia and some other countries, spending on creation of heavy (primarily military-related) industry in Spain.

‘Grey Dawn’ in the British Pacific: Race, Security and Colonial Sovereignty on the Eve of World War I

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse Tumblin
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Royal Navy ◽  
World War ◽  
Building Projects ◽  
Cooperative Security ◽  
Strategic Defense ◽  
Racial Discourses ◽  
The Way

This article examines the way a group of colonies on the far reaches of British power – Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and India, dealt with the imperatives of their own security in the early twentieth century. Each of these evolved into Dominion status and then to sovereign statehood (India lastly and most thoroughly) over the first half of the twentieth century, and their sovereignties evolved amidst a number of related and often countervailing problems of self-defence and cooperative security strategy within the British Empire. The article examines how security – the abstracted political goods of military force – worked alongside race in the greater Pacific to build colonial sovereignties before the First World War. Its first section examines the internal-domestic dimension of sovereignty and its need to secure territory through the issue of imperial naval subsidies. A number of colonies paid subsidies to Britain to support the Royal Navy and thus to contribute in financial terms to their strategic defense. These subsidies provoked increasing opposition after the turn of the twentieth century, and the article exlpores why colonial actors of various types thought financial subsidies threatened their sovereignties in important ways. The second section of the article examines the external-diplomatic dimension of sovereignty by looking at the way colonial actors responded to the Anglo-Japanese Alliance. I argue that colonial actors deployed security as a logic that allowed them to pursue their own bids for sovereignty and autonomy, leverage racial discourses that shaped state-building projects, and ultimately to attempt to nudge the focus of the British Empire's grand strategy away from Europe and into Asia.

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