Evaluation of the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) data on sub-daily rainfall patterns in Vietnam

Vietnam Journal of Earth Sciences ◽

10.15625/2615-9783/16594 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hoa Pham ◽

Jun Matsumoto ◽

Masato I. Nodzu

Keyword(s):

Daily Rainfall ◽

Early Morning ◽

Mountainous Area ◽

Regional Features ◽

Northern Regions ◽

Rainfall Patterns ◽

Central Highlands ◽

Southern Plain ◽

Satellite Mapping

This study aims to evaluate the performance of Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) data in observing the sub-daily rainfall patterns in Vietnam using synoptic gauge measurements considering seasonal variations in rainfall. Differences in the estimations of the three GSMaP products, including the standard version 7 (MVKv7) and two gauge-calibrated versions 6 and 7 (GAUv6 and GAUv7), were clarified based on rainfall characteristic parameters and statistical indices. The present study clarified that the contribution of sub-daily rainfall in Vietnam was higher during the afternoon than at other times, predominantly in the Central Highlands and Southern Plain, while it occurred most often during the evening to early morning in northern regions. Distinct regional features were also identified along the central coast. Most of the summer afternoon maximum fell in the western mountainous area, while the eastern coastal plain experienced an insignificant amount of rainfall. As rainfall characteristics varied with seasons and regions, the performance of GSMaP demonstrated this variation quite well compared to in-situ observations. However, GSMaP still exhibited high biases in rainy season and topographically heterogeneous areas, especially in the northern regions where sub-daily rainfall cycles had large variations. The standard GSMaP (MVK) product illustrated an afternoon peak better than the gauge-calibrated (GAU) product, which suggests that utilizing the MVK in the Central Highlands and Southern Plain and the GAU over central coastal regions would be appropriate when considering the characteristics of sub-daily precipitation.

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Spatio-temporal assessment of WRF, TRMM and in situ precipitation data in a tropical mountain environment (Cordillera Blanca, Peru)

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences ◽

10.5194/hess-20-125-2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 125-141 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

L. Mourre ◽

T. Condom ◽

C. Junquas ◽

T. Lebel ◽

J. E. Sicart ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diurnal Cycle ◽

Daily Rainfall ◽

Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission ◽

Poor Performance ◽

Atmospheric Model ◽

Kriging Interpolation ◽

Annual Rainfall ◽

Tropical Regions ◽

Rainfall Patterns

Abstract. The estimation of precipitation over the broad range of scales of interest for climatologists, meteorologists and hydrologists is challenging at high altitudes of tropical regions, where the spatial variability of precipitation is important while in situ measurements remain scarce largely due to operational constraints. Three different types of rainfall products – ground based (kriging interpolation), satellite derived (TRMM3B42), and atmospheric model outputs (WRF – Weather Research and Forecasting) – are compared for 1 hydrological year in order to retrieve rainfall patterns at timescales ranging from sub-daily to annual over a watershed of approximately 10 000 km2 in Peru. An ensemble of three different spatial resolutions is considered for the comparison (27, 9 and 3 km), as long as well as a range of timescales (annual totals, daily rainfall patterns, diurnal cycle). WRF simulations largely overestimate the annual totals, especially at low spatial resolution, while reproducing correctly the diurnal cycle and locating the spots of heavy rainfall more realistically than either the ground-based KED or the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) products. The main weakness of kriged products is the production of annual rainfall maxima over the summit rather than on the slopes, mainly due to a lack of in situ data above 3800 m a. s. l. This study also confirms that one limitation of TRMM is its poor performance over ice-covered areas because ice on the ground behaves in a similar way as rain or ice drops in the atmosphere in terms of scattering the microwave energy. While all three products are able to correctly represent the spatial rainfall patterns at the annual scale, it not surprisingly turns out that none of them meets the challenge of representing both accumulated quantities of precipitation and frequency of occurrence at the short timescales (sub-daily and daily) required for glacio-hydrological studies in this region. It is concluded that new methods should be used to merge various rainfall products so as to make the most of their respective strengths.

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In-Situ Metatranscriptomic Analyses Reveal the Metabolic Flexibility of the Thermophilic Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacterium Chloroflexusaggregans in a Hot Spring Cyanobacteria-Dominated Microbial Mat

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9030652 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 652

Author(s):

Shigeru Kawai ◽

Joval N. Martinez ◽

Mads Lichtenberg ◽

Erik Trampe ◽

Michael Kühl ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Metabolism ◽

Environmental Conditions ◽

Microbial Mats ◽

Carbon Fixation ◽

Hot Springs ◽

Hot Spring ◽

Photosynthetic Bacterium ◽

Early Morning ◽

Metabolic Flexibility

Chloroflexus aggregans is a metabolically versatile, thermophilic, anoxygenic phototrophic member of the phylum Chloroflexota (formerly Chloroflexi), which can grow photoheterotrophically, photoautotrophically, chemoheterotrophically, and chemoautotrophically. In hot spring-associated microbial mats, C. aggregans co-exists with oxygenic cyanobacteria under dynamic micro-environmental conditions. To elucidate the predominant growth modes of C. aggregans, relative transcription levels of energy metabolism- and CO2 fixation-related genes were studied in Nakabusa Hot Springs microbial mats over a diel cycle and correlated with microscale in situ measurements of O2 and light. Metatranscriptomic analyses indicated two periods with different modes of energy metabolism of C. aggregans: (1) phototrophy around midday and (2) chemotrophy in the early morning hours. During midday, C. aggregans mainly employed photoheterotrophy when the microbial mats were hyperoxic (400–800 µmol L−1 O2). In the early morning hours, relative transcription peaks of genes encoding uptake hydrogenase, key enzymes for carbon fixation, respiratory complexes as well as enzymes for TCA cycle and acetate uptake suggest an aerobic chemomixotrophic lifestyle. This is the first in situ study of the versatile energy metabolism of C. aggregans based on gene transcription patterns. The results provide novel insights into the metabolic flexibility of these filamentous anoxygenic phototrophs that thrive under dynamic environmental conditions.

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A Comparison Between Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation Data and High-Resolution Radar Data – A Case Study of Localized Torrential Rainfall over Japan

Journal of Disaster Research ◽

10.20965/jdr.2021.p0786 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 786-793

Author(s):

Yoshiaki Hayashi ◽

Taichi Tebakari ◽

Akihiro Hashimoto ◽

◽

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Heavy Rainfall ◽

Daily Rainfall ◽

Radar Data ◽

Rain Gauge ◽

Hourly Rainfall ◽

The Difference ◽

Microwave Imager ◽

Satellite Mapping

This paper presents a case study comparing the latest algorithm version of Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) data with C-band and X-band Multi-Parameter (MP) radar as high-resolution rainfall data in terms of localized heavy rainfall events. The study also obliged us to clarify the spatial and temporal resolution of GSMaP data using high-accuracy ground-based radar, and evaluate the performance and reporting frequency of GSMaP satellites. The GSMaP_Gauge_RNL data with less than 70 mm/day of daily rainfall was similar to the data of both radars, but the GSMaP_Gauge_RNL data with over 70 mm/day of daily rainfall was not, and the calibration by rain-gauge data was poor. Furthermore, both direct/indirect observations by the Global Precipitation Measurement/Microwave Imager (GPM/GMI) and the frequency thereof (once or twice) significantly affected the difference between GPM/GMI data and C-band radar data when the daily rainfall was less than 70 mm/day and the hourly rainfall was less than 20 mm/h. Therefore, it is difficult for GSMaP_Gauge to accurately estimate localized heavy rainfall with high-density particle precipitation.

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Characteristics of Diurnal Rainfall over Peatland Area of South Sumatra, Indonesia

Science & Technology Indonesia ◽

10.26554/sti.2020.5.4.136-141 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 136

Author(s):

Puad Maulana Mandailing ◽

Wijaya Mardiansyah ◽

Muhammad Irfan ◽

Arsali Arsali ◽

Iskhaq Iskandar

Keyword(s):

Seasonal Variation ◽

Early Morning ◽

Temporal Variations ◽

In Situ Observation ◽

Peak Time ◽

The South ◽

Night Time ◽

Late Night ◽

Diurnal Rainfall

The peak time of rainfall occurrence over an area has certain characteristics in which the difference in time and intensity of rainfall varies depending on its location and distance from the sea. This variation can be determined based on the phase and amplitude obtained using harmonic analysis. In this study, combined data from in-situ observation, satellite remote sensing and reanalysis were used to analyze spatial and temporal variations of peak rainfall events over peatland area of the South Sumatra Province. The results show that most of the South Sumatra Province has a diurnal peak of rainfall during afternoon ranging from 16.00 to 19.00 Western Indonesian Time. In addition, the results also indicate that the analysis on the in situ data revealed seasonal variation both in amplitude and time of maximum diurnal rainfall, while the reanalysis data only indicated a weak seasonal variation on the amplitude of the diurnal rainfall. Furthermore, spatial analysis shows that the time of maximum diurnal rainfall has spatial variation. Over the ocean, the time of maximum diurnal rainfall occurs during night time/early morning. Over the lowland or coastal area, the time of maximum diurnal rainfall occurs during afternoon, while over the high altitude (mountain) it occurs during late night.

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Augmented Reality Storytelling – Narrative Design and Reconstruction of a Historical Event in situ

International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) ◽

10.3991/ijim.v13i12.11560 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 196 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gunnar Liestoel

Keyword(s):

Augmented Reality ◽

Early Morning ◽

Media Representations ◽

Background Information ◽

Historical Event ◽

Visual Medium ◽

Narrative Design ◽

Online Tracking ◽

The Rich

<p class="0abstract"><span lang="EN-GB">How may we best utilize mobile augmented reality for storytelling when reconstructing historical events onlocation? In this article we present a series of narrative design considerations when developing an augmented reality application recreating the assault on Omaha Beach in the early morning on D-Day. To what extent may we select existing genre conventions from, for example, documentary film, and adapt them to a location–based audio–visual medium like AR? How can we best combine sequence and access, the narrative flow of an unfolding historical event with the availability of background information, in order to enrich the experience of the story, but without distorting its coherence? To what extent may we draw from existing and well known media representations of the Omaha Beach landing? How was the battle documented with contemporary means? We present the rich documentation of photos, films, drawings, paintings, maps, action reports, official reports, etc., and discuss how these have been employed to create the published AR situated simulation. We also describe and discuss the testing and evaluation of the application on location with visitors, as well as online tracking of its current use.</span></p>

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Diurnal gross photosynthetic patterns and potential seasonal CO2 assimilation in Cladonia stellaris and Cladonia rangiferina

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b83-073 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 61 (3) ◽

pp. 642-655 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Thomas J. Moser ◽

Thomas H. Nash III ◽

Steven O. Link

Keyword(s):

Photosynthetic Activity ◽

Growing Season ◽

Early Morning ◽

Co2 Assimilation ◽

Atmospheric Moisture ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Late Evening ◽

Summer Rain ◽

Cladonia Rangiferina

The daily, in situ gross photosynthetic patterns of Cladonia stellaris (Opiz.) Pouz. & Vězda. and Cladonia rangiferina (L.) Wigg. were monitored during portions of the 1977, 1978, and 1979 growing seasons at Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska. Photosynthetic activity in both species closely paralleled atmospheric moisture status, where peak photosynthetic rates were attained during or following sporadic summer rain. In addition, thallus absorption of moisture during extended periods of high atmospheric water vapor content gave rise to short periods of minimal photosynthetic activity. During late evening and early morning hours moistened thalli exhibited minimal or no photosynthetic activity, coinciding with consistent attenuation in solar radiation during these periods. Photosynthetic activity was not homogeneous throughout the thallus. The greatest activity occurred in the apical regions and decreased progressively into the basal regions. The apical 10-mm regions of C. stellaris and C. rangiferina thalli accounted for approximately 50% of their photosynthetic capabilities. The potential gross CO2 assimilation of the apical 10-mm regions over 72 days of the 1978 growing season was estimated at approximately 35 g CO2∙m−2 and 16 g CO2∙m−2 for C. stellaris and C. rangiferina, respectively.

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Deriving intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves using downscaled in situ rainfall assimilated with remote sensing data

Geoscience Letters ◽

10.1186/s40562-019-0147-x ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yabin Sun ◽

Dadiyorto Wendi ◽

Dong Eon Kim ◽

Shie-Yui Liong

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Daily Rainfall ◽

Remote Sensing Data ◽

Rainfall Events ◽

Hourly Rainfall ◽

Idf Curves ◽

Intensity Duration Frequency ◽

Improved Accuracy

AbstractThe rainfall intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) curves play an important role in water resources engineering and management. The applications of IDF curves range from assessing rainfall events, classifying climatic regimes, to deriving design storms and assisting in designing urban drainage systems, etc. The deriving procedure of IDF curves, however, requires long-term historical rainfall observations, whereas lack of fine-timescale rainfall records (e.g. sub-daily) often results in less reliable IDF curves. This paper presents the utilization of remote sensing sub-daily rainfall, i.e. Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP), integrated with the Bartlett-Lewis rectangular pulses (BLRP) model, to disaggregate the daily in situ rainfall, which is then further used to derive more reliable IDF curves. Application of the proposed method in Singapore indicates that the disaggregated hourly rainfall, preserving both the hourly and daily statistic characteristics, produces IDF curves with significantly improved accuracy; on average over 70% of RMSE is reduced as compared to the IDF curves derived from daily rainfall observations.

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Photosynthetic performance of rock-colonising lichens in the Mountain Zebra National Park, South Africa

Koedoe ◽

10.4102/koedoe.v36i1.360 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Dirk Wessels ◽

Ludger Kappen

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Volcanic Rock ◽

National Park ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Early Morning ◽

Photosynthetic Performance ◽

The Other ◽

Air Temperatures ◽

Desert Regions

The photosynthetic behaviour of endolithic andepilithic lichens characteristic of sedimentary and volcanic rock was investigated in situ in the Mountain Zebra National Park, South Africa. The park forms part of an inland semi-desert known as the Karoo, in the Cape Province. Temperatures within Balfour sandstone were monitored, the results showing that during the early morning, temperatures within the sandstone were nearly 5@C lower than ambient air temperatures. This may enhance the frequency of water condensing on the sandstone, which may be particularly important for the endoliths Leciclea aff. sarcogynoides and Sarcogyne cf. austroafricana. Maximum photosynthetic rates of the investigated species were found at temperatures between 20@C and 30@C, far higher than the recorded optimum temperatures for lichens from temperate and desert regions. Parmelia chlorea was the most productive species. Compared to the other epiliths, Peltula capensis was found to be a moderately productive species. The photosynthetic gain of Leciclea aff. sarcogynoides and Sarcogyne cf. austro-africana was low, but the photosynthetic gain of these two species still exceeded that of Acarospora sp.

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Trends in rainfall associated with sources of air pollution

Environmental Chemistry ◽

10.1071/en07086 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 184 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

E.Keith Bigg

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Daily Rainfall ◽

Gold Coast ◽

Cloud Formation ◽

Urban Centers ◽

Water Shortages ◽

Surface Moisture ◽

Cloud Properties ◽

Rain Formation

Environmental context. Decreasing trends in rainfall over large areas of eastern and south-western Australia have resulted in critical water shortages. Three reasons have been suggested. The first is a change in atmospheric circulation as a result of greenhouse gas forcing. The second is that changes in land usage have affected surface moisture, albedo and cloud formation. Another, the subject of this study, is that airborne particulates associated with urban areas have acted to decrease the mean efficiency of rainfall, the growth of urban areas thereby causing an underlying decreasing trend in rainfall. Abstract. Trends in rainfall in the 35 years 1970–2004 have been calculated for all 350 available rainfall stations having sufficiently complete records that lie between latitudes 26–30°S and longitudes 150–154°E. The area contains two major urban centers, Brisbane with a rapidly growing population approaching two million and the Gold Coast with a population of ~500 000. Statistically highly significant negative trends were found in the vicinity of Brisbane, with decreases exceeding 40% of mean daily rainfall in the 35 years, and in a smaller area inland from the Gold Coast. The spatial distribution of trends was consistent with aerosol production from human activities, the prevailing winds and losses due to the topography. A previously published observation using satellite data showed that cloud properties were affected by urban aerosols in a way that is likely to reduce precipitation. The results of this study reinforce the suggestion made then that monitoring of aerosol concentrations and properties and in-situ observations of rain formation processes in the area should be undertaken as a matter of urgency.

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