Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early development of overweight and growth deficit in children: an analysis of survival

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the association between smoking during pregnancy and nutritional status. Methods: cohort study with a sample of 460 children in the baseline. The children were assessed four times, being measured for weight and length to be converted in indexes length forage (L/A) and body mass index forage (BMI/A) in Z-score. The time until occurrence of growth deficit and overweight was calculated in days and compared to maternal smoking during pregnancy. To assess the association between smoking during pregnancy and the outcomes, a Hazard Ratio by Cox regression was obtained, adjusting by confounding variables selected from Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG). Results: the time until occurrence of growth deficit and overweight was lower in children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy. Smoking during pregnancy was a risk factor for length deficit (HR = 2.84; CI95% = 1.42 to 5.70) and for overweight (HR = 1.96; CI95% = 1, 09 to 3.53), even after the adjustment. Conclusions: maternal smoking was a changeable factor associated with anthropometric outcomes, which demonstrates the need for actions to combat smoking during pregnancy in order to prevent early nutritional deviations.

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Association of early and late maternal smoking during pregnancy with offspring body mass index at 4 to 5 years of age

Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease ◽

10.1017/s2040174415007151 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (6) ◽

pp. 485-492 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

L. E. Grzeskowiak ◽

N. A. Hodyl ◽

M. J. Stark ◽

J. L. Morrison ◽

V. L. Clifton

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Body Mass ◽

Maternal Smoking ◽

South Australia ◽

First Trimester ◽

Z Score ◽

Smoking During Pregnancy ◽

Smoking In Pregnancy ◽

Quitting Smoking ◽

Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy

The objective was to investigate the association between early and late maternal smoking during pregnancy on offspring body mass index (BMI). We undertook a retrospective cohort study using linked records from the Women’s and Children’s Health Network in South Australia. Among a cohort of women delivering a singleton, live-born infants between January 2000 and December 2005 (n=7658), 5961 reported not smoking during pregnancy, 297 reported quitting smoking during the first trimester of pregnancy, and 1400 reported continued smoking throughout pregnancy. Trained nurses measured the height and weight of the children at preschool visits in a state-wide surveillance programme. The main outcome measure was age- and sex-specific BMI z-score. At 4 to 5 years, mean (s.d.) BMI z-score was 0.40 (1.05), 0.60 (1.07) and 0.65 (1.18) in children of mothers who reported never smoking, quitting smoking and continued smoking during pregnancy, respectively. Compared with the group of non-smokers, both quitting smoking and continued smoking were associated with an increase in child BMI z-score of 0.15 (95% confidence interval: 0.01–0.29) and 0.21 (0.13–0.29), respectively. A significant dose–response relationship was also observed between the number of cigarettes smoked per day on average during the second half of pregnancy and the increase in offspring BMI z-score (P<0.001). In conclusion, any maternal smoking in pregnancy, even if mothers quit, is associated with an increase in offspring BMI at 4 to 5 years of age.

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Familial confounding of the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and internalizing disorders in offspring

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291716003627 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 47 (8) ◽

pp. 1417-1426 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

S. M. Meier ◽

K. J. Plessen ◽

F. Verhulst ◽

O. Mors ◽

P. B. Mortensen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anxiety Disorders ◽

Maternal Smoking ◽

Depressive Disorders ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Severe Depression ◽

Internalizing Disorders ◽

Externalizing Disorders ◽

Smoking During Pregnancy ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy

BackgroundMaternal smoking has consistently been associated with multiple adverse childhood outcomes including externalizing disorders. In contrast the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) and internalizing (anxiety and depressive) disorders in offspring has received less investigation.MethodWe conducted a nationwide cohort study including 957635 individuals born in Denmark between 1991 and 2007. Data on MSDP and diagnoses of depression or anxiety disorders were derived from national registers and patients were followed up from the age of 5 years to the end of 2012. Hazard rate ratios (HRRs) were estimated using stratified Cox regression models. Sibling data were used to disentangle individual- and familial-level effects of MSDP and to control for unmeasured familial confounding.ResultsAt the population level, offspring exposed to MSDP were at increased risk for both severe depression [HRR 1.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22–1.36] and severe anxiety disorders (HRR 1.26, 95% CI 1.20–1.32) even when controlling for maternal and paternal traits. However, there was no association between MSDP and internalizing disorders when controlling for the mother's propensity for MSDP (depression: HRR 1.11, 95% CI 0.94–1.30; anxiety disorders: HRR 0.94, 95% CI 0.80–1.11) or comparing differentially exposed siblings (depression: HRR 1.18, 95% CI 0.75–1.89; anxiety disorders: HRR 0.87, 95% CI 0.55–1.36).ConclusionsThe results suggest that familial background factors account for the association between MSDP and severe internalizing disorders not the specific exposure to MSDP.

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