scholarly journals Charcoal anatomy of Brazilian species. I. Anacardiaceae

2016 ◽  
Vol 88 (3 suppl) ◽  
pp. 1711-1725 ◽  
Author(s):  
THAÍS A.P. GONÇALVES ◽  
RITA SCHEEL-YBERT
Keyword(s):  
Reference Material ◽  
Anacardium Occidentale ◽  
Charcoal Production ◽  
Spondias Mombin ◽  
Brazilian Species ◽  
Spondias Tuberosa ◽  
Spondias Purpurea ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Diffuse Porous

ABSTRACT Anthracological studies are firmly advancing in the tropics during the last decades. The theoretical and methodological bases of the discipline are well established. Yet, there is a strong demand for comparative reference material, seeking for an improvement in the precision of taxonomic determination, both in palaeoecological and palaeoethnobotanical studies and to help preventing illegal charcoal production. This work presents descriptions of charcoal anatomy of eleven Anacardiaceae species from six genera native to Brazil (Anacardium occidentale, Anacardium parvifolium, Astronium graveolens, Astronium lecointei, Lithrea molleoides, Schinus terebenthifolius, Spondias mombin, Spondias purpurea, Spondias tuberosa, Tapirira guianensis, and Tapirira obtusa). They are characterized by diffuse-porous wood, vessels solitary and in multiples, tyloses and spiral thickenings sometimes present; simple perforation plates, alternate intervessel pits, rounded vessel-ray pits with much reduced borders to apparently simple; parenchyma paratracheal scanty to vasicentric; heterocellular rays, some with radial canals and crystals; septate fibres with simple pits. These results are quite similar to previous wood anatomical descriptions of the same species or genera. Yet, charcoal identification is more effective when unknown samples are compared to charred extant equivalents, instead of to wood slides.

scholarly journals Atividade Antibacteriana de Frutas do Nordeste Brasileiro sobre Bactéria Cariogênica

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Carlos Eduardo Mendes D’Angelis ◽  
Abner Nicolas Da Silva ◽  
Nair Amélia Prates Barreto ◽  
Karina Andrade de Prince ◽  
Ana Cristina Carvalho Botelho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Mutans ◽  
Spondias Mombin ◽  
Spondias Tuberosa ◽  
Spondias Purpurea

a cárie dentária é um grande problema de saúde pública em muitos países. Algumas regiões do Brasil são mais afetadas como o Norte e o Nordeste. A atividade antibacteriana frente à Streptococcus mutans representa um alvo terapêutico interessante para o estudo e controle da cárie dentária, já que este micro-organismo é reconhecido como um importante agente causador da formação de placa dental e cárie dentária. Objetivo: o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana, frente à S. mutans, da polpa de frutos nativos da região Nordeste do Brasil: Spondias mombin L. (cajazeira), Spondias purpurea L (sirigueleira) e Spondias tuberosa (umbuzeiro). Metodologia: as frações clorofórmica, hexânica, acetato de etila e Aquosa de polpas de fruta integral dessas espécies foram obtidas através do processo de partição líquido-líquido. Realizou-se teste de difusão em ágar, caracterizando os extratos quanto ao seu potencial antimicrobiano frente à S. mutans, elegendo-se o de maior atividade para realização da concentração inibitória mínima - CIM. Resultados: as frações hexânica, acetato de etila e clorofórmica de cajá apresentaram expressiva atividade antimicrobiana frente a S. mutans nos ensaios de disco-difusão, sendo eleita para o teste de CIM. O teste revelou atividade inibitória de 0,01 mg/mL, 0,78 mg/mL e 0,02 mg/mL para as frações hexânica, clorofórmica e acetato de etila, respectivamente. Conclusão: conclui-se que as frações hexânica, clorofórmica e acetato de etila de cajá apresentaram interessante efeito antimicrobiano, principalmente as frações mais apolares, e, merecem estudos mais aprofundados quanto a sua atividade biológica.

Forestry control in the Brazilian Amazon II: charcoal anatomy of 21 species

IAWA Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Marcelo Mendes Braga Júnior ◽  
Fernanda Ilkiu Borges de Souza ◽  
Luiz Eduardo de Lima Melo
Keyword(s):  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Charcoal Production ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Market Control ◽  
Commercial Species ◽  
Identification Of Species ◽  
Human Practices ◽  
Perforation Plates

Abstract The production of illegal charcoal, associated with other local human practices, is responsible for the degradation of native forests, especially in the Brazilian Amazon. The need for market control and charcoal production is accompanied by the lack of comparative charcoal materials from the Amazon. Here, we describe charcoal samples of 21 Brazilian species and provide SEM images that can facilitate the charcoal identification. It is possible to distinguish the species on the basis of anatomy. Features such as vessel groupings, vessel–ray pitting, perforation plates, axial parenchyma, ray cellular composition, storied structure and secretory elements were chosen as primary diagnostic features for the identification of species. We highlight vessel groupings, axial parenchyma type and in some cases even perforation plates, which were easily observed in low magnification SEM images and can assist in the supervision by government agents. From our descriptions, evaluations and photomicrographs, it will be possible to compare charcoal from commercial species from the Amazon.

scholarly journals Índice de infestação e diversidade de moscas-das-frutas em hospedeiros exóticos e nativos no pólo de fruticultura de Anagé, BA

Bragantia ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Falcão de Sá ◽  
Maria Aparecida Castellani ◽  
Antonio Souza do Nascimento ◽  
Maria Heloisa da Silva Teixeira Brandão ◽  
Aline Novais da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ceratitis Capitata ◽  
Anastrepha Fraterculus ◽  
Spondias Tuberosa ◽  
Spondias Purpurea

As moscas-das-frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae) são os principais entraves às exportações de manga nos pólos de fruticultura da Região Sudoeste da Bahia. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar índices de infestação e a diversidade de moscas-das-frutas no pólo de fruticultura de Anagé, BA, visando obter subsídios para o manejo integrado dessas pragas na mangueira, na região. Os estudos foram realizados em 2004 e 2005, nos municípios de Anagé, Belo Campo e Caraíbas, BA, procedendo-se à coleta de frutos de 21 espécies vegetais, nativas e exóticas, e identificação das espécies de moscas associadas. Estimaram-se os índices de infestação em pupários/kg de fruto e pupários/fruto. Os maiores índices de infestação, em pupários/kg de fruto, ocorreram em serigüela (Spondias purpurea L.) com 61,3, juá (Ziziphus joazeiro L.), 38,3 e umbu (Spondias tuberosa L.), 33,1, considerados hospedeiros primários de Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) e A. obliqua (Macquart). As maiores infestações em pupários/fruto ocorreram em serigüela (0,9); umbu (0,7) e cajarana (Spondias sp.) (0,2). Com base no monitoramento larval, registra-se, para as condições do pólo de fruticultura de Anagé, a ocorrência das espécies Anastrepha fraterculus, A. obliqua, A. dissimilis, A. amita, A. distincta, A. sororcula, A. zenildae e Ceratitis capitata. Registram-se, pela primeira vez, as seguintes associações bitróficas: juá com A. fraterculus, A. obliqua, A. dissimilis e A. distincta; e umbu com A. amita e A. sororcula.

scholarly journals Caracterização cultural, morfológica e patogênica de Lasiodiplodia theobromae associado a frutíferas tropicais

2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joilson Silva Lima ◽  
Renato Cesar Moreira ◽  
José Emilson Cardoso ◽  
Marlon Vagner Valentim Martins ◽  
Francisco Marto Pinto Viana
Keyword(s):  
Anacardium Occidentale ◽  
Annona Muricata ◽  
Lasiodiplodia Theobromae ◽  
Spondias Tuberosa

Lasiodiplodia theobromae é um fungo cosmopolita, polífago e oportunista, com reduzida especialização patogênica, capaz de infectar espécies de plantas em regiões tropicais e temperadas, causando os mais variados sintomas. Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar isolados de L. theobromae associados a frutíferas tropicais na região nordeste, considerando os aspectos cultural, morfológico e patogênico. Foram avaliados o crescimento micelial, coloração da colônia, dimensões dos conídios e patogenicidade dos isolados em mudas de cajazeira (Spondia mombin L.), cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale L.), gravioleira (Annona muricata L.) e umbuzeiro (Spondias tuberosa Arruda). Os dados de caracterização morfológica e cultural revelaram diversidade na população do patógeno. Alta variabilidade patogênica foi também detectada, embora não tenha sido possível observar especificidade patogênica em cajueiro. O umbuzeiro apresentou maior resistência relativa ao fungo. Os dados demonstraram também uma interação entre as características morfo-culturais e a patogenicidade dos isolados de L. theobromae.

scholarly journals - The genus Stylosanthes (Fabaceae, Papilionoideae, Dalbergieae) in South America.

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 549-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo O. Vanni
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
South American ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
New Synonyms ◽  
Brazilian Species ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Flora Of Argentina

The papilionoid genus Stylosanthes Sw. includes about 50 spp. distributed world wide in the tropics, approximately half of them grow in South America.The present study focuses on South American Stylosanthes. Based on examinations of herbarium specimens, as well as field observations, a total of 25 taxa (23 spp. and 2 varieties) are here described and identified with a key. Most of the species have been found to be more widely distributed than expected from the previous taxonomic literature, and the genus appears to be mainly concentrated in Brazil and Paraguay. Stylosanthes leiocarpa Vogel is new to the flora of Argentina and the presence of S. nervosa J. F. Macbr. is confirmed in Argentina. The nomenclature of S. guianensis (Aubl.) Sw. is analyzed. Clarifications are made about nine recently described Brazilian species. The names S. hispida Rich. and S. longiseta Micheli are resurrected. Lectotypes or neotypes for eight species and 18 new synonyms are proposed.

Cenomanian angiosperm wood from the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin, Czech Republic

IAWA Journal ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimír Gryc ◽  
Hanuš Vavrčík ◽  
Jakub Sakala
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Bohemian Cretaceous Basin ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Diffuse Porous

The first permineralized angiosperm wood from the Cenomanian of the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin (Czech Republic) is described. The wood is diffuse porous, with vessels solitary and in radial multiples of 2–5, perforation plates are exclusively simple, and tyloses abundant. Rays are usually 4–7-seriate and heterocellular, narrower rays are rare. The fossil is designated as Paraphyllanthoxylon aff. utahense Thayn, Tidwell et Stokes. Other occurrences of Paraphyllanthoxylon are reviewed and the equivocal botanical affinity of the taxon is discussed.

scholarly journals Panascleroticoxylon crystallosa gen. et sp. nov.: a new Miocene malpighialean tree from Panama

IAWA Journal ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oris Rodriguez-Reyes ◽  
Peter Gasson ◽  
Carolyn Thornton ◽  
Howard J. Falcon-Lang ◽  
Nathan A. Jud
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Fossil Wood ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Unusual Combination ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Diffuse Porous

ABSTRACTWe report fossil wood specimens from two Miocene sites in Panama, Central America: Hodges Hill (Cucaracha Formation; Burdigalian, c. 19 Ma) and Lago Alajuela (Alajuela Formation; Tortonian, c. 10 Ma), where material is preserved as calcic and silicic permineralizations, respectively. The fossils show an unusual combination of features: diffuse porous vessel arrangement, simple perforation plates, alternate intervessel pitting, vessel–ray parenchyma pits either with much reduced borders or similar to the intervessel pits, abundant sclerotic tyloses, rays markedly heterocellular with long uniseriate tails, and rare to absent axial parenchyma. This combination of features allows assignment of the fossils to Malpighiales, and we note similarities with four predominantly tropical families: Salicaceae, Achariaceae, and especially, Phyllanthaceae, and Euphorbiaceae. These findings improve our knowledge of Miocene neotropical diversity and highlight the importance of Malpighiales in the forests of Panama prior to the collision of the Americas.

Wood Anatomy of Lithraea Ternifolia (Gill.) Barkley ' Rom. (Anacardiaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora Martijena
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Wood Structure ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Small Vessels ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Diffuse Porous

A description of the wood structure of Lithraea ternifolia (Gill.) Barkley ' Rom. (Anacardiaceae) is given. It is diffuse-porous, with pores solitary, in multiples, clusters and in chains, and small vessels with simple perforation plates. The rays are uni- and multiseriate, heterogeneous. It has paratracheal axial parenchyma and libriform fibres. Disjunctive cells and crystalliferous strands are present. The hydraulic tissue seems weil adapted to prolonged dry periods. One growth ring is generally formed each year. Moreover, other types of growth layers are delineated: intra-annual, lens-, half-Iens-, and arcshaped.

scholarly journals New cultivation techniques for cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.).

1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-25
Author(s):  
C.L.M. Van Eijnatten ◽  
A.S. Abubaker
Keyword(s):  
Anacardium Occidentale ◽  
Charcoal Production ◽  
Cashew Tree ◽  
Cultivation Techniques ◽  
Gross Margins

The cashew tree produces its fruits at the periphery of the canopy but experiments in Kenya showed that increasing planting distances from 6 to 15 m did not influence yields/ha although they led to increased yields/tree. Productivity can be much increased, however, by planting cashews in hedgerows 9 to 12 m apart with 2 to 3 m within rows and using a clonal cashew cv. It is estimated that for the first 5 years of a new plantation gross margins would be 459, 519, 2827 and 2244 sh/ha annually, respectively, for traditional growing without charcoal production, traditional growing with charcoal production (from prunings at rejuvenation or replacement), hedgerows at 9 m, and hedgerows at 12 m. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals First anatomically characterized wood from the Tertiary of Moravia: Spiroplatanoxylon from the area of Austerlitz (Southern Moravia, Czech Republic)

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 367-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Továrková ◽  
Vladimír Gryc ◽  
Jakub Sakala
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Alluvial Sediments ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Southern Moravia ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Helical Thickenings ◽  
Very High ◽  
Diffuse Porous

A new silicified angiosperm wood from the alluvial sediments in Vážany nad Litavou (SW of Slavkov/Austerlitz near Brno, Vyškov district) is described. The wood is diffuse-porous with indistinct growth ring boundaries. Vessels are exclusively solitary with helical thickenings and scalariform perforation plates. Rays are very high and up to 18 cells wide, homocellular to slightly heterocellular. Crystals are present in axial parenchyma mostly in chambered cells, rarely in idioblasts. The fossil is attributed to Spiroplatanoxylon mueller-stollii Süss. Other species of Spiroplatanoxylon are also discussed. Wood anatomical descriptions from the eastern part of the Czech Republic published so far deal either with the Silesian Tertiary or describe only partially lignified probably Quaternary material; therefore the present paper can be considered as the first detailed anatomical description of the Tertiary wood from Moravia.

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