New strains of Bradyrhizobium enrich plant biomass nitrogen content in Crotalaria for use as a green manure

Effects of one pre-emergence herbicide (terbutryn/terbuthylazine) and one post-emergence herbicide (bentazone) along with unweeded and hand-weeded controls on weeds and on the nodulation, nitrogenase activity, nitrogen content, growth and yield of pea (Pisum sativum) were studied. Terbutryn/terbuthylazine was applied pre-emergence @ 1.40, 2.80 and 5.60 kg/hawhereas bentazone was sprayed 6 weeks after sowing @ 1.44, 2.88 and 5.76 kg/h. Terbutryn/terbuthylazine controlled all the weeds very effectively, whereas bentazone did not control some weeds such as Polygonum aviculare, Poa annua and Elymus repens. The herbicides decreased the number of nodules, the dry weight of nodules, the nitrogenase activity, the shoot dry weight, the nitrogen content in the straw and seeds, and the seed yield of peas, the effects generally being higher at higher rates of application. The adverse effects of herbicides on these parameters might be due to their effects on plant growth, as both the herbicides are known to adversely affect photosynthesis. Nitrogenase activity did not correlate well with plant-N content or shoot dry weight. However, there was a strong relationship between plant biomass and plant-N content, which suggests that researchers can rely on these parameters for studying the effects of treatments on nitrogen fixation, rather than measuring nitrogenase activity.

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Sesbania rostrata green manure and the nitrogen content of rice crop and soil

Soil Biology and Biochemistry ◽

10.1016/0038-0717(83)90127-x ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 111-113 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

G. Rinaudo ◽

B. Dreyfus ◽

Y. Dommergues

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Content ◽

Green Manure ◽

Rice Crop ◽

Sesbania Rostrata

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Rhizobial inoculant formulations and soil pH influence field pea nodulation and nitrogen fixation

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/s99-059 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 80 (3) ◽

pp. 395-400 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

W. A. Rice ◽

G. W. Clayton ◽

P. E. Olsen ◽

N. Z. Lupwayi

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Content ◽

Soil Ph ◽

Crop Production ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Acid Soil ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Field Pea ◽

Total Biomass ◽

Plant Nitrogen ◽

Liquid Inoculant

Crop production systems that include field pea (Pisum sativum L.) in rotation are important for sustainable agriculture on acid soils in northwestern Canada. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to compare the ability of liquid inoculant applied to the seed, powdered peat inoculant applied to the seed, and granular inoculant applied in a band with the seed to establish effective nodulation on field pea grown at soil pH(H2O) 4.4, 5.4 and 6.6. Plants were grown to the flat pod stage, and then total plant biomass dry weight, dry weight of nodules, number of nodules, plant nitrogen content, and proportion of plant nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa) were measured. Granular and powdered peat inoculants produced greater nodule numbers and weight, plant nitrogen content, %Ndfa and total biomass than liquid inoculant in at least two of the three experiments. Only granular inoculant was effective in establishing nodules at soil pH 4.4, but granular and powdered peat inoculants were effective at pH 5.4, and all three formulations were effective at pH 6.6. The results showed that granular inoculant has potential for effective nodulation of field pea grown on acid soil. Key words: Rhizobium, inoculant formulations, field pea, nodulation, acid soil

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Abiotic effects on the clear-winged grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acridae) and its fungal pathogen Entomophaga grylli (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) in an intermountain bunch-grass prairie

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/tce.2016.66 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 149 (3) ◽

pp. 315-325

Author(s):

Erica J. Kistner ◽

Gary E. Belovsky

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Content ◽

Treatment Effects ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Fungal Spores ◽

Fungal Spore ◽

Northwestern Montana ◽

Fungal Entomopathogen ◽

Moist Habitat ◽

Small Grains ◽

Measured Water

AbstractThe grasshopper, Camnula pellucida Scudder (Orthoptera: Acridae), is a severe pest of small grains and rangeland forage in North America. In a field experiment using cages containing C. pellucida in northwestern Montana, United States of America, we manipulated exposure to the fungal entomopathogen, Entomophaga grylli Fresenius (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) pathotype 1, temperature using small greenhouses, and moisture for the pathogen with water pillows. Treatment effects on fungal infection (mycosis) rates and grasshopper survivorship were assessed. Water pillows provided additional moist habitat for E. grylli without having an impact on grasshopper performance or the plant biomass and nitrogen content. Number of fungal spores, pathogen-induced mortality rates, and treatment effects on grass biomass and nitrogen content were also measured. Water pillows benefited the pathogen by increasing fungal spore levels by eightfold, which in turn shortened pathogen-exposed grasshopper survival time by half. In contrast, warming reduced fungal spore levels by 50% and subsequently reduced mortality from E. grylli by 67%. However, warmed pathogen-exposed grasshoppers did not exhibit enhanced survival, which may be due, in part, to intraspecific competition among the surviving grasshoppers.

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Development and evaluation of a new Canadian spring wheat sub-model for DNDC

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/cjss2010-059 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 91 (4) ◽

pp. 503-520 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

R. Kröbel ◽

W. Smith ◽

B. Grant ◽

R. Desjardins ◽

C. Campbell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Content ◽

Soil Carbon ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Dndc Model ◽

Plant Nitrogen ◽

Annual Variations ◽

Using Data ◽

Biomass Plant ◽

Better Than

Kröbel, R., Smith, W. N., Grant, B. B., Desjardins, R. L., Campbell, C. A., Tremblay, N., Li, C. S., Zentner, R. P. and McConkey, B. G. 2011. Development and evaluation of a new Canadian spring wheat sub-model for DNDC. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 503–520. In this paper, the ability of the DNDC model (version 93) to predict biomass production, grain yield and plant nitrogen content was assessed using data from experiments at Swift Current, Saskatchewan, and St-Blaise, Quebec, Canada. While predicting wheat grain yields reasonably well, the model overestimated the growth of above-ground plant biomass and nitrogen uptake during the first half of the growing season. A new spring wheat sub-model (DNDC-CSW) was introduced with a modified plant biomass growth curve, dynamic plant C/N ratios and modified plant biomass fractioning curves. DNDC-CSW performed considerably better in simulating plant biomass [modeling efficiency (EF): 0.75, average relative error (ARE): 6.0%] and plant nitrogen content (EF: 0.61, ARE: −2.7%) at Swift Current and St-Blaise (EF of 0.75 and ARE of 2.3%), compared with DNDC 93 (biomass SC: EF 0.49, ARE 17.1%, SB: EF 0.02 ARE 33.4%). In comparison with DNDC 93, DNDC-CSW better captured inter-annual variations in crop growth for a range of wheat rotations, increasing the EF from 0.32 to 0.52 for grain and from 0.35 to 0.39 for straw yields. DNDC-CSW also performed considerably better than DNDC 93 in estimating soil carbon changes at Swift Current. Hence, DNDC-CSW has the potential to improve the performance of DNDC 93 in simulating wheat biomass, plant nitrogen, yield and soil carbon at various Canadian sites.

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A comparative study of the value of nitrate of soda, leguminous green manures and stable manure in cylinder experiments, 1907–1919

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600004147 ◽

1921 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 323-336

Author(s):

J. G. Lipman ◽

A. W. Blair

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Content ◽

Total Nitrogen ◽

Green Manure ◽

Crop Production ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Available Nitrogen ◽

Stable Manure ◽

Green Manure Crops

1. The work presented in this paper covers a period of 13 years and gives the results secured, by means of cylinder experiments, in a comparative test of nitrogen in nitrate of soda, stable manure, and leguminous green manure crops, on eight types of soil, seven of which are Coastal Plain soils.2. The work was carried out at the Experiment Station in galvanised iron cylinders similar to those used in the availability work which was started in 1898. 320 such cylinders were used, making it possible to run a four-year rotation on the eight types of soil with five different treatments for each type.3. The five treatments are as follows: Series I—no fertiliser. Series II—minerals only (phosphoric acid and potash). Series III—minerals and leguminous green manure crops to supply nitrogen for the four main crops. Series IV—minerals and stable manure.All cylinders receive liberal applications of ground limestone every five years.4. The rotation consists of rye, corn, potatoes and oats, all grown every year on the eight soils.Crops are harvested at or near maturity, dry weights recorded, and samples prepared and nitrogen determinations made in duplicate.5. Under all of the treatments the largest crops were obtained during the first two or three years of the period. From the point of maximum yield which in most cases occurred within the first three years, there has been a gradual decline in yields, both of total dry matter and total nitrogen.This decline, however, is not without some exceptions.Without exception the average yields for the 13 years are less than the average for the first seven years.6. Of the eight types of soil used Quinton sandy loam has consistently given the largest crops and the largest nitrogen return, followed closely by Penn loam. Norfolk sand has likewise consistently given the lowest returns.Windsor sand has shown a remarkable response to the green manure treatment.7. Of the five different treatments the green manure series has given the highest average returns on all the soils, although in a few cases scattered through the 13 years (and for the majority of the soil types during the first two years) the nitrate of soda series gave the largest yield. In a very few cases the yield on the stable manure series has exceeded that of the green manure series.The average yield of the nitrate series stands between the green manure and stable manure series.8. It has thus been shown that for a period of 13 years nitrogen supplied by leguminous green manure crops, grown between the main crops of the rotation, has been more effective in crop production than 15 tons of manure every two years, while at the same time the nitrogen content of the soil of the green manure series was maintained, for a period of five years at least, on a level with that of the stable manure series.9. It has also been shown that the green manure series yielded larger crops than the nitrate of soda series (160 lb. of nitrate per acre annually), while at the same time the nitrogen content of the soils of the former was maintained at a higher level than that of the latter.10. It is pointed out that it may be possible to maintain crop yields at a rather high level, even when the total nitrogen content of the soil is not kept at quite so high a level as was found in the original soil. Under such conditions, however, a constant turnover of readily available nitrogen is necessary.

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Nitrogen content in plant biomass from subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) grown under different inorganic nitrogen supply

Ratarstvo i povrtarstvo ◽

10.5937/ratpov52-8930 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 52 (3) ◽

pp. 114-119

Author(s):

Viliana Vasileva ◽

Konstantina Kocheva ◽

Janet Mincheva ◽

Georgi Georgiev ◽

Anna Ilieva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Content ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Inorganic Nitrogen ◽

Dactylis Glomerata ◽

Subterranean Clover ◽

Trifolium Subterraneum ◽

Nitrogen Supply ◽

Dactylis Glomerata L

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EFFICIENCY OF GRAIN-CROP ROTATION, DEPENDING ON SEEDING OF MANURE, STRAW AND INTERMEDIATE SIDERATE

Vestnik of Kazan state agrarin university ◽

10.12737/2073-0462-2020-11-15 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 11-15

Author(s):

Marsel Akhmetzyanov ◽

Ivan Talanov

Keyword(s):

Crop Rotation ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

Green Manure ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Total Content ◽

Perennial Grasses ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

Winter Rye ◽

Combined Application

The article presents the results of studies on the introduction of manure, straw and intermediate green manure in a grain-grass crop rotation against the background of the introduction of calculated doses of mineral fertilizers on the gray forest soil of the Republic of Tatarstan. The results of studies showed that options with the introduction of manure and plant biomass reduced the soil density in the 0-10 cm layer by 0.02-0.04 g/cm3, in the 10-20 cm layer by 0.03-0.04 g/cm3. The total content of structural aggregates in the variants with the introduction of manure and the joint incorporation of straw and green manure increased to 46.7-72.9%, the structural coefficient was 0.87-2.69, against 44.3-63.9% and 0.79 -1.77 on the mineral background. The amount of crop and root residues that came into the soil after harvesting perennial grasses more accumulated in the backgrounds with the addition of manure, straw and green manure and amounted to 10.8-12.1 tons per hectare, while the mineral background made up only 10, 11 tons per hectare. Against the same background, an increase in the content of humus in the soil by 0.12-0.16% occurred. Improving the soil fertility of the soil, manure, straw and green manure contributed to an increase in crop yields in crop rotation compared with the mineral background: winter rye by 0.2-5.0 centner, spring wheat by 1.2-6.8 centner, perennial grasses by 1.2-7.3 grain units, spring wheat – 2.5-5.4 centner, oats - 2.4-5.3 center per hectare. Crop cultivation in a grain-grass crop rotation on the background of the combined application of straw and crop green manure made it possible to get a maximum profit of 22,835.6 rubles per ha with a profitability level of 162.8%, against 15540.0 rubles per ha and a profitability of 96.4% against a mineral background.

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Effect of Water Stress in Soil Nitrogen Dynamics under Intercropping System with Maize and Sorghum

Forestry: Journal of Institute of Forestry, Nepal ◽

10.3126/forestry.v15i0.24916 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Asim Sharif ◽

Utsab Thapa

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Nitrogen Content ◽

Soil Nitrogen ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Soil Aggregates ◽

Biotic Interactions ◽

Agroforestry Systems ◽

Nitrogen Allocation ◽

Aggregate Fraction ◽

Plant Mixture

Global warming, one of the most persistent threats to nature, is expected to result in severe droughts in many parts of the world. Droughts are supposed to effect individual plants and/or plant communities by changing their a/ biotic interactions. The objective of this study was to elucidate drought effects on soil nitrogen allocation in different aggregate sizes. This was done by growing Zea mays and Sorghum bicolor in monoculture and mixture. Nitrogen allocation under drought stress was traced using nitrogen stable isotope 15N. Drought disintegrated soil aggregates into finer aggregates for sorghum monoculture and decreased the aggregate proportion in small macro-aggregate fraction for maize monoculture. For plant mixture, drought increased total nitrogen content in micro-aggregate fraction and uptake of added 15N in bulk soil. Hence, the study showed that mix planting maize and sorghum offer better resistance against changes in plant biomass and nitrogen content which suggests its effectiveness in nitrogen conservation during water stress. Moreover, intergrowing maize and sorghum under agroforestry systems also produce advantageous results.

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