Potential agrifood application of seriguela (Spondias purpurea L.) residues extract and nanoZnO as antimicrobial, antipathogenic and antivirulence agents

The impact of phytopathogenic microorganisms in several crops causes significant losses in agrifood industry, spoilage throughout food chain and storage. Nanoparticles and plant extracts have been highlighted by their antimicrobial properties applied in food packaging, agriculture, drug delivery systems and other medical approaches. Over the past few years, this group have studied the application of ZnO nanoparticles and agroindustrial wastes in edible food coatings/films. This study aimed to evaluate active characteristics from the extract of seriguela processing wastes and nanoZnO regarding to their inhibitory activity against bacterial pathogenicity and virulence systems TTSS (Type Three Secretion System) and QS (Quorum Sensing) for Pseudomonas savastanoi. Also, antibacterial action (inhibition area) against species of Curtobacterium, Clavibacter, E. coli, Xanthomonas and Serratia, and antifungal against Botrytis cinerea (reduction in colony size). The 60% extract inhibited the activation of QS and TTSS system in 20.26% and 13.54%, respectively; while nanoZnO at 3% reduced 46.77% QS and increased 302.88% TTSS. Extract without dilution inhibited the growth of Clavibacter michiganensis pv michiganensis (Gram-positive) and Xanthomonas phaseoli (Gram-negative), inhibitory zone of 94.25 mm2 and 452.39 mm2 respectively. The latter also being inhibited by nanoZnO 1 and 2% (138.23 mm2) and 3% (275.67 mm2). Pure extract inhibited 17.38% growth of fungal colony and nanoZnO (1 and 3%) in 33.08%. Finally, the active agents studied showed to be promising in the prevention of phytopathogenic diseases and consequently economic losses, food films/coatings and the extract as a biopesticide, reducing the environmental impact.

Toxicological studies of aqueous and ethanol leaf extract of Spondias purpurea (red plum) in rats

Background Spondias purpurea is a flowering plant of the cashew family commonly found in South Western Nigeria. The plant is used in folk medicine for treatment of gastric disorders and diarrhoea. The purpose of the study was to investigate the haematological and histopathological effects of aqueous and ethanol leaf extract of S. purpurea (red plum) in rats. Methods Female wistar rats weighing (121.5 ± 30.41 g) were administered 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg body weight of aqueous and ethanol extracts of S. purpurea leaf (orally) daily for 14 days, while the control group was administered 0.5 ml of normal saline (vehicle). At the end of the study, the rats were euthanized; blood samples were collected for haematological parameters. The liver, kidney and spleen were harvested from the rats for photomicrographic examination. Result The result of the acute toxicity test revealed no death with dose up to 5000 mg/kg body weight. The administration of the extracts showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the hematologic parameters of the animals. The liver sections showed congestion, mononuclear infiltration, widened sinusoidal space and congestions with hemosiderin. Similar changes were observed in the kidney showing slight necrosis of renal tubular epithelium, widened Bowman’s space, and collapsed renal tubules and adhesion of the parietal layer of glomerulus to the Bowman’s space. The spleen showed congestion, lymphocyte proliferation at the germinal centre. Conclusions The result of this study showed that the alterations observed in the organs intensified with increase in the doses of the extracts administered. It can be inferred that the prolonged consumption of S. purpurea leaf maybe associated with significant tissue damage of some vital organs.

Anatomical and histochemical characterization of leaves of Spondias purpurea L.

The Anacardiaceae family has species rich in secondary metabolites. They are widely used in popular medicine. Among them, Spondias purpurea L. stands out for containing several secondary metabolites with important biological activities. To aid in the precise identification of the species, this work aims to perform an anatomical and histochemical characterization of leaves of S. purpurea. Microscope slides containing cross-sections of the petiolule and leaflets, in addition to paradermal sections of the leaflets, were prepared and analyzed in an optical and polarized microscope. Histochemical tests were performed on fresh leaflets. Through microscopic analysis, it was possible to identify the anatomical structures that allow the diagnosis of the studied species, such as petiolule with concave-convex shape, non-glandular and glandular trichomes, druses in phloem; leafletsamphistomatic, with non-glandular trichomes on the adaxial face and glandular trichomes on the abaxial face, midrib with concave-convex shape, two collateral vascular bundles, one layer of palisade parenchyma, druses in phloem and mesophyll. Through histochemistry, the presence of phenolic compounds, alkaloids, tannins, triterpenes, steroids, lipophilic compounds, essential oils, lignin, starch and calcium oxalate crystals were evidenced in the leaflets. The results are important for the quality control of plant material.

Effect of In Vitro Digestion on the Antioxidant Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of 12 Plum (Spondias purpurea L.) Ecotypes

Spondias purpurea L. plum is a source of antioxidant compounds. Nevertheless, once they are consumed and go through the digestive system, these compounds may undergo changes that modify their bioaccessibility. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on the total content of carotenoids (TCC), ascorbic acid (AA), phenolic compounds (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), anthocyanins (TAC), and antioxidant capacity (ABTS, DPPH) of 12 plum Spondias purpurea L. ecotypes. The plum samples were subjected to the InfoGest in vitro digestion model. TCC, AA, TPC, TFC, TAC, ABTS, and DPPH were significantly different (p ≤ 0.05) in each in vitro digestion stage. The gastric stage released the highest content of AA (64.04–78.66%) and TAC (128.45–280.50%), whereas the intestinal stage released the highest content of TCC (11.31–34.20%), TPC (68.61–95.36%), and TFC (72.76–95.57%). Carotenoids were not identified in the gastric stage whilst anthocyanins were lost at the end of the intestinal digestion. At the gastric stage, AA presented a positive and high correlation with ABTS (r: 0.83) and DPPH (r: 0.84), while, in the intestinal stage, TPC and TFC presented positive and high correlation with ABTS (r ≥ 0.8) and DPPH (r ≥ 0.8), respectively.

Desenvolvimento e análise físico-química de queijo coalho adicionado de folhas de seriguela (Spondias purpurea)

O queijo coalho é produzido a partir da coagulação do leite por enzimas específicas ou por meio do coalho, que é bastante utilizado no estado do Ceará, principalmente na região do Vale do Jaguaribe. Uma opção para enriquecer os queijos com compostos benéficos para a saúde do consumidor é a adição de frutas, como por exemplo a siriguela. Principalmente os resíduos dessa fruta como a polpa, cascas, sementes e folhas de seriguela (Spondias purpurea) possuem uma composição rica em nutrientes e devido à isso tem grande potencial para aplicação em alimentos. Assim, este trabalho objetivou o desenvolvimento de três formulações de queijo tipo coalho variando as quantidades de folhas de seriguela, sendo: F1 - 5g; F2 - 10g; F3 - 15g. Os queijos foram analisados quanto aos teores de pH, acidez, umidade, cinzas, proteínas, lipídeos. O pH tendeu à neutralidade e observou-se que o teor de acidez ficou acima do que é relatado pela literatura. O teor de cinzas foi o único parâmetro que apresentou diferença significativa pelo teste de Tukey (p> 0,05), enquanto os demais não tiveram variação significativa. O queijo apresentou teores de proteínas e lipídeos baixo, podendo ser classificado como magro e de baixo teor calórico, com umidade entre média a alta, sendo necessário ser mantido sob adequadas condições de armazenamento e manuseio para evitar contaminações.

Evaluation of the Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Spondias purpurea Seeds in a Diabetic Zebrafish Model

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious chronic degenerative disease characterized by high levels of glucose in the blood. It is associated with an absolute or relative deficiency in the production and/or action of insulin. Some of the complications associated with DM are heart disease, retinopathy, kidney disease, and neuropathy; therefore, new natural alternatives are being sought to control the disease. In this work, we evaluate the antidiabetic effect of Spondias purpurea seed methanol extract (CSM) in vitro and in a glucose-induced diabetic zebrafish model. CSM is capable of lowering blood glucose and cholesterol levels, as well as forming advanced glycation end-products, while not presenting toxic effects at the concentrations evaluated. These data show that CSM has a promising antidiabetic effect and may be useful in reducing some of the pathologies associated with diabetes mellitus.

Efeito do ácido indolbutírico (AIB) no enraizamento de estacas herbáceas e lenhosas de serigueleira (Spondias purpurea L.)

The serigueleira is a fruit that is little explored commercially in several regions of Brazil, having little work regarding the feasibility of seedling production by cuttings with and without plant regulators. Due to this lack of technical information, the present work has as main objective to evaluate the rooting of herbaceous and woody cuttings of the serigueleira (Spondias purpurea L.) treated with indolbutyric acid (AIB). Herbaceous and woody cuttings were obtained from a matrix plant with approximately fifteen years of age, with 12 cm in length the cuttings were cut in bevel and then immersed in a commercial fungicide solution of 0.2%. The cuttings were treated with AIB in the form of talc, 0, 1%, 2%, 3% and 5%, planted in beds containing vermiculite, rice straw and construction sand. The experimental design used was completely randomized, with four replications, each plot consisting of 10 cuttings. Cuttings were evaluated over 90 days, recording the following parameters: percentage of rooted cuttings, percentage of live cuttings and calluses, number of cuttings with buds, average length of the largest root and number of roots. Among the results obtained, the best concentration was 3% of 5% IBA in the rooting of herbaceous cuttings (17,25% in 17,75%) and 5% of IBA in the rooting of woody cuttings (22,25% e 22,55%). Herbaceous cuttings showed higher percentages of cuttings with calluses when compared to woody cuttings.

DETERMINAÇÃO DO CONTEÚDO DE COMPOSTOS FENÓLICOS DE EXTRATOS DE FRUTOS DE SPONDIAS PURPUREA

Introdução: A biodiversidade brasileira apresenta diversas espécies vegetais que são fontes de compostos bioativos que promovem a saúde e apresentam benefícios nutricionais. Neste sentido, a seriguela é uma espécie que possui frutos com essas propriedades devido à presença de metabólitos como polifenois e flavonoides que podem prevenir doenças relacionadas aos processos de oxidação e de envelhecimento precoce. Objetivos: O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o conteúdo de fenóis e flavonoides totais de extratos de frutos de seriguela. Material e métodos: Os frutos de S. purpurea foram coletados e suas polpas foram liofilizadas para obtenção de um pó. Este foi extraído por 24 horas (1:10 (p/v) - etanol 70%) e, após filtração, o processo foi repetido 2 vezes. O extrato resultante foi evaporado em rotaevaporador e posteriormente liofilizado a fim de obter o extrato seco. As amostras obtidas foram diluídas em diferentes concentrações (entre 0,5 e 2,5 mg/mL) para as análises fitoquímicas. Resultados: Na avaliação do conteúdo de fenóis totais do extrato dos frutos de seriguela destaca-se a presença de maior conteúdo na menor concentração (0,5 mg/mL), onde o extrato apresentou 60,07 mg EAG (equivalente de ácido gálico)/g, enquanto, na avaliação do conteúdo de flavonoides totais, o extrato apresentou 15,29 mg ER (equivalente de rutina)/g na mesma concentração. Conclusão: Diante dos resultados obtidos, foi possível observar a presença de compostos fenólicos, fenóis e flavonoides, no extrato dos frutos de S. purpurea. Estes resultados evidenciam a importância da biodiversidade brasileira e demonstram a possibilidade de aplicação da espécie avaliada neste estudo na área de cosméticos, fitoterápicos e fitoprodutos.