scholarly journals Źródła zaspokojenia bieżących potrzeb gospodarstw domowych o niskich dochodach

2016 ◽  
pp. 145-159
Author(s):  
Paweł Ulman
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Average Data ◽  
Extreme Poverty ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Subsistence Minimum ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Low Incomes

The problem of low income households in Poland is quite common. As it was shown by Polish CSO extreme poverty (subsistence minimum) affects more than 7 percent of people in Poland, and at the level of the statutory criterion of poverty, nearly 13 percent (average data from the 2013). The interesting research problem is to identify the sources of widely understood income (cash and in kind) and their importance to meet the current needs of households with low incomes in connection with a wide range of extreme poverty arising from low income of households. The aim of the work is to present the results of statisti-cal analysis of the level of income from various sources affecting the ability to satisfy the current needs of the poor households. So it is going to be shown how these households cope with basic needs. The statistical analysis are made on the basis of data published by the CSO and the data from the study “Social Diagnosis”.

scholarly journals Challenges Facing Financial Inclusion Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Tea Kasradze
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Financial Products ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Poor Population

Financial inclusion is often considered as an access to financial resources for the wide public and small and medium-sized businesses, although it is a much broader concept and includes a wide range of access to quality financial products and services, including loans, deposit services, insurance, pensions and payment systems. Mechanisms for protecting the rights of consumers of financial products and services are also considered to be subject to financial inclusion. Financial inclusion acquires great importance during the pandemic and post-pandemic period. The economic crisis caused by the pandemic is particularly painful for low-income vulnerable population. A large part of the poor population who were working informally has lost source of income due to lockdown from the pandemic. Remittances have also been reduced / minimized, as the remitters had also lost jobs and are unable to send money home. Today, when people die from Coronavirus disease, it may be awkward to talk about the financial side of a pandemic, but the financial consequences can be far-reaching if steps are not taken today to ensure access to and inclusion of financial resources. The paper examines the impact of the pandemic on financial inclusion and the responses of the governments and the financial sectors to the challenge of ensuring the financial inclusion of the poor population and small and medium enterprises.

scholarly journals Inclusive Islamic financial planning: a conceptual framework

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Habib Ahmed ◽  
Ak Md Hasnol Alwee Pg Md Salleh
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Financial Planning ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Social Planner ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poor Households

Purpose This paper aims to develop a conceptual framework of inclusive Islamic financial planning (IFP) by combining the traditional Islamic institutions of zakat and awqaf with contemporary notions of financial planning, financial inclusion and financial literacy that caters to the short-term and long-term financial goals of the poor. Design/methodology/approach Being a conceptual article, an inclusive IFP framework is described, analyzed and developed by integrating modern notions of financial inclusion, financial planning and financial literacy with the concepts of zakat and awqaf. Findings Using the notion of a hierarchy of needs and a financial planning model, an inclusive IFP framework that can be used by the poor is outlined. The complementary role of the non-poor households who provide funds for zakat and awqaf is also identified. Research limitations/implications The applicability of an inclusive IFP would require Islamic financial instruments and products, institutional development and existence of a social planner who can integrate zakat, awqaf and financial planning to serve the financial needs of the poor. Social implications Application of an inclusive IFP that can mitigate poverty would necessitate integrating financial planning skills and knowledge with traditional institutions of zakat and awqaf to provide holistic financial advice and services to the poor households. Originality/value Discussion of financial planning in financial inclusion literature is scant. The paper explores and offers a novel approach of poverty mitigation by utilizing the full spectrum of IFP that considers the financial needs and allows for the creation of a personalized financial plan for low-income households.

Earnings, Poor Relief and the Economy of Makeshifts: Bedfordshire in the Early Years of the New Poor Law

Rural History ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
SAMANTHA WILLIAMS
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Poor Relief ◽  
Poor Law ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Low Incomes ◽  
Agricultural Labourers

It is increasingly recognised by those engaged in the debate concerning the standard of living of workers during industrialisation that all forms of household income need to be assessed, not just male waged work. A more holistic approach also considers women and children's earnings, poor relief, and the wide range of self-provisioning activities and resources available through the ‘economy of makeshifts’. Over one hundred household budgets of agricultural labourers and their families have been analysed from the Ampthill Union, Bedfordshire, just before and during the implementation of the new poor law in order to further explore and quantify all components to the household income of labouring families in this key transition decade. The article finds that poor relief to families was cut in the wake of the Poor Law Amendment Act. It also finds that the low incomes of families necessitated supplementation through making shift. When the makeshift economy is quantified, it becomes clear that such activities could significantly supplement incomes.

scholarly journals Changes in Consumption Patterns and Employment under Alternative Income Distributions in Pakistan

1985 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aftab Ahmad Cheema ◽  
Muhammad Hussain Malik
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Income Redistribution ◽  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
Employment Effects ◽  
Income Distributions ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Additional Income

The demand and employment effects of alternative distributions of the existing as well as the additional income generated through growth of the economy have been analysed in this paper. The results show that income redistribution in favour of the low-income households would increase the demand for basic necessities like wheat, pulses, edible oils, etc., while the demand for certain other commodities would decrease. The results also show that the consumption levels of the poor households can be significantly increased with income redistribution without much adverse effects on the rich. The employment effects are found to be positive and substantial.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF MICRO FINANCE INSTITUTIONS ON POVERTY ERADICATION IN MERU SOUTH SUB-COUNTY, KENYA

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Diana Gaciukia Makunyi ◽  
Dr. Rotich
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Microfinance Institutions ◽  
Education Access ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Access To Health

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to assess the impacts of micro finance institutions in eradication of poverty in Meru South Sub CountyMethodology: This research problem employed a descriptive research design. The target population for this study comprises of all beneficiary households of MFIs in Meru South Sub County. The sample size was 30% of the target population.Results: The study found that microfinance institutions are a very strong tool in poverty alleviation at household level with income after acquiring microfinance credit being found to have significantly increased. The study further found that microfinance credit empowers the poor, enables them to cope with and overcome many of the problems that they face. Additionally, microfinance loans were found to have led to establishment and expansion of businesses, acquisition of shelter, education, access to health care and opening up of opportunities for the poor to improve their living standards including improved sanitation.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: the study recommends that microfinance institutions to continuously improve their outreach to enable them reach more deserving low income earners in all Counties in Kenya. To achieve this, the institutions should effectively market themselves and also fasten on service delivery as in the case of ensuring that loans applied for are disbursed on time.

scholarly journals Village banks: a financial strategy for developing the South African poor households

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Polly Mashigo ◽  
Humayun Kabir
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Transaction Costs ◽  
South African ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Financial Strategy ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Wide Range

Access to financial services is a vital component of poverty alleviation, community and individual development. The major constraint experienced by poor South African households is lack of financial support emanating from systemic weaknesses of the formal financial institutions which include lack of infrastructural facilities, high transaction costs and traditional collateral. The objective of this study is to propose a financial strategy that would improve access to financial services and develop the poor households in South Africa. The research is literature-based since it draws on a wide range of academic literature that documents village/community banks and financing the poor. International best practices which are equally important and crucial are used to identify financial inclusion strategy that alleviates the need for collateral and high transaction costs in financial transactions. The study reveals that village banks create access to basic financial services to the poor households on a sustainable basis through community/village mutual trust, relationships, accountability, perfect knowledge, customs and participation. Based on these findings, it is recommended that village banks be established and supported adequately and used as a financial inclusion strategy for developing the poor households in South Africa

scholarly journals Is socioeconomic segregation of the poor associated with higher premature mortality under the age of 60? A cross-sectional analysis of survey data in major Indian cities

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. e018885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarani Chandola ◽  
Sitamma Mikkilineni ◽  
Anil Chandran ◽  
Souvik Kumar Bandyopadhyay ◽  
Nan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Absolute Increase ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Isolation Index ◽  
Socioeconomic Segregation ◽  
Indian Cities

ObjectivesAlthough urbanisation is generally associated with poverty reduction in low-income and middle-income countries, it also results in increased socioeconomic segregation of the poor. Cities with higher levels of socioeconomic segregation tend to have higher mortality rates, although the evidence is based on ecological associations. The paper examines whether socioeconomic segregation of the poor is associated with higher under-60 years (‘premature’) mortality risk in Indian cities and whether this association is confounded by contextual and compositional sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors.Setting and participantsA population representative sample of over one million from 39 427 households living in 1876 urban wards within 59 Indian districts (cities) from the third (2008) District Level Household Survey (DLHS-3).Primary outcome and other measuresThe outcome was any death under the age of 60 reported by households in the preceding 4years of the DLHS-3. Socioeconomic segregation, estimated at the district (city) level, was measured using an isolation index of the poor and the index of dissimilarity.ResultsPoor households living in cities where the poor were more isolated had higher probabilities of premature mortality than poor households living in cities where the poor were less isolated. In contrast, it did not matter whether rich households lived in more or less socioeconomically segregated cities. A 1 SD increase in the isolation index was associated with an absolute increase of 1.1% in the probability of premature mortality for the poorest households.ConclusionIncreasing segregation of the poor may result in higher premature mortality. As low-income and middle-income countries become increasingly urbanised, there is a risk that this may lead to increased segregation of the poor as well as increased premature mortality.

Regional Subsistence Minimum and the Minimum Wage: Problems of Simplifying Approaches and Distorting the Real Needs of the Population

2021 ◽  
pp. 93-109
Author(s):  
Elena E. Rumyantseva ◽  
◽  
Oleg L. Shutov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Low Income ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Regulation System ◽  
Living Wage ◽  
The Real ◽  
Social Standards ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Subsistence Minimum

The subsistence minimum and the minimum wage, being basic social standards, not only formally determine the poverty threshold, but also act as the most important instruments of the state regulation of the living and poverty standard, exerting a noticeable effect on both its increase and its decrease. The discussion about the calculation methods, which has been carried out since the beginning of the 1990s, has not ended, and the subsistence minimum and the minimum wage turned out to be so underestimated and at the same time distorted that not only independent experts, relatively free in their assessments, but also the Russian Federation government analysts, previously censoring the publications, state the need to change the approaches to the establishment of the living wage and the minimum wage at the federal and regional levels. In Russia in the recent years, the number of the poor has been growing, and the phenomenon of the growing working poverty has also been noted. Since January 2021, changes in the methodology for the subsistence minimum and the minimum wage calculating have been made, but not in the direction of their more labor-intensive scientific justification, but, on the contrary, in the direction of the even greater simplification. These social standards are now tied as a percentage to the median wage. In the case of an increase between the real minimum needs of the population and the estimated ones, this can be a significant cause of social conflicts. The authors propose to change the practice of applying a simplified approach to the subsistence minimum and minimum wage calculating, the other state regulation instruments of the living and poverty standard in the country and, on the basis of an all-Russian discussion of the state regulation system of the living and poverty standard in Russia with the professional and independent experts, adopt a new methodology, based, according to the requirements of the International Labor Organization, on the sociological surveys method, which will measure the real incomes and expenditures of low-income groups, a normative method reflecting rational consumption norms corresponding to a healthy lifestyle, as well as a method of observing macroeconomic proportions adopted by the international community called relative poverty. The complex application of these methods is, according to the authors, a promising development of scientific research and a change in the content of the legislation in this area. The main result of the transition to a new methodology for establishing the living wage and the minimum wage by federal and regional legislation in Russia in the context of reducing the differentiation in wages of the state and municipal employees and the public sector employees will be a decrease in the number of the poor and a decrease in the degree of the social inequality. An increase in the number of the poverty growth problem research in Russia is also urgent.

scholarly journals Ending Global Poverty: Why Money Isn’t Enough

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 173-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Page ◽  
Rohini Pande
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Extreme Poverty ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Physical Infrastructure ◽  
Global Population

Between 1981 and 2013, the share of the global population living in extreme poverty fell by 34 percentage points. This paper argues that such rapid reductions will become increasingly hard to achieve for two reasons. First, the majority of the poor now live in middle-income countries where the benefits of growth have often been distributed selectively and unequally. Second, a reservoir of extreme poverty remains in low-income countries where growth is erratic and aid often fails to reach the poor. If the international community is to most effectively leverage available resources to end extreme poverty, it must ensure that its investments in institutions and physical infrastructure actually provide the poor the capabilities they need to craft an effective pathway out of poverty. We term the human and social systems that are required to form this pathway “invisible infrastructure” and argue that an effective domestic state is central to building this. By corollary, ending extreme poverty will require both expanding state capacity and giving the poor power to demand reforms they need by solving agency problems between citizens, politicians, and bureaucrats.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT BANKING SERVICES FOR THE POOR

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mykola Miroshnik ◽  
Iryna Didenko
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Microfinance Institutions ◽  
Banking Services ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Wide Range

Despite the many achievements of the XXI century in the development of economic and social relations, comprehensive globalization and digitalization of most sectors of the national economy, the problem of poverty remain still quite urgent worldwide. That is why its improvement is recognized as one of the goals of sustainable development adopted by the UN. Moreover, according to the World Bank in the 2017, more than 1.7 billion adults were not served in banking institutions (or were unbanked), which indicates another pressing problem - financial inclusion. All this presupposes the high relevance of the study of the basic practices of the banking services development for the poor people, which is the main goal of this article. To achieve this goal, the paper proposes to conduct a conceptual analysis of the phenomenon of financial inclusion and highlight the main factors that affect it (territorial, financial, educational, legal, psychological), as well as such group of the population as low-income (or poor). Based on this, the author considered two main practices that can be used to develop the market of banking services. First, the model of branchless banking is considered, which involves use of a wide range of retail agents (for exampl'e, mobile operators, post offices, gas stations, retail outlets, etc.). It allows the poor, regardless of territorial and financial constraints, receive basic banking services from such retail agents, and banks to act as their guarantor. Secondly, model of microfinance for banks is researhed, which allows to provide financial resources for business initiatives of the poor people on fairly favorable terms.In this model, banks can also either provide such services directly, or involve intermediaries (primarily microfinance institutions) to interact with customers. Both of the above models have their advantages and risks for the banking sector, but their implementation will help not only to attract the unused (or unbanked) customer sector, but also to help overcome poverty in the country.The obtained results indicate the need for state regulation of the above models for their effectiveness in Ukraine and are the basis for more thorough research in this area.

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