CHARACTERISTICS AND ROLE OF MACROPHAGES IN PATHOGENESIS OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES

The pathogenesis of many acute and chronic lung diseases remains a mystery. However, recent years have seen a rapidly increasing interest in the role of proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors in modifying the inflammatory, destructive and reparative changes that occur in the lung. Much of this interest owes its existence to two observations in the early 1960s: firstly, the recognition that subjects with an inherited deficiency of α1-antitrypsin (α1-AT; the main serum inhibitor of proteolytic enzymes) had a high incidence of pulmonary emphysema [1], and secondly the demonstration by Gross et al. [2] that a proteolytic enzyme (papain) was capable of producing lesions similar to emphysema in experimental animals. These observations ultimately led to the proteinase—anti-proteinase theory of emphysema, which predicts that a state of balance occurs in the healthy lung in which the proteolytic enzyme inhibitors functionally equal or exceed the enzymes. Destructive lung disease occurs when the enzymes functionally exceed the inhibitors such that they remain active within the lung, resulting in digestion of connective tissue. This general concept of a disturbed proteinase—anti-proteinase balance within the lung has been recently applied to many other lung diseases, and some will be mentioned later. However, it is in the study of chronic bronchitis and emphysema that the concept has become most well established.

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ROLE OF RS4880 POLYMORPHISM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES IN PRETERM INFANTS

Современные проблемы науки и образования (Modern Problems of Science and Education) ◽

10.17513/spno.29672 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 47-47

Author(s):

E.B. Pavlinova ◽

I.A. Kirshina ◽

E.I. Kurmasheva ◽

N.Yu. Vlasenko ◽

A.G. Mingairova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Preterm Infants ◽

Lung Diseases ◽

Chronic Lung Diseases

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Role of Lung Microbiome in Innate Immune Response Associated With Chronic Lung Diseases

Frontiers in Medicine ◽

10.3389/fmed.2020.00554 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Author(s):

Keshav Raj Paudel ◽

Vivek Dharwal ◽

Vyoma K. Patel ◽

Izabela Galvao ◽

Ridhima Wadhwa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Innate Immune Response ◽

Lung Diseases ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Lung Microbiome ◽

Chronic Lung Diseases

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Delayed presentation of congenital diaphragmatic hernia masquerading as pulmonary tuberculosis in a 4-year-old girl

Pyramid Journal of Medicine ◽

10.4081/pjm.2019.26 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Abdullahi Salisu Shaaibu ◽

Aliyu Mohammed El-Habeeb ◽

Idris Mohammed Mustapha ◽

Abdulsalam Usman Danjaji

Keyword(s):

Lung Diseases ◽

Delayed Presentation ◽

Esophageal Reflux ◽

Female Ratio ◽

Delay In Diagnosis ◽

Chronic Lung Diseases ◽

Plain Chest ◽

Male To Female ◽

Diaphragmatic Hernias

Diaphragmatic hernias are defined as congenital or acquired defect in the diaphragm. It is said to be the most common intra-thoracic fetal anomaly with an incidence of 1 in 2200 to 3000 live births and male to female ratio of 2:1.The unusual and misleading presentation of this condition which would cause an unnecessary delay in diagnosis and all the attendant consequences (such as intestinal obstruction) is hereby presented. The role of plain chest Xray which is cheap and readily available in salvaging the confusing clinical scenario has been emphasized. Late presenting CDH should be factored in the differential diagnosis of any child with chronic cough. Delay in diagnosis increases chances of complication such as chronic lung diseases and gastro-esophageal reflux, later in adulthood.

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A Review of The Role of The Microbiome on Immune Responses and Its Association With Cystic Fibrosis

Immunoregulation ◽

10.32598/immunoregulation.3.2.7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 75-88

Author(s):

Mahtab Ghorban Movahed ◽

◽

Ahya Abdi Ali ◽

Keyword(s):

Cystic Fibrosis ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Lung Diseases ◽

Complex Disease ◽

Pulmonary Complications ◽

Host Susceptibility ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Chronic Lung Diseases ◽

The Impact

In recent years, the microbiome has been recognized as a key regulator of immune responses. Evidence suggests that changes in the microbiome can lead to chronic disease and even exacerbation of the disease. Impairment of innate immunity resulting from microbial incompatibility may worsen host susceptibility to infection and exacerbate chronic lung diseases. Specific microbes play a key role in improving immune responses and microbial incompatibility is involved in chronic lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and Cystic Fibrosis (CF). CF is an extremely complex disease that results from a gene mutation. Lack of expression of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) has late complications. Incompatibility in lung microbiota is associated with chronic lung diseases, but it is not determined whether this incompatibility can cause health problems or ineffective regulation of immune response create the disease and its progression. In the CF, due to the deficiency of the immune system, many opportunistic microorganisms, including Pseudomonas. aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus are colonized in the patient’s lung and due to an immunodeficiency causedby a defect in the system CFTR, lungs are unable to clear the bacteria that leads to severe pulmonary complications and respiratory and digestive problems in such patients. Therefore, in these patients, the microbiome contributes to dysfunctional immune responses and disease exacerbations. This review summarizes the impact of the microbiome on host immune responses and its relationship with CF to explore the role of the microbiome in causing CF.

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Meta-Analysis of the Adverse Effects of Long-Term Azithromycin Use in Patients with Chronic Lung Diseases

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.02067-13 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 511-517 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Hui Li ◽

Ding-Hui Liu ◽

Lu-Lu Chen ◽

Qi Zhao ◽

Yan-Zhe Yu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effects ◽

Adverse Events ◽

Lung Diseases ◽

Bacterial Resistance ◽

Bacterial Colonization ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Placebo Treatment ◽

Chronic Lung Diseases

ABSTRACTThe adverse effects of azithromycin on the treatment of patients with chronic lung diseases (CLD) were evaluated in the present study. MEDLINE and other databases were searched for relevant articles published until August 2013. Randomized controlled trials that enrolled patients with chronic lung diseases who received long-term azithromycin treatment were selected, and data on microbiological studies and azithromycin-related adverse events were abstracted from articles and analyzed. Six studies were included in the meta-analysis. The risk of bacterial resistance in patients receiving long-term azithromycin treatment was increased 2.7-fold (risk ratio [RR], 2.69 [95% confidence interval {95% CI}, 1.249, 5.211]) compared with the risk in patients receiving placebo treatment. On the other hand, the risk of bacterial colonization decreased in patients receiving azithromycin treatment (RR, 0.551 [95% CI, 0.460, 0.658]). Patients receiving long-term azithromycin therapy were at risk of increased impairment of hearing (RR, 1.168 [95% CI, 1.030, 1.325]). This analysis provides evidence supporting the idea that bacterial resistance can develop with long-term azithromycin treatment. Besides the increasingly recognized anti-inflammatory role of azithromycin used in treating chronic lung diseases, we should be aware of the potential for adverse events with its long-term use.

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