scholarly journals Space in Luria Neuropsychology: Ideas, Clinical Phenomenology, Research Methods

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Balashova
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Integrative Model ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Brain Hemispheres ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Neuropsychological Diagnostics ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

The article discusses various aspects of research on spatial functions in Russian neuropsychology. According to the author, spatial functions are those mental processes whose main purpose is to obtain information about the spatial properties of objects and perform spatial actions and operations. The author analyzes some aspects of the neuropsychological approach to the perception and understanding of violations of the mental reflection of space. The article discusses some cultural and historical prerequisites for the emergence of a neuropsychological approach to the study of spatial functions. There are also data on references to spatial disorders in the works of the founders of clinical psychology in Russia – S. S. Korsakov and V. M. Bekhterev. The author writes that A. R. Luria's interest in space arose even before the emergence of neuropsychology as an independent science. In the research on the mental development of children, conducted by him in the second half of the 20s of the last century together with L. S. Vygotsky, the attentive reader will find data on the development of various spatial representations. Long-term study of violations of spatial functions in local brain lesions allowed A. R. Luria, his colleagues and students not only to describe various symptoms of disturbances of spatial components of perception, memory, thinking, and voluntary movements, but also to significantly clarify the idea of the complex brain organization of the so-called spatial factor. In addition, Luria neuropsychology was able to develop an original integrative model of the spatial organization of the human brain, in which various cerebral zones and structures work in concert to ensure the fulfillment of various mental and behavioral tasks. Analyzing the work of A. R. Luria, the author, along with undoubted achievements, notes some discrepancies and gaps in the study of spatial disorders. It is shown that in the fundamental monographs of A. R. Luria, violations of the spatial aspects of tactile and auditory perception and spatial memory were discussed very concisely. Ideas about the “vertical organization” of spatial functions, i.e. the contribution of not only cortical areas of the brain, but also subcortical structures to their implementation, also developed gradually. This statement is also true when it comes to a comparative analysis of violations of spatial functions in local lesions of the right and left hemispheres of the brain. A significant contribution to the development of the problem of functional asymmetry of the brain hemispheres in the processes of spatial analysis and synthesis was made not only by Moscow neuropsychologists, but also by their Leningrad colleagues – L. Ya. Balonov, V. L. Deglin, E. P. Kok, Ya. A. Meerson and others. After the death of A. R. Luria his followers (N. K. Korsakova, Yu. V. Mikadze, E. G. Simernitskaya) began to develop new areas of neuropsychological science – the neuropsychology of childhood and aging. The article discusses in detail the history of creation and current state of the complex of empirical methods used for neuropsychological diagnostics of spatial functions. Special attention is paid to the possibility of using the chronotope category in neuropsychological research.

scholarly journals Hemispheric Organization of Visual Word Recognition in Turkish Monolinguals

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-233
Author(s):  
Filiz Mergen ◽  
Gulmira Kuruoglu
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Visual Word Recognition ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Visual Word ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Brain Hemispheres ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Recently obtained data from interdisciplinary research has expanded our knowledge on the relationship between language and the brain considerably. Numerous aspects of language have been the subject of research. Visual word recognition is a temporal process which starts with recognizing the physical features of words and matching them with potential candidates in the mental lexicon. Word frequency plays a significant role in this process. Other factors are the similarities in spelling and pronunciation, and whether words have meanings or are simply letter strings. The emotional load of the words is another factor that deserves a closer inspection as an overwhelming amount of evidence supports the privileged status of emotions both in verbal and nonverbal tasks. It is well-established that lexical processing is handled by the involvement of the brain hemispheres to varying degrees, and that the left hemisphere has greater involvement in verbal tasks as compared to the right hemisphere. Also, the emotional load of the verbal stimuli affects the specialized roles of the brain hemispheres in lexical processing. Despite the abundance of research on processing of words that belong to languages from a variety of language families, the number of studies that investigated Turkish, a language of Uralic-Altaic origin, is scarce. This study aims to fill the gap in the literature by reporting evidence on how Turkish words with and without emotional load are processed and represented in the brain. We employed a visual hemifield paradigm and a lexical decision task. The participants were instructed to decide if the letter strings presented either from the right or the left of the computer screen were real words or non-words. Their response times and accuracy of their answers were recorded. We obtained shorter response times and higher accuracy rates for real words than non-words as reported in the majority of studies in the literature. We also found that the emotional load modulated the recognition of words, supporting the results in the literature. Finally, our results are in line with the view of left hemispheric superiority in lexical processing in monolingual speakers.

scholarly journals BRAIN VOLUMES OF THE LAMB, RAT AND BIRD DO NOT SHOW HEMISPHERIC ASYMMETRY: A STEREOLOGICAL STUDY

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bünyamin Sahin ◽  
Hüseyin Aslan ◽  
Bünyami Unal ◽  
Sinan Canan ◽  
Sait Bilgic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Volume Estimation ◽  
Brain Volumes ◽  
Brain Hemispheres ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Cavalieri Principle ◽  
Left Brain ◽  
Functional Differences ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

It is well known that there are functional differences between right and left brain hemispheres. However, it is not clear whether these functional differences are reflected in morphometric differences. This study was carried out to investigate the right-left asymmetry, and sex and species differences of the brains using the Cavalieri principle for volume estimation. Seventeen lambs, 10 rats and 12 avian brains were used to estimate brain volumes. A transparent point grid was superimposed on the slices of lamb brains directly and the slices of the rat and avian brains were projected onto a screen at 10x magnification. Surface areas of the cut slice faces were estimated by simply counting the points that hit the slices. Mean brain volumes were 37.74 cm3, 598.95 mm3 and 730.38 mm3 and the coefficients of variations were 0.08, 0.05 and 0.05 for lamb, rat and avian brains respectively. The differences between left and right hemispheres did not show statistical significance (P > 0.05). However, the male brain volumes were larger than the females for the lamb and bird (P < 0.05). In light of such findings, it will be necessary to evaluate neuron number of the brain hemispheres to provide more useful data regarding inter-hemispheric brain asymmetry.

scholarly journals Asymmetric visual input and route recapitulation in homing pigeons

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1816) ◽  
pp. 20151957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antone Martinho ◽  
Dora Biro ◽  
Tim Guilford ◽  
Anna Gagliardo ◽  
Alex Kacelnik
Keyword(s):  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Columba Livia ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Brain Hemispheres ◽  
Visual Inputs ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Behavioural Consequence ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Pigeons ( Columba livia ) display reliable homing behaviour, but their homing routes from familiar release points are individually idiosyncratic and tightly recapitulated, suggesting that learning plays a role in route establishment. In light of the fact that routes are learned, and that both ascending and descending visual pathways share visual inputs from each eye asymmetrically to the brain hemispheres, we investigated how information from each eye contributes to route establishment, and how information input is shared between left and right neural systems. Using on-board global positioning system loggers, we tested 12 pigeons' route fidelity when switching from learning a route with one eye to homing with the other, and back, in an A-B-A design. Two groups of birds, trained first with the left or first with the right eye, formed new idiosyncratic routes after switching eyes, but those that flew first with the left eye formed these routes nearer to their original routes. This confirms that vision plays a major role in homing from familiar sites and exposes a behavioural consequence of neuroanatomical asymmetry whose ontogeny is better understood than its functional significance.

Asymmetrische Hirndurchblutung im Alter?

1976 ◽  
Vol 15 (05) ◽  
pp. 217-222
Author(s):  
A. Bekier
Keyword(s):  
False Positive ◽  
Brain Perfusion ◽  
Scintillation Camera ◽  
Medicine Department ◽  
Brain Hemispheres ◽  
Perfusion Studies ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Brain Study

Between 1971 and 1975 we performed 1580 dynamic perfusion studies in 1411 patients. The patients were admitted to the nuclear medicine department for brain scanning from the medical, neurological and neurosurgical departments as well as directly by private family physicians.For dynamic brain studies we used the scintillation camera (Searle Radiographics) and a bolus of 99mTc-pertechnetate intravenously injected. The polaroid frames were exposed at 4 second intervalsThe results of the dynamic brain study were divided into five categories: normal, moderately diminished perfusion of one hemisphere, severe perfusion defect of one hemisphere, focal or multifocal hypervascular areas (“hot areas”) and stenosis or occlusion of the carotid artery.In 1009 cases we found a normal perfusion of the tracer material without any side difference between the brain hemispheres.In 68 patients with motoric hemisyndrome of the right side and in 89 patients with hemisyndrome of the left side we were able to demonstrate a diminished perfusion of the contralateral hemisphere.In 65 patients with confirmed primary or metastatic brain tumors we observed a perfusion deficiency in 39 cases and focal “hot” areas in 26 cases.In 24 epileptic patients we found asymmetrical perfusion of the brain.In 109 patients without any neurological signs or symptoms we registered a “false positive” dynamic perfusion study with an asymmetrical initial transition of the injected tracer material.The left hemisphere showed a diminished perfusion in 86 cases, the right in 23 cases.The asymmetrical brain perfusion was not observed in patients under the age of twenty years.The incidence of “false positive” dynamic brain studies was found to be dependent on the age of the investigeted patients with a maximum of asymmetrical brain perfusion scans in the age group between 61 and 70 years.At present time we are not able to explain the reason of the “false positive” results. Because of this reason the investigation will be continued together with the neurologists and radiologists to find out a possible correlation between our study, the EEG-curves and results of the morphological brain investigations such as pneumoencephalography or ACT-scans.

scholarly journals Neuropsychodrama: What is happening in our brains in psychodrama?

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-173
Author(s):  
Esra Bilik
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Therapeutic Intervention ◽  
The Body ◽  
Surplus Reality ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Left Brain ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

In this article, it is explained which regions of the brain performs the fastest therapeutic intervention by activating in psychodrama. The kinesic memory of the body can reach even the most primitive records with the power of action. The intergenerational legacies through which the unfinished experiences are transmitted by the Zeigarnik effect can be reached through the wires and ties to the memory of the ancestors. This journey, which now goes back to the oldest with surplus reality and role reverse, will enable the activation of neurons from the most primitive subcortical structures to the prefrontal cortex. Significant confrontations in the scenes allow protagonists to take courageous spontaneous and creative roles while enhancing the right-left brain interaction.

scholarly journals Asymmetry and sexual dimorphism of the medial frontal gyrus visible surface in humans

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-127
Author(s):  
Goran Spasojevic ◽  
Zlatan Stojanovic ◽  
Dusan Suscevic ◽  
Slobodan Malobabic ◽  
Saso Rafajlovski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Brain Hemispheres ◽  
Morphological Asymmetry ◽  
Medial Frontal Gyrus ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Human Nervous System

Background/Aim. Studies of visible (extrasulcal) surface of the brain hemispheres are not feasible for measurements of the brain size, but are valuable for analysis and quantification of sexual dimorphism and/or asymmetries of the human brain. Morphological and morphometric investigations of the brain may contribute in genetic studies of the human nervous system. The aim of this study was to determine and to quantify sexual dimorphism and the right/left morphological asymmetry of the visible surface of medial frontal gyrus (gyrus frontalis medialis - GFM). Methods. Measurements and analysis of the visible surface of GFM were done on 84 hemispheres (42 brains from the persons of both sexes: 26 males and 16 females, 20-65 years of age). After fixation in 10% formalin and dissection, digital morphometric measurements were performed. We studied these in relation to the side of the hemisphere and the person's sex. Standardized digital AutoCAD planimetry of the visible surface of GFM was enabled by the use of coordinate system of intercommissural line. Results. In the whole sample, the visible surface of the right GFM (21.39 cm2) was statistically significantly greater (p < 0.05) than the left GFM (18.35 cm2) indicating the right/left asymmetry of the visible surface of GFM. Also, the visible surface of the right GFM in the males (22.66 cm2) was significantly greater (p < 0.05) than in the females (19.35 cm2), while the difference in size of the left GFM between the males and the females was not significant (p > 0.05). Conclusion. Morphological analysis of visible surface of GFM performed by digital planimetry showed sexual dimorphism of the visible surface and the presence of right/left asymmetry of GFM.

scholarly journals The music in the brain hemispheres

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 259-263
Author(s):  
Giulia Gizzi ◽  
Elisabetta Albi
Keyword(s):  
Mental Control ◽  
Brain Hemispheres ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Abstract The mini-review provides an overview on the differences between the right and left hemispheres of the brain. Recent studies highlight the contribution of the two hemispheres to the physical and mental control, and the interaction language-music. We focused the attention on the behaviour of the right and left hemispheres about the music and on what happens when music areas are damaged.

scholarly journals Unformed lateralization of the brain hemispheres regarded as a neuropsychological feature of primary school children

2020 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 19026
Author(s):  
Inna Lukyanova ◽  
Evgeniy Sigida ◽  
Svetlana Utenkova ◽  
Svetlana Dmitrieva ◽  
Maria Chibrikova
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Left Hemisphere ◽  
School Children ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Abstract Thinking ◽  
Signal System ◽  
Brain Hemispheres ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

The purpose of the study is to identify the neuropsychological features of primary school children (unformed lateralization of the brain hemispheres) that substantiate the necessity for changes in the organization of their learning process. The data of the research demonstrated the need to classify children of primary school age in accordance with the characteristics of their perception and the type of thinking. In the system of interactions between the brain hemispheres, signal systems and the type of thoughts, 7-8 year old pupils displayed the priority of reflecting the world through the first-signal system, stimulating the dominance of the activity of the right hemisphere, which determines the dominance of visual thinking. Children who are from 9 to 10 years old are characterized by the reflection through a second-signal system, a shift of the brain lateralization to the left hemisphere, and the development of abstract thinking. The results described above suggest that only at the age of 9-10, modern primary school children are ready to learn within the existing educational system; 7-8-year-old children are much worse at perceiving information transmitted through the words and are not ready for a learning pattern based on the use of abstract thinking; forced switching of children of this group from the right-hemisphere lateralization of the brain to the left-hemisphere leads to a state of hemispheric dysfunction and, as a result, to neurotic disorders. The education of primary school children must be approached in a differentiated way. The education system of 7-8 year old pupils, whose thinking needs to complete the development of visual thinking (not to leave the process incomplete) and to proceed to the formation of a second-signal system with the dominance of the left hemisphere, which determines the transition to abstract thinking, needs to be rebuilt by excluding the factors that traumatize neuro-physiological structures from it.

scholarly journals FUNCTIONAL ASYMMETRY OF BRAIN HEMISPHERES IN ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Galina Albertovna Novikova ◽  
Andrey Gorgonyevich Solovyev
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Dependence ◽  
Brain Cortex ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Alcohol Intoxication ◽  
Functional Asymmetry ◽  
Brain Hemispheres ◽  
Delta Activity ◽  
The Right ◽  
Alcohol Users ◽  
The Brain

With the goal to study peculiarities of functional asymmetry of the brain hemispheres in alcohol dependence, there has been done an analysis of current research data from Russian and foreign studies. It has been shown that alcohol is a neurochemical modulator of interhemispheric relations, it affects functional asymmetry of the brain hemispheres, perception processes, changes emotional background, influences motor asymmetry, the brain cortex functional activity. Alcohol intoxication is described by the right hemisphere lateralization and a laterodeviation of the brain hemispheres’ functional asymmetry to the left hemisphere. Studies of adolescents with beer alcoholization have shown left sided laterodeviation of functional asymmetry with dominating left-sided lateralization of motor signs, increased delta activity of the brain biorhythms. The received data indicate a substantial breach of functional asymmetry in alcohol users, in what connection the breach involve the motor and sensory levels.

scholarly journals Corpus Callosum and Cerebellum Anomaly in a Puppy

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ipek Volkan ◽  
Kaplan Oguzhan ◽  
Cinar Aynur
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Brain Hemispheres ◽  
The Right ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Connections ◽  
Macroscopic Examination

AbstractThis paper is aimed to present a corpus callosum and cerebellar anomaly with pathological findings in a 40-day-old, male, Golden Retriever puppy. It was stated that the dog rapidly deteriorated and died. On necropsy, after opening the skull, it was observed that the brain and cerebellum hemispheres were separated. In the detailed macroscopic examination, it was observed that the corpus callosum, interthalamic connections, which connect the brain hemispheres, were completely separated from each other. It was observed that the corpus callosum was more prominent in the right hemisphere but the anatomical structures of the left hemisphere were not evident. It was also observed that the hemispheres of the cerebellum were almost completely separated from the vermis region. It has been observed that brain connections can be achieved only by attachment between the midbrain and pons and continuing with the pons. Microscopic examination revealed no inflammatory reactions in the brain and cerebellum. Corpus callosum and cerebellar vermis anomalies in dogs have been reported before. However, split brain syndrome characterized by the loss of almost all connections of the brain and cerebellum in such severity that was observed in this case has not been previously reported.

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