scholarly journals Surface sealing and water erosion of soils with mulching in the semi-arid region of Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fábio F. da Silva ◽  
Thais E. M. dos S. Souza ◽  
Edivan R. de Souza ◽  
Marcelo M. Correa ◽  
Mário M. Rolim
Keyword(s):  
Arid Region ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Surface Sealing ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Resistance To Penetration

ABSTRACT Evaluating soil sealing process of the semi-arid region of Brazil is important to describe this process and mitigate its effects. The objective of this work was to evaluate surface sealing and physical properties of the main soils of the Upper Ipanema watershed, in Pesqueira, Pernambuco state, Brazil, with the use of mulch. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications, using a 3 × 3 × 2 factorial arrangement consisted of three soil classes (abruptic Eutrophic Yellow Argissolo - AEYA, typical Eutrophic Fluvic Neossolo - TEFN, and typical Eutrophic Yellow Argissolo - TEYA), three application times of simulated rainfalls (at 0, 24, and 48 h), and two mulching conditions (with and without mulch), totaling 54 tests. Soil erosion rates, surface sealing, and resistance to penetration were evaluated. The use of mulch decreased significantly the soil water losses by 71.9% (AEYA), 62.9% (TEFN), and 41.1% (TEYA) after the first rainfall application (0 h) when compared to treatments without mulch, and promoted a higher water infiltration rate. The lowest soil resistance to penetration were found in soils with mulch. The AEYA and TEFN presented changes in porosity and migration of fine particles in the treatment without mulch. The TENF was the only soil that presented an incipient soil surface sealing layer in the treatment without mulch.

scholarly journals The impact of soil uptake on the global distribution of molecular hydrogen: chemical transport model simulation

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 4059-4103 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Yashiro ◽  
K. Sudo ◽  
S. Yonemura ◽  
M. Takigawa
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Arid Region ◽  
Molecular Hydrogen ◽  
Deposition Velocity ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Uptake ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Semi Arid

Abstract. The molecular hydrogen (H2) in the troposphere is highly influenced by the strength of H2 uptake by the terrestrial soil surface. The global distribution of H2 and its uptake by the soil are simulated by using a model called CHemical AGCM for Study of Environment and Radiative forcing (CHASER), which incorporates a 2-layered soil diffusion/uptake process component. The simulated distribution of deposition velocity over land reflects regional climate and has a global average of 3.3 × 10−2 cm s−1. In the region north of 30° N, the amount of soil uptake increases, particularly in the summer. However, the increase in the uptake becomes smaller in the winter season due to snow cover and a reduction in the biological activity at low temperatures. In the temperate and humid regions in the mid- and low-latitudes, the uptake is mostly influenced by the soil air ratio, which controls the gas diffusivity in the soil. In the semi-arid region, water stress and high temperature contribute to the reduction of biological activity, as well as to the seasonal variation in the deposition velocity. The comparison with the observations shows that the model reproduces both the distribution and seasonal variation of H2 relatively well. The global burden and tropospheric lifetime are 150 Tg and 2.0 yr, respectively. The seasonal variation of H2 in the northern high latitude is mainly controlled by the large seasonal change in soil uptake. In the Southern Hemisphere, the seasonal change in the net chemical production and inter-hemispheric transport are the dominant cause of the seasonal cycle. Large biomass burning impacts the magnitude of seasonal variation mainly in the tropics and subtropics. Both observation and model show large inter-annual variation, especially for the period 1997–1998, associated with the large biomass burning in tropics and northern high-latitudes. The soil uptake shows relatively small inter-annual variability compared to the signal from biomass burning. We note that the thickness of biologically inactive layer near the soil surface and the uptake flux in semi-arid region is important for the current and future budget of atmospheric H2.

A COMPARISON OF ANNUAL CROPS FOR SEED AND RESIDUE IN THE SEMI-ARID REGION OF WESTERN CANADA

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Arid Region ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Oilseed Crops ◽  
Annual Crops ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Semi Arid

Eight cereal and oilseed crops were tested in 1965 and 1966 to compare their yields of seed and stubble residue. Barley produced more seed (kg/ha) than any of the other crops tested. Oats outyielded all crops but barley; wheat and rapeseed were equal and surpassed mustard, peas and flax; mustard and peas outyielded flax. In production of crop residue (trash cover), oats outyielded all other crops; wheat and barley were equal and superior to mustard, flax and peas; rapeseed was equal to wheat, barley and mustard and superior to flax and peas. In terms of residue conserved at the soil surface following a 21-month summerfallow period, wheat, oats and barley were equal and superior to mustard, rapeseed, flax and peas. Only the cereal grains provided residues that were adequate for effective control of soil erosion by winds.Although the seed yield of barley and oats exceeded wheat in this experiment, current prices favor wheat as a cash crop.

scholarly journals Can the Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica sand-fixing forest develop sustainably in a semi-arid region?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiben Cheng ◽  
Hongbin Zhan ◽  
Mingchang Shi
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Arid Region ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Moisture Distribution ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Sandy Land ◽  
Mu Us Sandy Land ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Semi Arid

Abstract. Desertification is a global environmental and societal concern at present, and China is one of the countries that face the most severe damage of desertification. China’s so-called Three North shelterbelt Program (3NSP) has produced a vast area of lined forest in the semi-arid regions with the purpose of battling desertification. Such a wind-breaking and sand-fixing forest has successfully slowed down the incursion of desert. However, the vast artificial forestry consumes a large amount of water resources, which profoundly affect the fragile ecological environment in the semi-arid regions. In turn, a large amount of water loss also causes a great number of vegetation deaths or defects. To understand the water balance and sustainable development of artificial forest in semi-arid region, this study uses the 30-year-old lined Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica sand-fixing forest in the eastern part of Mu Us Sandy land in Northwestern China as an example. Specifically, this investigation studies the redistribution of water in soil under existing precipitation conditions, so as to evaluate whether the rain-feed forestry can develop sustainably or not. Rain gauge, newly designed lysimeter and soil moisture sensor are used to monitor precipitation, deep soil recharge (DSR) and soil water content, resulting in an accurate estimation of annual moisture distribution of the rain-feed Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica. The study shows that there are two obvious moisture recharge processes in an annual base for the Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forest soil in Mu Us Sandy land: 1) the snow melted water infiltration-recharge process in the spring, and 2) the precipitation-recharge process in the summer. The recharge depth of the first process is 160 cm. The second process results in DSR (referring to recharge that can reach a depth more than 200 cm and may eventually replenish the groundwater reservoir). The DSR of 2016–2018 is 1.4 mm, 0.2 mm, 1.2 mm, respectively. To reach the recharge depths of 20 cm, 40 cm, 80 cm, 120 cm, 160 cm, and 200 cm, the corresponding precipitation intensities have to be 2.6 mm/d, 3.2 mm/d, 3.4 mm/d, 8.2 mm/d, 8.2 mm/d, and 13.2 mm/d, respectively. The annual evaporation amount in the Mu Us Sandyland Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forest is 426.96 mm in 2016, 324.6 mm in 2017, 416.253 mm in 2018. This study concludes that under the current precipitation conditions, very small but observable DSR happened, thus the groundwater system underneath the forest may be replenished, meaning that the artificial Pinus forestry can probably develop sustainably. This study confirms that developing limited amount forestry in semi-arid regions is likely in a sustainable fashion. The widely variable annual precipitation in semi-arid areas may affect this conclusion and should be investigated in the future.

scholarly journals Variability and spatial distribution of hydrodynamic properties in soil with preserved Caatinga

RBRH ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Martins de França Neto ◽  
Artur Paiva Coutinho ◽  
Simone Di Prima ◽  
Saulo de Tarso Marques Bezerra ◽  
Severino Martins dos Santos Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Arid Region ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Soil Water Retention ◽  
Hydrodynamic Properties ◽  
Infiltration Process ◽  
Statistical Measures ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Semi Arid

ABSTRACT The functions of soil water retention and hydraulic conductivity are indispensable for the characterization and modeling of the infiltration and water transfer processes in the vadose zone. In the case of the Brazilian semi-arid region, characterized by the scarcity of water resources, there is a lack of information on the hydrodynamic properties of the soil. Also, these properties have numerous factors of variability, requiring the characterization of their magnitude and distribution in space. This research presents an analysis of the infiltration process and the hydrodynamic properties of the soil under native Caatinga forest, observing its spatial distribution. This vegetation is typical of the Brazilian semi-arid region. One developed a 48-point grid in an area of approximately 875 m2, and applied on it the Beerkan methodology. The analyzes were performed based on the application of the BEST-Slope algorithm and statistical measures of the position, dispersion, and adherence tests. The results showed medium to high variability indices for the hydrodynamic properties, with random spatial distribution, despite the verification of a homogeneous texture in the area. Thus, it was found that the soil structure was predominant in the processes of water infiltration.

scholarly journals Land-use change effect on the hydro-dynamic characteristics of soil in the Brazilian semi-arid region

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Willames Albuquerque Soares ◽  
Simone Rosa da Silva ◽  
José Romualdo de Sousa Lima
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Arid Region ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Hydrodynamic Processes ◽  
Physical Attributes ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Semi Arid

 The search for better living conditions has led the residents of the Brazilian semi-arid region to plant forage crops, leading to a gradual decrease in the native vegetation (Caatinga) of this region. The effects caused by the replacement of Caatinga with palm, for example, have been little studied, especially with regard to the physical and hydraulic properties of the soil. The objective of this study was to compare the physical-hydraulic characteristics of a litholic neosol in two areas having different vegetation cover: one area cultivated with forage palm (O. ficus-indica) and the other covered by native Caatinga. Differences in soil structure, especially in porosity, between the natural and cultivated soils were observed to control the hydrodynamic processes, resulting in changes in water retention curves and hydraulic conductivity. Natural soil presents low values of hydraulic conductivity when compared to those of cultivated soil. This increase is probably due to soil management required for forage palm cultivation. The natural soil structure, characterized by relatively low saturated hydraulic conductivity values, presents an infiltrability that favors surface runoff. Human activities in the study area have promoted changes in the soil’s physical attributes, decreasing density and increasing porosity. Consequently, there is an increase in water infiltration into the soil and a reduction of runoff in cultivated areas, confirming results obtained in previous studies.

Evaluation of different mulch materials for reducing soil surface evaporation in semi-arid region

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Farzi ◽  
M. Gholami ◽  
B. Baninasab ◽  
M. Gheysari
Keyword(s):  
Arid Region ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Surface Evaporation ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Semi Arid

Sediment, nutrient and water losses by water erosion under agroforestry systems in the semi-arid region in northeastern Brazil

2010 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Ivanilda de Aguiar ◽  
Stoécio Malta Ferreira Maia ◽  
Francisco Alisson da Silva Xavier ◽  
Eduardo de Sá Mendonça ◽  
João Ambrósio Araújo Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arid Region ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Semi Arid
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