scholarly journals Soil Bulk Density and Porosity Changes due to Ground-based Timber Extraction in the Hyrcanian Forest

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoukuh SOLTANPOUR ◽  
Meghdad JOURGHOLAMI
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Forest Soil ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Forest Harvesting ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Soil Porosity ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Hyrcanian Forest ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Porosity Reduction

Assessment and management of environmental impacts of forest harvesting activities, one of the main reasons is that its importance is increasing day by day. Skidding operations could lead to an increase in detrimental soil disturbance and soil surface compaction that reduced forest soil fertilities. The aim of this study was to investigate and quantify of forest soil compaction following the skidding operations with wheeled cable skidder. This study was carried out in compartment no. 311 and 319 in Gorazbon district in Kheyrud forest in Hyrcanian forest. This study was conducted in a completely randomized factorial design and changes in soil bulk density and porosity with the skidder traffic intensity such as low intensity (less than 3 passes), moderate (3 to 7 passes) and very large (more than 7 passes) and two depths of 0-10 and 10-20 cm of soil were measured. The results showed that with the increase of machine traffic, soil bulk density was increased but the largest percentage increase was observed in initial passes (less than 3 times). Soil bulk density at the depth 0-10 and 10-20 cm, was more than the control area by 21.2 and 6.5 percent, respectively. Soil porosity percentage at wheel rut was decreased comparing to the control area and this reduction in the 0-10 cm depth was greater than 10-20 cm soil depth. The most of the porosity reduction were occurred in the low intensity traffic and increase in skidder traffic has shown less effect on reducing soil porosity.

scholarly journals Soil compaction caused by 450C Timber Jack wheeled skidder (Shefarood forest, northern Iran)

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 314-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Naghdi ◽  
I. Bagheri ◽  
M. Akef ◽  
A. Mahdavi
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Forest Harvesting ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Number Of Passes

In forest harvesting operations usually after using skidding machinery (skidders), traces of soil damage in the form of soil compaction and wheel and logs ruts can be seen in the forest soil. Soil bulk density, which represents soil compaction, decreases soil porosity, infiltration rate and aeration and these in turn increase runoff and water erosion in the harvested area. On the other hand, a decrease in soil aeration prevents root growth and decreases the vegetative cover. In this study the changes in soil bulk density and relative soil compaction due to a different number of wheeled skidder passes from stump to landing for two soil types (clay soil with high and low liquid limits, CH, CL) are analyzed. The results showed that the effect of skidder traffic on an increase in soil bulk density at sample locations was significant (α = 0.05). The range of soil bulk density increases in sample pits due to a different number of machinery passes was from 15.8% to 62.6% compared to the control area. The findings of this research showed that the interaction effect of skidder traffic and soil type on soil bulk density changes was not significant. Also the highest significant increase in soil bulk density occurred at the first 11 passes in skidding trails and from this number of passes onwards there was no significant difference in the soil bulk density increase in sample locations.

scholarly journals Effect of the skid trail cross section and horizontal alignment on forest soil physical properties

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 161-166
Author(s):  
Yazarlou Hossein ◽  
Parsakhoo Aidin ◽  
Habashi Hashem ◽  
Soltauninejad Soltan Ali
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Forest Soil ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Soil Porosity ◽  
Vertical Alignment ◽  
Horizontal Alignment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Cross

Horizontal alignment and cross section characteristics of a skid trail in a ground-based skidding system including curves, wheel ruts and cross slope can impact on the forest soil. In this study the measurement of cross section and vertical alignment of skid trail in Bahramnia forestry plan was done using a levelling instrument. Horizontal alignment of skid trail including straight routes and curves was taken using polar methods. A 3D map of skid trail was produced in AutoCAD Civil3D software. Soil bulk density was measured after sampling the soil with a core sampler. Results showed that in straight routes, soil bulk density increased by increasing the cross slope of skid trail. Moreover, soil porosity decreased with the increasing cross slope. There was a significant difference between cross slopes in soil moisture. On curves, maximum bulk density occurred when the cross slope was 10%. Findings about soil porosity and moisture on curves of skid trails were similar to those of straight routes. Based on our findings, soil bulk density in wheel ruts was significantly lower than that in the middle part of skid trail. Soil bulk density in the silty soil texture of studied skid trails was a little more than ideal bulk density, so it cannot affect and restrict root growth.

scholarly journals Tillage and crop rotation effects on soil carbon and selected soil physical properties in a Haplic Cambisol in Eastern Cape, South Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mxolisi Mtyobile ◽  
Lindah Muzangwa ◽  
Pearson Nyari Stephano Mnkeni
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Soil Porosity ◽  
No Till

The effects of tillage and crop rotation on the soil carbon, the soil bulk density, the porosity and the soil water content were evaluated during the 6<sup>th</sup> season of an on-going field trial at the University of Fort Hare Farm (UFH), South Africa. Two tillage systems; conventional tillage (CT) and no-till and crop rotations; maize (Zea mays L.)-fallow-maize (MFM), maize-fallow-soybean (Glycine max L.) (MFS); maize-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-maize (MWM) and  maize-wheat-soybean (MWS) were evaluated. The field experiment was a 2 × 4 factorial, laid out in a randomised complete design. The crop residues were retained for the no-till plots and incorporated for the CT plots, after each cropping season. No significant effects (P &gt; 0.05) of the tillage and crop rotation on the bulk density were observed. However, the values ranged from 1.32 to1.37 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. Significant interaction effects of the tillage and crop rotation were observed on the soil porosity (P &lt; 0.01) and the soil water content (P &lt; 0.05). The porosity for the MFM and the MWS, was higher under the CT whereas for the MWM and the MWS, it was higher under the no-till. However, the greatest porosity was under the MWS. Whilst the no-till significantly increased (P &lt; 0.05) the soil water content compared to the CT; the greatest soil water content was observed when the no-till was combined with the MWM rotations. The soil organic carbon (SOC) was increased more (P &lt; 0.05) by the no-till than the CT, and the MFM consistently had the least SOC compared with the rest of the crop rotations, at all the sampling depths (0–5, 5–10 and 10–20 cm). The soil bulk density negatively correlated with the soil porosity and the soil water content, whereas the porosity positively correlated with the soil water content. The study concluded that the crop rotations, the MWM and the MWS under the no-till coupled with the residue retention improved the soil porosity and the soil water content levels the most.

Estimating forest soil bulk density using boosted regression modelling

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 516-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. M. Jalabert ◽  
M. P. Martin ◽  
J.-P. Renaud ◽  
L. Boulonne ◽  
C. Jolivet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Forest Soil ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Regression Modelling

scholarly journals Bulk density and porosity of soils influenced by skidding operations in the Nkrankwanta Off-Forest Reserve of Ghana

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1409-1415
Author(s):  
Ammal Abukari ◽  
Donkor Christian ◽  
Kwame Ochire-Boadu
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Soil Porosity ◽  
Forest Reserve ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Increasing Trends

 Heavy forest machinery used in skidding has the capacity to influence the physical properties of soils. These may possibly lead to an upsurge in soil disruption and compaction of the soil surface decreases forest soil fertilities. This study assesses the effects of skidding on some soil physical properties such as the soil bulk density and porosity in the Nkrankwanta off-forest reserve in Ghana. The treatments comprised of four traffic intensity levels (1, 5, 10, and 15 passes) of the Mercedes Benz skidder (MB) Trac 1800 and a slope of two levels (less than 20 % and greater than 20 %) in a completely randomized block design. In addition, porosity and soil bulk density were assessed at varied distances from the MB Trac 1800. Soil bulk density results showed increasing trends with traffic frequency. Soil bulk density measured in the undisturbed area was 0.64 g cm-3 and 0.56 g cm-3 at slopes of less than 20% and greater than 20%, respectively. On the skid trail, soil bulk density significantly increased with traffic frequency (p<0.05). However soil porosity declined. Soil porosity estimated in uninterrupted area was 59.10 % and 57.40 % at < 20% and > 20% slope, respectively. Soil porosity was significantly influenced via different skidder passes (p<0.05). The soil physical properties were not influenced by the steepness of the slope however acted together in the number of passes to influence soil porosity. The impacts of the skidder on soil physical properties were significantly apparent at distances of 2 m to each sideway of the skidding trail. In conclusion, distinct responsiveness ought to be considered throughout the operations of skidding to curtail unfriendly influences on soil physical properties in ground-base skidding.

scholarly journals Silage-corn harvesting machinery traffic effects on soil bulk density and water permeability

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 136-140
Author(s):  
I. Ahmadi ◽  
H. Ghaur
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Water Permeability ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Sampling ◽  
Soil Porosity ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Water Permeability Coefficient ◽  
Loam Soil

Soil compaction caused by machinery traffic affects the growth of agricultural crops and also has environmental effects like soil damage and erosion. Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of repeated silage-corn harvesting machinery traffic on dry soil bulk density and porosity variations at three different sampling depths, moreover average water permeability coefficient of the examined silty clay loam soil was measured using the falling head method of water permeability test. The examined treatments which were applied while harvesting silage-corn with the combination of tractor, chopper and truck were the number of traffic passes and depths of soil sampling. Significant differences between soil compaction treatments were observed in bulk density and porosity of soil. Numerically, 22% increase in soil bulk density and 19% reduction in soil porosity were recorded due to the effect of two passes of the examined machineries over the field terrain comparing to the non-traffic treatment. Moreover; soil sampling at 0&ndash;10 cm and 20&ndash;30 cm depths resulted in the highest and the lowest soil porosity respectively.

The role of brush mats in mitigating machine-induced soil disturbances: an assessment using absolute and relative soil bulk density and penetration resistance

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric R. Labelle ◽  
Benjamin J. Poltorak ◽  
Dirk Jaeger
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Forest Harvesting ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Density Values ◽  
Post Impact ◽  
Mean Differences

Forest soils often exhibit low bearing capacities and as a result are often incapable of withstanding high axle loads. In New Brunswick, Canada, five different brush amounts (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 kg·m–2) were applied as brush mats on machine operating trails during a cut-to-length harvesting operation in a softwood stand to analyze soil disturbance as a result of off-road forest harvesting machine traffic. Soil absolute and relative bulk density and soil penetration resistance measurements were completed below the varying brush mats both before and after forwarding. The mean differences between pre- and post-impact absolute soil dry bulk density values recorded on track areas were 0.24 g·cm–3 for 5–20 kg·m–2 of brush and 0.33 g·cm–3 for 0 kg·m–2 of brush. On average, 40.5%, 17.9%, 14.3%, 15.5%, and 3.6% of all post-forwarding measurements exceeded the threshold for growth-impeding soil bulk density (80% standard Proctor density) for 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 kg·m–2 of brush, respectively. Soil penetration values >3.0 MPa represented 23.7%, 15.0%, 9.4%, 4.6%, and 0.7% of all post-forwarding test plots with 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 kg·m–2 of brush, respectively. The results suggest that softwood brush mats of 10 to 20 kg·m–2 placed on machine operating trails play a considerable role in reducing forwarder-induced soil compaction and penetration resistance.

Does Sampler Size Affect Southeastern Piedmont Forest Soil Bulk Density Estimation?

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 701-707
Author(s):  
T. Adam Coates ◽  
Thomas A. Waldrop ◽  
Victor B. Shelburne ◽  
Hoke S. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Forest Soil ◽  
Density Estimation ◽  
Soil Bulk Density

Estimating Carbon and Nitrogen Pools in a Forest Soil: Influence of Soil Bulk Density Methods and Rock Content

2017 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 1689-1696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin F. Jurgensen ◽  
Deborah S. Page-Dumroese ◽  
Robert E. Brown ◽  
Joanne M. Tirocke ◽  
Chris A. Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Forest Soil ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Pools ◽  
Density Methods ◽  
Soil Influence

Soil compaction induced by careful logging in the claybelt region of northwestern Quebec (Canada)

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Brais ◽  
C. Camiré
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Strength ◽  
Forest Harvesting ◽  
Site Productivity ◽  
Wheel Track

Soil compaction induced by forest harvesting operations can reduce site productivity. Intensity, extent and persistence of soil compaction were assessed on fine- to medium- and coarse-textured soils. Severe compaction took place in the wheel track section of the skid trails. On fine- to medium-textured soils, half of the effects on the 0- to 10-cm and 10- to 20-cm mineral soil bulk densities (+11 and +8%) and half of the changes in the 10-cm depth soil strength (+69%) occurred in the course of the first two skidding cycles (cycle of half impact). On coarse soils, half of the effect on the 0- to 10-cm bulk density (+11%) occurred during the first three passes. Cycles of half impact for soil strength were 9, 14, 7 and 6 for the 2.5-, 5-, 10-, and 20-cm depths and corresponded to increases of 235, 402, 157 and 103% respectively. Compaction was more limited between track sections of trails. Six to twelve years following clearcutting on fine- to medium-textured soils, 0- to 10-cm soil bulk density was less in the skid trails than on the undisturbed sections of cutovers. Careful logging on moist, fine- to medium-textured soils is the safest way to limit the extent of soil compaction. On coarse-textured soils, spreading the traffic remains a valid option. Key words: Soil compaction, bulk density, soil strength, forest harvesting, careful logging

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