scholarly journals The efficiency of electrocoagulation using aluminum electrodesin treating wastewater from a dairy industry

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1713-1719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerson de Freitas Silva Valente ◽  
Regina Célia Santos Mendonça ◽  
José Antônio Marques Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Dairy Industry ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Optimum Operating Condition ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Dairy Plant ◽  
Aluminum Electrodes ◽  
Industry Effluent

<p>This research deals with the investigation of electrocoagulation (EC) treatment of wastewater from a dairy plant using aluminum electrodes. Electrolysis time, pH, current density and distance between electrodes were considered to assess the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total solids (TS) and their fractions and turbidity. Samples were collected from the effluent of a dairy plant using a sampling methodology proportional to the flow. The treatments were applied according to design factorial of half fraction with two levels of treatments and 3 repetitions at the central point. The optimization of parameters for treating dairy industry effluent by electrocoagulation using aluminum electrodes showed that electric current application for 21 minutes, an initial sample pH near 5.0 and a current density of 61.6A m<sup>-2</sup> resulted in a significant reduction in COD by 57%; removal of turbidity by 99%, removal of total suspended solids by 92% and volatile suspended solids by 97%; and a final treated effluent pH of approximately 10. Optimum operating condition was used for cost calculations show that operating cost is approximately 3.48R$ m<sup>-3</sup>.</p>

Analyses and Determination of Current Density and Energy Density in Electric Melting Glass Furnace

2011 ◽  
Vol 287-290 ◽  
pp. 2945-2951
Author(s):  
Wei Ning ◽  
Li Da Luo ◽  
Xing Yang Xu ◽  
Qing Wei Wang ◽  
Jian Chen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Glass Furnace ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Empirical Equation ◽  
Melting Rate ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Electric Melting ◽  
Optimum Operating Condition ◽  
Melting Glass

Current density and energy density is one of the most important parameters for designing the electric melting glass furnace. This paper analyzed the relation between current density and energy density based upon the generated representation, mathematical simulation and empirical equation, defined the bearing scope of current density for several kinds of electrodes, discussed the tendency of the change of current density and volume melting rate on different kinds of glasses, provided the theoretical basis to design electric melting glass furnace and established proper thermotechnical regime, so as to ensure the optimum operating condition in electric melting glass furnace.

Decolorization of Reactive Black B from wastewater by electro-coagulation: optimization using multivariate RSM and ANN

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kajal Gautam ◽  
Rishi K. Verma ◽  
Suantak Kamsonlian ◽  
Sushil Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Process Time ◽  
Mathematical Tool ◽  
Electrode Gap ◽  
Artificial Neural Network Ann ◽  
Electro Coagulation ◽  
Optimized Conditions

AbstractThe present study is aimed to model and optimize the electrocoagulation (EC) process with five important parameters for the decolorization of Reactive Black B (RBB) from simulated wastewater. A multivariate approach, response surface methodology (RSM) together with central composite design (CCD) is used to optimize process parameters such as pH (5–9), electrode gap (0.5–2.5 cm), current density (2.08–10.41 mA/cm2), process time (10–30 min), and initial dye concentration (100–500 mg/l). The predicted percentage decolorization of dye is obtained as 97.21% at optimized conditions: pH (6.8), gapping (1.3 cm), current density (8.32 mA/cm2), time (23 min), and initial dye concentration (200 mg/L), which is very close to experimental percent decolorization (98.41%). The statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) is performed to evaluate the quadratic model (RSM), and shows good fit of experimental data with coefficient of determination R2 >0.93. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is also used to predict the percentage decolorization and gives overall 94.96% which shows performance accuracy between the predicted and actual value of decolorization. The additional considerations of operating cost and current efficiency are also taken care to show the efficacy of EC process with mathematical tool. The sludge characteristics are determined by FE-SEM/EDX.

scholarly journals Removal of Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn Present in Aqueous Solution Using Coupled Electrocoagulation-Phytoremediation Treatment

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Ferniza-García ◽  
Araceli Amaya-Chávez ◽  
Gabriela Roa-Morales ◽  
Carlos E. Barrera-Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Typha Latifolia ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Lead And Zinc ◽  
Parallel Arrangement ◽  
Aluminum Electrodes ◽  
Cadmium Lead

This study presents the results of a coupled electrocoagulation-phytoremediation treatment for the reduction of copper, cadmium, lead, and zinc, present in aqueous solution. The electrocoagulation was carried out in a batch reactor using aluminum electrodes in parallel arrangement; the optimal conditions were current density of 8 mA/cm2 and operating time of 180 minutes. For phytoremediation the macrophytes, Typha latifolia L., were used during seven days of treatment. The results indicated that the coupled treatment reduced metal concentrations by 99.2% Cu, 81.3% Cd, and 99.4% Pb, while Zn increased due to the natural concentrations of the plant used.

Into Mesh Lubrication of Spur Gears With Arbitrary Offset Oil Jet. Part 1: For Jet Velocity Less Than or Equal to Gear Velocity

1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 713-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. Akin ◽  
D. P. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Inclination Angle ◽  
Gear Tooth ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Spur Gears ◽  
Optimum Operating Condition ◽  
Operating Condition ◽  
The Common ◽  
Jet Velocity ◽  
Oil Jet

An analysis was conducted for into mesh oil jet lubrication with an arbitrary offset and inclination angle from the pitch point for the case where the oil jet velocity is equal to or less than pitch line velocity. The analysis includes the case for the oil jet offset from the pitch point in the direction of the pinion and where the oil jet is inclined to intersect the common pitch point. Equations were developed for the minimum oil jet velocity required to impinge on the pinion or gear and the optimum oil jet velocity to obtain the maximum impingement depth. The optimum operating condition for best lubrication and cooling is provided when the oil jet velocity is equal to the gear pitch line velocity with both sides of the gear tooth cooled. When the jet velocity is reduced from pitch line velocity the drive side of the pinion and the unloaded side of the gear is cooled. When the jet velocity is much lower than the pitch line velocity the impingement depth is very small and may completely miss the pinion.

Thermoeconomic Approach and Optimization of a Solar Thermal Power Plant

2012 ◽  
Vol 232 ◽  
pp. 609-613
Author(s):  
Ali Baghernejad ◽  
Mahmood Yaghoubi
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Thermal Power Plant ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Solar Thermal ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Production Plant ◽  
Optimum Operating Condition ◽  
Solar Thermal Power

In the present study, a specific and simple second law based exergoeconomic model with instant access to the production costs is introduced. The model is generalized for a case study of Shiraz solar thermal power plant with parabolic collectors for nominal power supply of 500 kW. Its applications include the evaluation of utility costs such as products or supplies of production plant, the energy costs between process operations of an energy converter such as production of an industry. Also attempt is made to minimize objective function including investment cost of the equipments and cost of exergy destruction for finding optimum operating condition for such plant.

Optimization of Fermentable Sugar Production from Pineapple Leaf Waste (Ananas comosus [L.] Merr) by Enzymatic Hydrolysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-80
Author(s):  
Yohanita Restu Widihastuty ◽  
Sutini Sutini ◽  
Aida Nur Ramadhani
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Sugar Yield ◽  
Ananas Comosus ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Optimum Operating Condition ◽  
Operating Condition ◽  
Cellulase Enzyme

Pineapple leaf waste is one agricultural waste that has high cellulose content. Pineapple leaf waste's complex structure contains a bundle of packed fiber that makes it hard to remove lignin and hemicellulose structure, so challenging to produce reducing sugar. Dried pineapple leaf waste pretreated with a grinder to break its complex structure. Delignification process using 2% w/v NaOH solution at 87oC for 60 minutes has been carried out to remove lignin and hemicellulose structure so reducing sugar could be produced. Delignified pineapple leaf waste has been enzymatic hydrolyzed using cellulase enzyme (6 mL, 7 mL, and 8 mL) to produce reducing sugar. The sample was incubated in an incubator shaker at 155 rpm at 45, 55, and 60oC for 72 hours. Determination of reducing sugar yield had been carried out using the Dubois method and HPLC. The model indicated that the optimum operating condition of enzymatic hydrolysis is 7 mL of cellulase enzyme at 55oC to produce 96,673 mg/L reducing sugar. This result indicated that the enzymatic hydrolysis operating condition improved the reducing sugar yield from pineapple leaf waste. The optimum reducing sugar yield can produce biofuel by the saccharification process.

scholarly journals Anionic Polyelectrolytes Synthesized in an Aromatic-Free-Oils Process for Application as Flocculants in Dairy-Industry-Effluent Treatment

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (49) ◽  
pp. 16884-16896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Lourenço ◽  
Julien Arnold ◽  
José A. F. Gamelas ◽  
Olivier J. Cayre ◽  
Maria G. Rasteiro
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Industry ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Industry Effluent

Magnetostrictive Methods of Detecting Torque from Case-Hardened Steel Shafts

1994 ◽  
Vol 360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ichiro Sasada
Keyword(s):  
Excitation Frequency ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Torque Sensor ◽  
Excitation Current ◽  
Optimum Operating Condition ◽  
Operating Condition ◽  
Nickel Chromium ◽  
Low Profile ◽  
Molybdenum Steel

AbstractThis paper begins with a review of the current problems associated with the application of conventional magnetic-head-type shaft torque sensors. These sensors were first proposedin 1954. Newly developed low-profile magnetic heads for torque sensors which address the problems of the older type of sensors are then presented. The torque sensor which uses the lowprofile pick-up heads is described in detail. Experimental results showing the basicperformance of the torque sensor with carburized nickel chromium molybdenum steel shafts (SNCM 420 in JIS) are then described. In this combination of the heads and the shaft, thehysteresis of the inputoutput relationship is generally small and shows that the direction of traversal around the hysteresis loop changes as the amplitude of the excitation current changes. It is shown that an optimum operating condition exists for the torque sensorin which the hysteresis achieves a minimum value yet the sensitivity remains high. In a particular combination studied in this paper, the optimum excitation current was 0.3 A at the excitation frequency 60 kHz, where the total power loss at the pick-up heads was 0.37W. Under this operating condition, the hysteresis was extremely small, and the linearity was better than 0.6%.

scholarly journals Investigating the effects of different cationic charge flocculation polymers on municipal wastewater sludge dewatering

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Abrahams ◽  
Mujahid Aziz ◽  
Godwill Kasongo
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Wastewater Sludge ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Bench Scale ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Polymer Flocculant

Abstract The minimization of sludge produced by municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs) is critical as its handling accounts for approximately 50% of the total operating cost. The challenges in predicting dewatering performance can be overcome by optimizing the sludge treatment process, especially conditioning and dewatering. This study aimed to investigate sludge dewaterability at four different MWWTPs, using a gravity drainage test unit and a bench-scale press. The effect of differently treated effluent used as a solvent to mix the flocculation polymers was observed during dewatering. The membrane bioreactor (MBR) treated effluent yielded the highest filtrate volume in the lowest amount of time, with the least polymer flocculant dosage. The Box Behnken Design model fitted the data and proved a relationship between polymer dosage, cake solids concentration, and cake height during the bench-scale press tests.

Removal of boron (B) from waste liquors

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 73-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-Q. Jiang ◽  
Y. Xu ◽  
J. Simon ◽  
K. Quill ◽  
K. Shettle
Keyword(s):  
Model Test ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Boron Concentration ◽  
Economic Advantage ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Boron Removal ◽  
Industry Waste ◽  
Alum Coagulation ◽  
Industry Effluent

This paper explores the use of electrocoagulation to remove boron from waste effluent in comparison with alum coagulation. In treating model test wastes, greater boron removals were achieved with electrocoagulation at low doses than conventional alum coagulation when reaction was undertaken for the same conditions (pH 8.5, and initial boron concentration was 500 mg/L). Al electrocoagulation can achieve good boron removal performance (68.3%) at a dose of 2.1 (as molar ratio of Al:B, and for current density of 62.1 A/m2), while alum coagulation can only achieve the maximum boron removal of 56% at a dose of 2.4. Also, Al electrocoagulation can remove 15–20% more boron than alum coagulation for the same dose compared in the treatment of both model test wastes and industry effluent. The estimation of running costs shows that to achieve 75% boron removal from industry waste effluent, i.e. removing 150 g of boron from 1 m3 of effluent, electrocoagulation was 6.2 times cheaper than alum coagulation. The economic advantage of electrocoagulation in the treatment of boron-containing waste effluent is thus significant.

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