Amending the Domestic Quarantine Records for Pale Cyst Nematode

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 178-181
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
National Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Globodera Pallida ◽  
Cool Temperature ◽  
Court Order ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Inspection Service

The USDA is amending the domestic quarantine records for pale cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) by adding procedures that allow persons to review and comment on the protocols available online. It is taking these actions in response to a court order requiring the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service to provide a means for public input on the protocols that are used to deregulate fields for pale cyst nematode and to make the protocols publicly available. The changes make the protocols accessible to all and give individuals the opportunity to comment on them. It became effective 28 January 2021. (For further information contact Ms Lynn EvansGoldner, National Policy Manager Office of the Deputy Administrator, PPQ, APHIS, 4700 River Road, Unit 137, Riverdale, MD, 20737; [email protected]) The pale cyst nematode (PCN, Globodera pallida) is a major pest of potato crops in cool-temperature areas throughout the world, causing significant yield losses if left uncontrolled. Other hosts of this destructive pest include tomatoes, eggplants, peppers, and some weeds. The spread of PCN in the United States could result in a significant loss of domestic and foreign markets for U.S. potatoes and other host commodities. Section 414 of the Plant Protection Act (PPA, 7 U.S.C.

scholarly journals Abamectin Efficacy on the Potato Cyst Nematode Globodera pallida

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Nicola Sasanelli ◽  
Ion Toderas ◽  
Pasqua Veronico ◽  
Elena Iurcu-Straistaru ◽  
Stefan Rusu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potato Crop ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Potato Cyst Nematode ◽  
Globodera Pallida ◽  
Reproduction Rate ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Biological Pesticide ◽  
Ld50 Value ◽  
Potato Crops

The potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida is a major pest of the potato crop. Abamectin is a biological pesticide showing high nematicide activity, but its efficacy to control G. pallida has not been investigated to date. In this study, combination of different abamectin concentrations ranging from 1.125 to 36 µg/mL x exposure times from 24 to 384 h were tested on the nematode in a hatching test. Abamectin induced mortality with LD50 value in the range of 13.23 (after 24 h) to 2.90 µg/mL (after 384 h). A glasshouse experiment was also performed in pots filled with soil infected with G. pallida in the presence of sprouted potato tubers cultivar “Spunta”. Abamectin at 4.5, 9.0, 18.0 and 36.0 µg/mL was used in comparison with nematicide fosthiazate. The doses of 18 and 36 µg/mL significantly reduced number of eggs, juveniles, cyst/g soil and reproduction rate in comparison to both untreated control and fosthiazate treatment. Soil applications of abamectin provided significant G. pallida control with LD50 and LD99.9 of 14.4 and 131.3 µg/mL, respectively. These results indicate the efficacy of abamectin to control G. pallida on potato crops and its potential use in organic agriculture or in an integrated pest management program.

scholarly journals Identification and Characterization of Pale Potato Cyst Nematode (Globodera pallida) in Teplá, the Czech Republic

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (9) ◽  
pp. 1386-1386 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Douda ◽  
M. Zouhar ◽  
J. Urban ◽  
V. Čermák ◽  
V. Gaar
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Potato Cyst Nematode ◽  
Globodera Pallida ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Pcr Cloning ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Mediterranean Plant

Potato cyst nematode poses a significant threat to potato producers in the Czech Republic. Both species of potato cyst nematodes (Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida) are listed as quarantine pests in the Czech Republic and also by the European Union, European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization, and North American Plant Protection Organization. To date, G. rostochiensis was responsible for all damage to potatoes caused by cyst nematodes in the Czech Republic, while G. pallida was recorded only once in the Czech Republic (2) 8 years ago. It is important to note that this occurrence of G. pallida was not located in the free-cultivation area. In July 2011, soil samples from a potato field located in the area of Teplá (Karlovy Vary Region) were collected, and the cysts extracted were identified as G. pallida according to microscopic observation of cyst fenestra and morphology of juveniles (1). Cyst morphometrics (means from 10 cysts) included: fenestra diameter 21.2 μm, distance fenestra to anus 56.8 μm, Granek's ratio 2.7, number of cuticular ridges between fenestra and anus 14; while second stage juvenile morphometrics (means of 13 specimens) were: L 466.7 μm, stylet 24.2 μm, tail 53.2 μm, body width at anus 13.2, h 28.6, c 8.8, c′ 4.0. Terminus of juvenile tails was rounded, and stylet knobs possessed distinct forward projections. Total DNA was extracted from single cysts using the TriPure reagent (Roche), and the DNA samples were used to amplify cistron rDNA with the following primers: 18S, 5′-TTGATTAGGTCCCTGCCCTTT-3′, and 21S, 5′-TTTCACTCGCCGTTACTAAGG-3′. The amplified region contains the 3′ end of the 18S gene, ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2, and the 5′ end of the 28S gene. Pfu DNA polymerase (Fermentas) was used for accurate amplification. A PCR product of approximately 1.0 kb was amplified from three individual cysts. The PCR amplicons were cloned into pJET1.2 using the CloneJET PCR Cloning Kit (Fermentas) and sequenced in both directions. The sequences of representative isolates were deposited in GenBank (Accession Nos. JQ692592, JQ692593, and JQ692594). The resultant 1.0 kb sequences showed 99% nucleotide identity to sequences of G. pallida from Canada (GenBank Accession Nos. GQ294522.1, GQ355975.1, and GQ294523.1), thus confirming the results of the morphological analyses. To our knowledge, this is the first detection of G. pallida in the free-cultivation area of Karlovy Vary Region, and only the second in the Czech Republic since the first report in 2003 (2). References: (1) M. W. Brzeski. Page 237 in: Nematodes of Tylenchina in Poland and Temperate Europe. Muzeum I Instytut Zoologii Polska Akademia Nauk, Warszawa 1998. (2) M. Zouhar et al. Plant Disease, 87:98, 2003.

Current Status of Potato Cyst Nematodes in North America

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise-Marie Dandurand ◽  
Inga A. Zasada ◽  
Xiaohong Wang ◽  
Benjamin Mimee ◽  
Walter De Jong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Globodera Pallida ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Limited Area ◽  
Potato Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Private Industry ◽  
Collaborative Groups

The potato cyst nematodes (PCNs) Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida are internationally recognized quarantine pests. Although not widely distributed in either the United States or Canada, both are present and are regulated by the national plant protection organizations (NPPOs) of each country. G. rostochiensis was first discovered in New York in the 1940s, and G. pallida was first detected in a limited area of Idaho in 2006. In Canada, G. rostochiensis and G. pallida were first detected in Newfoundland in 1962 and 1977, respectively, and further detections of G. rostochiensis occurred in British Columbia and Québec, most recently in 2006. Adherence to a stringent NPPO-agreed-upon phytosanitary program has prevented the spread of PCNs to other potato-growing areas in both countries. The successful research and regulatory PCN programs in both countries rely on a network of state, federal, university, and private industry cooperatorspursuing a common goal of containment, management/eradication, and regulation. The regulatory and research efforts of these collaborative groups spanning from the 1940s to the present are highlighted in this review.

scholarly journals A Spatial Analysis of the Potato Cyst Nematode Globodera pallida in Idaho

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (8) ◽  
pp. 988-1001 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Contina ◽  
L. M. Dandurand ◽  
G. R. Knudsen
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
The State ◽  
Potato Cyst Nematode ◽  
Globodera Pallida ◽  
Point Pattern ◽  
Egg Viability ◽  
Aggregation Pattern

The potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida is a globally regulated and quarantine potato pest. It was detected for the first time in the United States in the state of Idaho in 2006. A spatial analysis was performed to (i) understand the spatial arrangement of fields infested with G. pallida in southern Idaho using spatial point pattern analysis, and (ii) evaluate the potential threat of G. pallida for entry to new areas using spatial interpolation techniques. Data point locations, cyst numbers and egg viability values for each infested field were collected by USDA-APHIS during 2006 to 2014. Results showed the presence of spatially clustered fields infested with G. pallida (P = 0.003). We determined that the spread of G. pallida grew in diameter from the original center of infestation toward the southwest as an ellipsoidal-shaped cluster. Based on the aggregated spatial pattern of distribution, we determined that G. pallida spread followed a contagion effect scenario, where nearby infested fields contributed to the infestation of new fields, probably through soil contaminated agricultural equipment or tubers. We determined that the presence of G. pallida in southern Idaho is unlikely to be associated with new introductions from outside the state of Idaho. The aggregation pattern of fields infested with G. pallida, with an average of 4,263 cysts/ha and egg viability of 25%, facilitates quarantine activities and confines the propagation of this pest to a small area, which in 2017 was estimated to be 1,233 ha. The tools and methods provided in this study facilitate comprehensive approaches to improve G. pallida control and eradication programs as well as to raise public awareness of the problems surrounding this economically important potato pest.

scholarly journals First Report of the Pale Cyst Nematode, Globodera pallida, in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Hafez ◽  
P. Sundararaj ◽  
Z. A. Handoo ◽  
A. M. Skantar ◽  
L. K. Carta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Ribosomal Subunit ◽  
Restriction Enzymes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Globodera Pallida ◽  
Species Determination ◽  
Second Stage

In 2006, a cyst nematode was discovered in tare dirt at a potato (Solanum tuberosum) processing facility in eastern Idaho. The nematode was found during a routine survey conducted jointly by the Idaho State Department of Agriculture and the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service through the Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey program. Extensive additional sampling from two suspect fields led to the identification of the same nematode in a 45-acre (18.2-ha) field located in northern Bingham County. The morphology of cysts and second-stage juveniles and molecular analyses established the identity of the species as the pale cyst nematode Globodera pallida (Stone 1973) Behrens 1975. Morphological characters used for identification included cyst shape, characteristics of cyst terminal cone including nature of fenestration, cyst wall pattern, anal-vulval distance, number of cuticular ridges between anus and vulva, and Granek's ratio (1,4). The second-stage juvenile morphologies critical for identification were the following: body and stylet length, shape of stylet knobs, shape and length of tail and hyaline tail terminus, and number of refractive bodies in the hyaline part of tail (1,4). Diagnosis as G. pallida was clearly confirmed by two molecular tests. First, PCR-RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) profiles of a ribosomal DNA fragment using restriction enzymes RsaI, TaqI, and AluI (2) were consistent with a G. pallida control and not G. rostochiensis. Second, the ribosomal DNA region that extends from the 3′ end of the 18S ribosomal subunit and includes all of ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2 to the 5′ end of the 28S ribosomal subunit was used to generate sequence for the most accurate species determination. Sequences obtained from three individual juveniles were compared with those from several Globodera species (3), revealing unequivocal similarity to G. pallida. This detection represents a new country record for G. pallida in the United States. Collection of additional information regarding distribution of this nematode within the region is underway. References: (1) J. G. Baldwin and M. Mundo-Ocampo. Heteroderinae, Cyst- and Non-cyst-forming Nematodes. Pages 275-362 in: Manual of Agricultural Nematology. W. R. Nickle, ed. Marcel Dekker, New York, 1991. (2) V. C. Blok et al. J. Nematol. 30:262, 1998. (3) L. A. Pylypenko et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 111:39, 2005. (4) A. R. Stone. Nematologica 18:591, 1973.

scholarly journals Weed Hosts of Globodera pallida from Idaho

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (7) ◽  
pp. 918-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Boydston ◽  
H. Mojtahedi ◽  
C. Bates ◽  
R. Zemetra ◽  
C. R. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
The United States ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Russet Burbank ◽  
Potato Cyst Nematode ◽  
Globodera Pallida ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Initial Inoculum ◽  
Hairy Nightshade

The potato cyst nematode, Globodera pallida (PCN), a restricted pest in the United States, was first reported in Bingham and Bonneville counties of Idaho in 2006 (1). The U.S. government and Idaho State Department of Agriculture hope to eradicate it from infested fields. Eradicating PCN will require depriving the nematodes of their hosts over a protracted time period. Functional eradication might be achieved with relatively high, proven to be efficacious dosages of soil fumigants. The presence of host weeds of PCN can play a significant role in the success of the eradication program. To determine the host status of common weeds found in potato fields of the Pacific Northwest, host suitability tests were conducted in a secured greenhouse located at the University of Idaho at Moscow. Reproduction of PCN on nine weeds including hairy nightshade (Solanum physalifolium formerly S. sarrachoides) and cutleaf nightshade (S. triflorum) (biotypes from Idaho and Washington), black nightshade (S. nigrum) (Washington biotype), bittersweet nightshade (S. dulcamara) (Idaho biotype), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), kochia (Kochia scoparia), and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) were compared with reproduction on Desiree, Russet Burbank (known hosts), and Santé (poor host) potatoes (S. tuberosum). Plants were grown in 10-cm-diameter clay pots containing sandy loam soil previously fumigated with methyl bromide and inoculated with 10 to 150 cysts that were either collected from infested fields or raised in the secured greenhouse (ample diapause period elapsed). Treatments were replicated five times and each trial lasted 3 months. Cysts were extracted from soil with a Fenwick can, and the reproductive factor (RF = final cyst count ÷ initial inoculum) was determined. While both biotypes of hairy nightshade were suitable hosts of PCN (161–668 ÷ 150; RF = >1), cutleaf biotypes, black, and bittersweet nightshades were poor hosts (1–108 ÷ 150; RF = <1). Russet Burbank (77 ÷ 40; RF = 1.9) and Desiree (21–119 ÷ 75; RF = >1) proved to be suitable hosts and Santé (1–20 ÷ 150; RF = <1) a poor host of Idaho PCN. Although some cysts were recovered from pots containing the remaining weed species, they may have been part of the original inoculum. The significance of nightshade species (whether suitable or poor hosts) in eradication of potato cyst nematode from infested fields cannot be overemphasized. Reference: (1) A. M. Skantar et al. J. Nematol. 39:133, 2007.

scholarly journals A Spatiotemporal Analysis and Dispersal Patterns of the Potato Cyst Nematode Globodera pallida in Idaho

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Contina ◽  
L. M. Dandurand ◽  
G. R. Knudsen
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Potato Cyst Nematode ◽  
Globodera Pallida ◽  
Spatiotemporal Pattern ◽  
Dispersal Pattern ◽  
Dispersal Patterns ◽  
Nematode Reproduction

The potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida is a globally regulated potato pest. It was detected for the first time in the United States in the state of Idaho in 2006, and as of February 2019, the infestation is limited to 1,326 hectares. G. pallida is a specialized obligate sedentary endoparasite that can survive in the soil for up to 30 years in the absence of its potato host. In highly infested fields, the nematode can reduce tuber yields up to 80% and is spread mainly through the movement of soil, tubers, or farm equipment. The objectives of this study were to describe the spatiotemporal pattern of G. pallida in infested fields and model its dispersal patterns in southeastern Idaho. We used geostatistical tools and simulation models for precise mapping and to describe the relationships between G. pallida incidence and the spatial configurations. We found that the nematode is spatially clustered and prevalent around edges of fields, and its dispersal pattern followed the direction of cultivation. We found that the absence of potato in an infested field significantly reduced the number of cysts sampled each year subsequent to the initial delimitation sampling in 2007. Phytosanitary measures prohibiting the growth of potato contributed to stopping nematode reproduction, and the use of chemical fumigants and biofumigant cover crops contributed to a significant reduction in egg viability. We observed a process of a nonlinear decline in the prevalence of cysts as the distance separation from the primary infestation focus increased. A power law model was used to fit G. pallida dispersal capabilities. This study contributed to describing G. pallida infestation for Idaho. The goal of this study is to provide information on the spatial pattern and landscape ecology of G. pallida in Idaho for policy makers, industry, and researchers as well as facilitate common understandings on the challenges and opportunities for controlling this pest in Idaho.

A cyst nematode 'species factory' called the Andes

Nematology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Grenier ◽  
Sylvain Fournet ◽  
Eric Petit ◽  
Géraldine Anthoine
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Globodera Pallida ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Lake Titicaca ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Potato Resistance

Abstract The cyst nematode, Globodera pallida, is a major pest of potato, a plant native to South America. To investigate its phylogeography, an extensive sampling survey was conducted in 2002 in Peru and has laid the foundations of the ancient evolutionary history of this nematode species. We argue that the uplift of the Andes Mountains has triggered a variety of adaptive biotic radiations for Solanaceous plant-parasitic nematodes and has represented a key factor for the evolution and specialisation of Globodera species. We discuss the consequences of the wide genetic diversity observed in South American populations on the efficiency and durability of potato resistance and also the reliability of current molecular identification tools for quarantine purposes. Finally, we emphasise the need to get a more in-depth taxonomic characterisation of some of these nematode populations, and to conduct more extensive sampling in South America, especially south of Lake Titicaca, in order to understand fully potato cyst nematode evolution and their adaptation to their host plants.

scholarly journals First Report of Puccinia veronicae-longifoliae on Veronica spicata ‘Royal Candles’ in Minnesota

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-285
Author(s):  
S. M. Stoxen ◽  
D. S. Mollov ◽  
L. J. Szabo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Type Specimen ◽  
The United States ◽  
University Of Minnesota ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Brown Discoloration ◽  
Limited Host Range ◽  
Inspection Service ◽  
The University

In September 2008, Veronica spicata ‘Royal Candles’ plants showing foliar symptoms typical of a rust infection were brought to the Plant Disease Clinic at the University of Minnesota. Plants were grown in a local nursery in Dakota County, Minnesota. A dark brown discoloration was apparent on the upper surface of the leaf with lighter brown pustules on the underside. Teliospores collected from the pustules were 2-celled with smooth walls and 36.35 to 48.87 μm long, 11.96 to 18.28 μm wide, and had a wall thickness of 1.33 to 2.61 μm, which is in accordance with type specimen of Puccinia veronicae-longifoliae (4). Pathogen identity was confirmed by comparison of the DNA sequence of nuclear ribosomal RNA region containing the internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2, 5.8S and the 5′ end of the 28S subunits between herbarium samples from the U.S. National Fungus Collection (BPI 841971/GenBank Accession JQ627617 and BPI 871789/GenBank Accession JQ627618) and the collected specimen (BPI 882886/GenBank Accession JQ627616). P. veronicae-longifoliae was first reported in the United States in 2004 from a commercial nursery in Michigan (2). Veronica rust has also been found in Michigan in 2005 and more recently in 2011 (1). The only other known report of Veronica rust in the United States occurred in Connecticut in 2007 (3). P. veronicae-longifoliae is not considered a quarantine pest by The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service due to the limited host range, the host not being on the threatened or endangered list and the host being of little economic or environmental importance (2). References: (1) T. A. Dudek et al. MSU Extension News. Retrieved from http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/veronica_rust_observed_this_season/ , 2011. (2) North American Plant Protection Organization's Phytosanitary Alert System. Retrieved from http://www.pestalert.org/oprDetail.cfm?oprID=129 , 2004. (3) Pundt, L. Floriculture Greenhouse Update. Retrieved from http://www.negreenhouseupdate.info/index.php/july/194-rust-on-veronica , 2007. (4) D. B. O. Savile. Can. J. Bot. 46:631, 1968.

Systematic approaches to fragility fracture prevention

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (01) ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
D. B. Lee ◽  
P. J. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Fragility Fracture ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Fragility Fractures ◽  
Fracture Prevention ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fracture Liaison Service ◽  
Reimbursement Mechanisms ◽  
Future Fracture ◽  
National Coalition ◽  
Fracture Liaison

SummaryIndividuals who have suffered fractures caused by osteoporosis – also known as fragility fractures – are the most readily identifiable group at high risk of suffering future fractures. Globally, the majority of these individuals do not receive the secondary preventive care that they need. The Fracture Liaison Service model (FLS) has been developed to ensure that fragility fracture patients are reliably identified, investigated for future fracture and falls risk, and initiated on treatment in accordance with national clinical guidelines. FLS have been successfully established in Asia, Europe, Latin America, North America and Oceania, and their widespread implementation is endorsed by leading national and international osteoporosis organisations. Multi-sector coalitions have expedited inclusion of FLS into national policy and reimbursement mechanisms. The largest national coalition, the National Bone Health Alliance (NBHA) in the United States, provides an exemplar of achieving participation and consensus across sectors. Initiatives developed by NBHA could serve to inform activities of new and emerging coalitions in other countries.

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