Review on Exercise Intervention Methods for Weight Loss in Obese Individuals

ObjectiveGhrelin, a gut–brain peptide involved in energy homeostasis, circulates predominantly (>90%) in unacylated form. Previous studies, however, have focused on total and acylated ghrelin, and the role of unacylated ghrelin (UAG) is not well understood. Particularly, the association of UAG with weight loss and changes in body composition in adults remains unclear. We hypothesized that exercise-associated increase in UAG level is associated with weight loss, favorable changes in body composition, and body fat distribution.Design and methodsA prospective study of 552 young men (mean age 19.3 and range 19–28 years) undergoing military service with structured 6-month exercise training program. Exercise performance, body composition, and biochemical measurements were obtained at baseline and follow-up. Association between changes in UAG levels and body composition and body fat distribution were evaluated.ResultsAn increase in UAG level during the exercise intervention was associated with reduced weight, fat mass (FM), fat percentage (fat %), and waist circumference, but not with fat-free mass. Inverse associations of changes in UAG level with changes in waist circumference and fat % were independent of weight at baseline, and changes in weight and exercise performance. Associations of changes in UAG level with waist circumference were significantly stronger than with fat % after the adjustment for confounding variables.ConclusionUAG is associated with changes in body weight and body composition during an intensive long-term exercise intervention in young men. The association of UAG levels with changes in central obesity was stronger than with total FM.

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Human Plasma Ghrelin Levels Increase during a One-Year Exercise Program

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2004-2081 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 90 (2) ◽

pp. 820-825 ◽

Cited By ~ 114

Author(s):

Karen E. Foster-Schubert ◽

Anne McTiernan ◽

R. Scott Frayo ◽

Robert S. Schwartz ◽

Kumar B. Rajan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Body Weight ◽

Food Intake ◽

Exercise Intervention ◽

Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽

Caloric Intake ◽

Exercise Program ◽

Control Group ◽

Inhibitory Input ◽

Cardiopulmonary Fitness

Weight loss resulting from decreased caloric intake raises levels of the orexigenic hormone, ghrelin. Because ingested nutrients suppress ghrelin, increased ghrelin levels in hypophagic weight loss may result from decreased inhibitory input by ingested food, rather than from lost weight. We assessed whether ghrelin levels increase in response to exercise-induced weight loss without decreased caloric intake. We randomized 173 sedentary, overweight, postmenopausal women to an aerobic exercise intervention or stretching control group. At baseline, 3 months, and 12 months, we measured body weight and composition, food intake, cardiopulmonary fitness (maximal oxygen consumption), leptin, insulin, and ghrelin. Complete data were available for 168 women (97%) at 12 months. Exercisers lost 1.4 ± 0.4 kg (P < 0.05 compared with baseline; P = 0.01 compared with stretchers) and manifested a significant, progressive increase in ghrelin levels, whereas neither measure changed among stretchers. Ghrelin increased 18% in exercisers who lost more than 3 kg (P < 0.001). There was no change in caloric intake in either group and no effect on ghrelin of exercise per se independent of its impact on body weight. In summary, ghrelin levels increase with weight loss achieved without reduced food intake, consistent with a role for ghrelin in the adaptive response constraining weight loss and, thus, in long-term body weight regulation.

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Effect of ghrelin variants on weight loss after dietary/exercise intervention

Cor et Vasa ◽

10.33678/cor.2007.078 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 49 (6) ◽

pp. 213-215

Author(s):

Jaroslav A. Hubacek ◽

Pavel Suchanek ◽

Rudolf Poledne

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Exercise Intervention

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Exercise alone is not enough: weight loss also needs a healthy (Mediterranean) diet?

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980009990528 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 12 (9A) ◽

pp. 1663-1666 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Phillipa Caudwell ◽

Mark Hopkins ◽

Neil A King ◽

Robert J Stubbs ◽

John E Blundell

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Body Weight ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Exercise Intervention ◽

Exercise Programme ◽

Research Unit ◽

Individual Variability ◽

Large Individual ◽

Large Variability

AbstractObjectiveIn the majority of exercise intervention studies, the aggregate reported weight loss is often small. The efficacy of exercise as a weight loss tool remains in question. The aim of the present study was to investigate the variability in appetite and body weight when participants engaged in a supervised and monitored exercise programme.DesignFifty-eight obese men and women (BMI = 31·8 ± 4·5 kg/m2) were prescribed exercise to expend approximately 2092 kJ (500 kcal) per session, five times a week at an intensity of 70 % maximum heart rate for 12 weeks under supervised conditions in the research unit. Body weight and composition, total daily energy intake and various health markers were measured at weeks 0, 4, 8 and 12.ResultsMean reduction in body weight (3·2 ± 1·98 kg) was significant (P < 0·001); however, there was large individual variability (−14·7 to +2·7 kg). This large variability could be largely attributed to the differences in energy intake over the 12-week intervention. Those participants who failed to lose meaningful weight increased their food intake and reduced intake of fruits and vegetables.ConclusionThese data have demonstrated that even when exercise energy expenditure is high, a healthy diet is still required for weight loss to occur in many people.

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An exercise intervention without weight loss decreases circulating interleukin-6 in lean and obese men with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus

Metabolism ◽

10.1016/j.metabol.2006.10.015 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 56 (3) ◽

pp. 332-338 ◽

Cited By ~ 99

Author(s):

Mark J. Dekker ◽

SoJung Lee ◽

Robert Hudson ◽

Katherine Kilpatrick ◽

Terry E. Graham ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Interleukin 6 ◽

Exercise Intervention

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Effects of an intensive short-term diet and exercise intervention: comparison between normal-weight and obese children

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.00131.2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 305 (5) ◽

pp. R552-R557 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Christian K. Roberts ◽

Ali Izadpanah ◽

Siddhartha S. Angadi ◽

R. James Barnard

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Lifestyle Intervention ◽

Intervention Program ◽

Exercise Intervention ◽

Serum Insulin ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Obese Children ◽

Short Term ◽

Phenotypic Changes

Lifestyle intervention programs currently emphasize weight loss secondary to obesity as the primary determinant of phenotypic changes. We examined whether the effects of a short-term lifestyle intervention program differ in normal-weight versus overweight/obese children. Nineteen overweight/obese (O; BMI = 33.6 ± 1.9 kg/m2) and 14 normal-weight (N; BMI = 19.9 ± 1.5 kg/m2) children participated in a 2-wk program consisting of an ad libitum high-fiber, low-fat diet and daily exercise (2–2.5 h). Fasting serum samples were taken pre- and postintervention for determination of lipids, glucose homeostasis, inflammatory cytokines, and adipokines. Only the O group lost weight (3.9%) but remained overweight/obese (32.3 ± 1.9 kg/m2). Both groups exhibited significant intervention-induced decreases ( P < 0.05) in serum insulin (N: 52.5% vs. O: 28.1%; between groups, P = 0.38), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (N: 53.1% vs. O: 28.4%, P = 0.43), leptin (N: 69.3% vs. O: 44.1%, P = 0.10), amylin (N: 28.7% vs. O: 26.1%, P = 0.80), resistin (N: 40.0% vs. O: 35.1%, P = 0.99), plasminogen activator-inhibitor-1 (N: 30.8% vs. O: 25.6%, P = 0.59), IL-6 (N: 58.8% vs. O: 48.5%, P = 0.78), IL-8 (N: 46.0% vs. O: 42.2%, P = 0.49), and TNFα (N: 45.8% vs. O: 40.8%, P = 0.99). No associations between indices of weight change and phenotypic changes were noted. A short-term, intensive lifestyle modification program is effective in ameliorating metabolic risk factors in N and O children. These results suggest that obesity per se was not the primary driver of the phenotypes noted and that dietary intake and physical inactivity induce the phenotypic abnormalities. These data may have implications for the weight loss-independent management of cardiometabolic risk in pediatric populations.

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Weight Loss and Psychologic Gain in Obese Women--Participants in a Supported Exercise Intervention

The Permanente Journal ◽

10.7812/tpp/07-134 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

James Annesi

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Exercise Intervention ◽

Obese Women

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Effects of dietary and exercise intervention on weight loss and body composition in obese postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society ◽

10.1097/gme.0000000000001085 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 25 (7) ◽

pp. 772-782 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Chao-Chun Cheng ◽

Ching-Yun Hsu ◽

Jen-Fang Liu

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Body Composition ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Exercise Intervention ◽

Meta Analysis

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Motivational profiles and change in physical activity during a weight loss intervention: a secondary data analysis

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity ◽

10.1186/s12966-021-01225-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Danielle M. Ostendorf ◽

Sarah J. Schmiege ◽

David E. Conroy ◽

Suzanne Phelan ◽

Angela D. Bryan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Weight Loss ◽

Latent Profile Analysis ◽

Exercise Intervention ◽

Weight Loss Intervention ◽

Clinical Trial Registration ◽

Supervised Exercise ◽

Motivational Profile ◽

Motivational Profiles

Abstract Background High levels of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) are strongly associated with sustained weight loss, however the majority of adults are unsuccessful in maintaining high levels of MVPA long-term. Our goal was to identify profiles based on exercise motives, and examine the association between motivational profile and longitudinal changes in MVPA during a weight loss intervention. Methods Adults with overweight or obesity (n = 169, mean ± SE; age 39 ± 0.7 years, BMI 34.4 ± 0.3 kg/m2, 83% female) underwent an 18-month behavioral weight loss program, including 6 months of supervised exercise, followed by 6 months of unsupervised exercise. Participants self-reported behavioral regulations for exercise at baseline (BREQ-2). Latent profile analysis identified subgroups from external, introjected, identified, and intrinsic regulations measured at baseline. Mean differences in device-measured total MVPA were compared across motivational profiles at baseline, after 6 months of supervised exercise and after a subsequent 6 months of unsupervised exercise. Results Three motivational profiles emerged: high autonomous (high identified and intrinsic, low external regulations; n = 52), high combined (high scores on all exercise regulations; n = 25), and moderate combined (moderate scores on all exercise regulations; n = 92). Motivational profile was not associated with baseline level of MVPA or the increase in MVPA over the 6-month supervised exercise intervention (high autonomous: 21 ± 6 min/d; high combined: 20 ± 9 min/d; moderate combined: 33 ± 5 min/d; overall P > 0.05). However, during the transition from supervised to unsupervised exercise, MVPA decreased, on average, within all three profiles, but the high autonomous profile demonstrated the least attenuation in MVPA (− 3 ± 6 min/d) compared to the moderate combined profile (− 20 ± 5 min/d; P = 0.043). Conclusions Results were in alignment with the Self-Determination Theory. Adults motivated by autonomous reasons (value benefits of exercise, intrinsic enjoyment) may be more likely to sustain increases in MVPA once support is removed, whereas participants with moderate-to-high scores on all types of exercise regulations may need additional long-term support in order to sustain initial increases in MVPA. Clinical trial registration NCT01985568. Registered 24 October 2013.

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