scholarly journals Corpus Callosum and Cerebellum Anomaly in a Puppy

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ipek Volkan ◽  
Kaplan Oguzhan ◽  
Cinar Aynur
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Brain Hemispheres ◽  
The Right ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Connections ◽  
Macroscopic Examination

AbstractThis paper is aimed to present a corpus callosum and cerebellar anomaly with pathological findings in a 40-day-old, male, Golden Retriever puppy. It was stated that the dog rapidly deteriorated and died. On necropsy, after opening the skull, it was observed that the brain and cerebellum hemispheres were separated. In the detailed macroscopic examination, it was observed that the corpus callosum, interthalamic connections, which connect the brain hemispheres, were completely separated from each other. It was observed that the corpus callosum was more prominent in the right hemisphere but the anatomical structures of the left hemisphere were not evident. It was also observed that the hemispheres of the cerebellum were almost completely separated from the vermis region. It has been observed that brain connections can be achieved only by attachment between the midbrain and pons and continuing with the pons. Microscopic examination revealed no inflammatory reactions in the brain and cerebellum. Corpus callosum and cerebellar vermis anomalies in dogs have been reported before. However, split brain syndrome characterized by the loss of almost all connections of the brain and cerebellum in such severity that was observed in this case has not been previously reported.

scholarly journals Hemispheric Organization of Visual Word Recognition in Turkish Monolinguals

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-233
Author(s):  
Filiz Mergen ◽  
Gulmira Kuruoglu
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Visual Word Recognition ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Visual Word ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Brain Hemispheres ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Recently obtained data from interdisciplinary research has expanded our knowledge on the relationship between language and the brain considerably. Numerous aspects of language have been the subject of research. Visual word recognition is a temporal process which starts with recognizing the physical features of words and matching them with potential candidates in the mental lexicon. Word frequency plays a significant role in this process. Other factors are the similarities in spelling and pronunciation, and whether words have meanings or are simply letter strings. The emotional load of the words is another factor that deserves a closer inspection as an overwhelming amount of evidence supports the privileged status of emotions both in verbal and nonverbal tasks. It is well-established that lexical processing is handled by the involvement of the brain hemispheres to varying degrees, and that the left hemisphere has greater involvement in verbal tasks as compared to the right hemisphere. Also, the emotional load of the verbal stimuli affects the specialized roles of the brain hemispheres in lexical processing. Despite the abundance of research on processing of words that belong to languages from a variety of language families, the number of studies that investigated Turkish, a language of Uralic-Altaic origin, is scarce. This study aims to fill the gap in the literature by reporting evidence on how Turkish words with and without emotional load are processed and represented in the brain. We employed a visual hemifield paradigm and a lexical decision task. The participants were instructed to decide if the letter strings presented either from the right or the left of the computer screen were real words or non-words. Their response times and accuracy of their answers were recorded. We obtained shorter response times and higher accuracy rates for real words than non-words as reported in the majority of studies in the literature. We also found that the emotional load modulated the recognition of words, supporting the results in the literature. Finally, our results are in line with the view of left hemispheric superiority in lexical processing in monolingual speakers.

scholarly journals Neurobiology of developmental dyslexia Part 2: A review of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of the corpus callosum

2012 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. O. Wajuihian
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Developmental Dyslexia ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

This paper forms part two of a review of the neurobiology of developmental dyslexia (DD) and here the focus is on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)of the corpus callosum (CC) of dyslexic and non-dyslexic subjects. The CC is a bundle of nerve fibres connecting the left and the right hemisphere of the brain. Due to the role of this structure in inter-hemispheric transfer and integration between the hemispheres, the CC is significant in the search for the neurobiological basis of DD. (S Afr Optom 2012 71(1) 39-45)

scholarly journals Unformed lateralization of the brain hemispheres regarded as a neuropsychological feature of primary school children

2020 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 19026
Author(s):  
Inna Lukyanova ◽  
Evgeniy Sigida ◽  
Svetlana Utenkova ◽  
Svetlana Dmitrieva ◽  
Maria Chibrikova
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Left Hemisphere ◽  
School Children ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Abstract Thinking ◽  
Signal System ◽  
Brain Hemispheres ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

The purpose of the study is to identify the neuropsychological features of primary school children (unformed lateralization of the brain hemispheres) that substantiate the necessity for changes in the organization of their learning process. The data of the research demonstrated the need to classify children of primary school age in accordance with the characteristics of their perception and the type of thinking. In the system of interactions between the brain hemispheres, signal systems and the type of thoughts, 7-8 year old pupils displayed the priority of reflecting the world through the first-signal system, stimulating the dominance of the activity of the right hemisphere, which determines the dominance of visual thinking. Children who are from 9 to 10 years old are characterized by the reflection through a second-signal system, a shift of the brain lateralization to the left hemisphere, and the development of abstract thinking. The results described above suggest that only at the age of 9-10, modern primary school children are ready to learn within the existing educational system; 7-8-year-old children are much worse at perceiving information transmitted through the words and are not ready for a learning pattern based on the use of abstract thinking; forced switching of children of this group from the right-hemisphere lateralization of the brain to the left-hemisphere leads to a state of hemispheric dysfunction and, as a result, to neurotic disorders. The education of primary school children must be approached in a differentiated way. The education system of 7-8 year old pupils, whose thinking needs to complete the development of visual thinking (not to leave the process incomplete) and to proceed to the formation of a second-signal system with the dominance of the left hemisphere, which determines the transition to abstract thinking, needs to be rebuilt by excluding the factors that traumatize neuro-physiological structures from it.

scholarly journals FUNCTIONAL ASYMMETRY OF BRAIN HEMISPHERES IN ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Galina Albertovna Novikova ◽  
Andrey Gorgonyevich Solovyev
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Dependence ◽  
Brain Cortex ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Alcohol Intoxication ◽  
Functional Asymmetry ◽  
Brain Hemispheres ◽  
Delta Activity ◽  
The Right ◽  
Alcohol Users ◽  
The Brain

With the goal to study peculiarities of functional asymmetry of the brain hemispheres in alcohol dependence, there has been done an analysis of current research data from Russian and foreign studies. It has been shown that alcohol is a neurochemical modulator of interhemispheric relations, it affects functional asymmetry of the brain hemispheres, perception processes, changes emotional background, influences motor asymmetry, the brain cortex functional activity. Alcohol intoxication is described by the right hemisphere lateralization and a laterodeviation of the brain hemispheres’ functional asymmetry to the left hemisphere. Studies of adolescents with beer alcoholization have shown left sided laterodeviation of functional asymmetry with dominating left-sided lateralization of motor signs, increased delta activity of the brain biorhythms. The received data indicate a substantial breach of functional asymmetry in alcohol users, in what connection the breach involve the motor and sensory levels.

scholarly journals Neurobiology of developmental dyslexia Part 2: A review of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of the corpus callosum

2012 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. O. Wajuihian
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Developmental Dyslexia ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

This paper forms part two of a review of the neurobiology of developmental dyslexia (DD) and here the focus is on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the corpus callosum (CC) of dyslexic and non-dyslexic subjects. The CC is a bundle of nerve fibres connecting the left and the right hemisphere of the brain. Due to the role of this structure in inter-hemispheric transfer and integration between thehemispheres, the CC is significant in the search for the neurobiological basis of DD. (S Afr Optom 2012 71(1) 39-45)

Neurospect Findings in Patients Exposed to Neurotoxic Chemicals

1994 ◽  
Vol 10 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 561-571
Author(s):  
Gunnar Heuser ◽  
Ismael Mena ◽  
Francisca Alamos
Keyword(s):  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Chronic Fatigue ◽  
Psychiatric Symptomatology ◽  
Elderly Individuals ◽  
Parietal Lobes ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Exposures to neurotoxic chemicals such as pesticides, glues, solvents, etc. are known to induce neurologic and psychiatric symptomatology. We report on 41 patients 16 young patients (6 males, 10 females, age 34 8 yrs.) and 25 elderly patients (9 males, 16 females, age 55 7 yrs). Fifteen of them were exposed to pesticides, and 29 to solvents. They were studied with quantitative and qualitative analysis of regional cerebral bood flow (rCBF), performed with 30 mCi of Xe-133 by inhalation, followed by 30 mCi of Tc-HMPAO given intravenously. Imaging was performed with a brain dedicated system, distribution of rCBF was assessed with automatic ROI definition, and HMPAO was normalized to maximal pixel activity in the brain. Results of Xe rCBF are expressed as mean and S.D. in ml/min/100g, and HMPAO as mean and S.D. uptake per ROI, and compared with age-matched controls 10 young and 20 elderly individuals. Neurotoxics HMPAO Uptake Young Elderly R. Orbital frontal R. Dorsal frontal .70 .66 p < 0.05 R. Temporal .64 p < 0.001 R. Parietal .66 .66 We conclude that patients exposed to chemicals present with diminished CBF, worse in the right hemisphere, with random presentation of areas of hypoperfusion, more prevalent in the dorsal frontal and parietal lobes. These findings are significantly different from observations in patients with chronic fatigue and depression, suggesting primary cortical effect, possibly due to a vasculitis process.

scholarly journals Lateralization in monogamous pairs: wild geese prefer to keep their partner in the left hemifield except when disturbed

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elmira Zaynagutdinova ◽  
Karina Karenina ◽  
Andrey Giljov
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Natural Setting ◽  
Intraspecific Interactions ◽  
Brain Hemispheres ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Anser Albifrons ◽  
Significant Bias ◽  
Visual Hemifield ◽  
The Right

Abstract Behavioural lateralization, which reflects the functional specializations of the two brain hemispheres, is assumed to play an important role in cooperative intraspecific interactions. However, there are few studies focused on the lateralization in cooperative behaviours of individuals, especially in a natural setting. In the present study, we investigated lateralized spatial interactions between the partners in life-long monogamous pairs. The male-female pairs of two geese species (barnacle, Branta leucopsis, and white-fronted, Anser albifrons geese), were observed during different stages of the annual cycle in a variety of conditions. In geese flocks, we recorded which visual hemifield (left/right) the following partner used to monitor the leading partner relevant to the type of behaviour and the disturbance factors. In a significant majority of pairs, the following bird viewed the leading partner with the left eye during routine behaviours such as resting and feeding in undisturbed conditions. This behavioural lateralization, implicating the right hemisphere processing, was consistent across the different aggregation sites and years of the study. In contrast, no significant bias was found in a variety of geese behaviours associated with enhanced disturbance (when alert on water, flying or fleeing away when disturbed, feeding during the hunting period, in urban area feeding and during moulting). We hypothesize that the increased demands for right hemisphere processing to deal with stressful and emergency situations may interfere with the manifestation of lateralization in social interactions.

scholarly journals Dissociated Crossed Speech Areas in a Tumour Patient

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Mauler ◽  
Irene Neuner ◽  
Georg Neuloh ◽  
Bruno Fimm ◽  
Frank Boers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Insular Cortex ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Wada Test ◽  
Brain Hemispheres ◽  
Eloquent Areas ◽  
Tumour Removal ◽  
Frontal Operculum ◽  
The Right ◽  
Impaired Speech

In the past, the eloquent areas could be deliberately localised by the invasive Wada test. The very rare cases of dissociated crossed speech areas were accidentally found based on the clinical symptomatology. Today functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-based imaging can be employed to non-invasively localise the eloquent areas in brain tumour patients for therapy planning. A 41-year-old, left-handed man with a low-grade glioma in the left frontal operculum extending to the insular cortex, tension headaches, and anomic aphasia over 5 months underwent a pre-operative speech area localisation fMRI measurement, which revealed the evidence of the transhemispheric disposition, where the dominant Wernicke speech area is located on the left and the Broca’s area is strongly lateralised to the right hemisphere. The outcome of the Wada test and the intraoperative cortico-subcortical stimulation mapping were congruent with this finding. After tumour removal, language area function was fully preserved. Upon the occurrence of brain tumours with a risk of impaired speech function, the rare dissociate crossed speech areas disposition may gain a clinically relevant meaning by allowing for more extended tumour removal. Hence, for its identification, diagnostics which take into account both brain hemispheres, such as fMRI, are recommended.

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