scholarly journals Apoplexy, cerebrovascular disease, and stroke: Historical evolution of terms and definitions

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliasz Engelhardt
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrovascular Disease ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The Middle Ages

ABSTRACT. The long-standing concept of “apoplexy' can be followed from Antiquity, passing through the Middle Ages and Renaissance, and reaching the Modern era and the present day, with the new designation of “stroke”. The definition of “apoplexy” can be divided, by the history of autopsy, into a period predating this practice, which spanned from Antiquity until the Renaissance, with a relatively stable clinically-based umbrella concept, and an autopsy period of the Modern era, when the condition was subdivided into several subtypes. Thus, it took about 2,500 years assembling the numerous pieces of information to achieve a fairly well-defined picture. The “stroke” concept inherited the information developed for “apoplexy”, incorporating all historical acquisitions to form the current state of this knowledge.

Miguel de Unamuno und Antero de Quental Iberische Religionskritik, einbrechende Moderne und die Tragik des Verlustes

2007 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-330
Author(s):  
Steffen Dix
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Religious History ◽  
Miguel De Unamuno ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Catholic Religion ◽  
History Of ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The Middle Ages

AbstractIn recent years the study of local religious histories, especially in Europe, has gained in prominence. Because of the encounters between different cultural traditions in the Middle Ages and the voyages of discovery, the religious history of the Iberian Peninsula became one of the most complex in Europe. This article focuses on one portion of this history around the turn of the 19th/20th century, and in particular on two attempts to blame the Catholic religion for the general crisis in Spain and Portugal at the start of the modern era. These two forms of critiquing religion are illustrated by the examples of Miguel de Unamuno and Antero de Quental, whose writings were characteristic of the typical relationship between religion and intellectuals in this period. Not only were the Spanish philosopher and the Portuguese poet influential on their own and later generations, but they are also truly representative of a certain tragic ”loss“ of religion in the Iberian Peninsula.

scholarly journals THE HISTORY OF MEDECIN IN THE MEDIEVAL AND MODERN ERA,AND IT’S ROLE INTHE STUDY OF HISTORY OF ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (07) ◽  
pp. 149-162
Author(s):  
Racha MAZOUZI
Keyword(s):  
Social Movement ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Great Care ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Islamic Medicine ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Islamic Civilization ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Scientific Achievements

Islamic civilization had a prominent role, whether in the Islamic world, or its clear impact on the life of Europe, which was suffering from backwardness and ignorance. The Islamic civilization awakened it from its slumber and deep backwardness, through the its scientific achievements, and perhaps one of the most important roles was in the field of medical sciences, where Muslims took great care of the medicine industry at the beginning, from the search for the origin of the disease to treatment methods, and the establishment of institutions especially for its meridian and education, and the importance of this research lies in the definition of Arab-Islamic medicine, and its impact on Europe, especially that Westerners have claim the science has not developed for Muslims throughout the ages, and also aim through this research to track the development of medicine and the cultural and social movement in Islamic civilization in the Middle Ages and modernity.

scholarly journals The evolution of the doctrine of the infallibility of the Pope in the Catholic beliefs. "An historical contract study"

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Ahmed Abd Al Awaisheh ◽  
Hala Ghassan Al Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Second Vatican Council ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Vatican Council ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
The Middle Ages

This study examines the history of the development of the doctrine of infallibility of the Pope (Bishop of Rome) in the Catholic Church, from the Middle Ages to its adoption as a dogmatic constitution, to shed light on the impact of the course of historical events on the crystallization of this doctrine and the conceptual structure upon which it was based. The study concluded that the doctrine of infallibility of the Pope was based on the concept of the Peter theory, and it went through several stages, the most prominent of which was the period of turbulence in the Middle Ages, and criticism in the modern era, and a series of historical events in the nineteenth century contributed to the siege of the papal seat, which prompted Pius The ninth to endorsing the doctrine of infallibility of the Pope to confront these criticisms in the first Vatican Council in 1870 AD, by defining the concept of infallibility in the context of faith education and ethics, and this decision was emphasized in the Second Vatican Council in 1964 AD, but in more detail.

A primer on constructed languages

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-26
Author(s):  
Nathan Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Language Revitalization ◽  
Hard Work ◽  
Recent History ◽  
Specialized Knowledge ◽  
Art Form ◽  
History Of ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The Middle Ages

This chapter outlines the history of language construction, beginning with the earliest recorded examples of linguistic creativity and continuing with the first true constructed languages from the Middle Ages up through the Renaissance and Enlightenment, when language construction was guided largely by religious and philosophical concerns. The chapter continues by exploring more recent history, when language construction was guided more by practical goals to unite humanity. At the same time, language construction as an art form was also being developed, most notably by J. R. R. Tolkien, who set the stage for the modern era of artistic language construction requiring specialized knowledge, talent, and hard work. The chapter also discusses the emerging role of language construction as a tool for language revitalization and concludes with a summary of terms and concepts that are important to the study of constructed languages.

Islam in Kyrgyzstan: Spreading History and the Current State

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5 (103)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Salamat Dushenbiev
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
The Public ◽  
Current State ◽  
Islamic Religion ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
History Of ◽  
Objective Description ◽  
The Middle Ages

The article examines the history of the spread and the current state of the Islamic religion in Kyrgyzstan. The main stages, ways, methods and features of the penetration and spread of Islam on the territory of Kyrgyzstan are revealed, an attempt is made to give an objective description of the degree of Islam's rootedness in the public consciousness of the Kyrgyz since the first acquaintance with Islam in the Middle Ages, as well as the influence of Islam on the culture and spirituality of the Kyrgyz. Much attention is paid to the study of modern processes that are taking place in the religious sphere, in particular in the Muslim Jamaat of the sovereign Kyrgyz Republic. We conditionally called these processes “re-Islamization” and “modernization” of Islam. The article also identifies the main trends and prospects for the development of Islam in the Kyrgyz Republic.

scholarly journals Theft in Case of Need: Reflections on the Ethical–Economic Lexicon of the Middle Ages

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Bartoli
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Christian Theology ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Middle Ages

Abstract Is it lawful to steal when you are in a condition of extreme need? Many theologians and canonists between the 12th and 13th centuries wanted to answer this question. It is not just a case of conscience. The problem of theft in case of need is linked to the idea of common possession of the earth’s goods and their distribution in case of extreme need. The paper traces the history of one of the most interesting debates in Christian theology, which led to the definition of the ethical-economic lexicon in the Middle Ages.

Forgery and Memory at the End of the First Millennium

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Levi Roach
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
Collective Identities ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Middle Ages

This book takes a fresh look at documentary forgery and historical memory in the Middle Ages. In the tenth and eleventh centuries, religious houses across Europe began falsifying texts to improve local documentary records on an unprecedented scale. As the book illustrates, the resulting wave of forgery signaled major shifts in society and political culture, shifts which would lay the foundations for the European ancien régime. Spanning documentary traditions across France, England, Germany and northern Italy, the book examines five sets of falsified texts to demonstrate how forged records produced in this period gave voice to new collective identities within and beyond the Church. Above all, the book indicates how this fad for falsification points to new attitudes toward past and present — a developing fascination with the signs of antiquity. These conclusions revise traditional master narratives about the development of antiquarianism in the modern era, showing that medieval forgers were every bit as sophisticated as their Renaissance successors. Medieval forgers were simply interested in different subjects — the history of the Church and their local realms, rather than the literary world of classical antiquity. As a comparative history of falsified records at a crucial turning point in the Middle Ages, the book offers valuable insights into how institutions and individuals rewrote and reimagined the past.

Aristotle and Iranian Ethicists

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 17-46
Author(s):  
Mohammad Jafar Amir Mahallati
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Liberal Tradition ◽  
Liberal Peace ◽  
History Of ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The Middle Ages

From Aristotle to the end of the Middle Ages, friendship was considered to be a core notion in Western political philosophy. However, as Von Heyking and Avramenko argue, friendship has lost its prominent politico-philosophical status in the modern era, particularly in the Western liberal tradition. In the Muslim tradition, and specifically in the history of Iranian thought, friendship as a moral paradigm went through a different course of development. In this article, I will present a comparative view of friendship as reflected in the works of Aristotle and three major Iranian ethicists: Ab? ?Al? A?mad Miskawayh (d. 1030), Ab??l-Q?sim ?usayn al-R?ghib al-Isfah?n? (d. ca. 1108) and Na?ir al-D?n ??s? (d. 1274). I will examine friendship-related perspectives rooted in the Irano-Islamic philosophical traditions that represent a significant but overlooked dimension of Iranian cosmopolitanism valuable for modern peacemaking approaches beyond such concepts as: “justice before peace,” “liberal peace” and “cold peace.”

An Alternative History of Medieval Empathy: The Scholastics and compassio

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juanita Feros Ruys
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Right Action ◽  
Medieval Latin ◽  
Feeling State ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Latin Term ◽  
The Middle Ages

AbstractThis essay contributes to the alternative history of empathy by complicating the current state of scholarship placing the birthplace of modern Western empathy in the European Middle Ages. In counterpoint, the essay argues that there endured throughout the Middle Ages a suspicion of empathy as a feeling state and a prompt to right action. This position was inherited from the ancient Stoics and was particularly expressed by the medieval philosopher-theologians known as the Scholastics. In making this case, the essay focuses on the Medieval Latin term compassio and takes as its material the writings of Bonaventure, scholastic exegesis of the Christian foundation myths of the fall of humans and the evil angels, and scholastic analyses of almsgiving.

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