scholarly journals Effect of salinity on survival, growth and biochemical parameters in juvenile Lebranch mullet Mugil liza (Perciformes: Mugilidae)

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 447-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviana Lisboa ◽  
Indianara Fernanda Barcarolli ◽  
Luís André Sampaio ◽  
Adalto Bianchini
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Metabolic Performance ◽  
Fish Tank ◽  
Type Response ◽  
Better Than

Teleost fish growth may be improved under isosmotic condition. Growth and metabolic performance of juvenile Mugil liza (isosmotic point: 12‰) were evaluated after 40 days in different salinities (0, 6, 12 and 24‰). Tests were performed in quadruplicate (30 fish/tank; 0.48 ± 0.1 g body weight; 3.27 ± 0.1 cm total length) under controlled water temperature (28.2 ± 0.1ºC) and oxygen content (>90% saturation). Fish were fed on artificial diet (50% crude protein) four times a day until apparent satiation. Results showed that salinity influenced juvenile mullet growth. Fish reared at salinity 24‰ grew better than those maintained in freshwater (salinity 0‰). Gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity and whole body oxygen consumption showed an U-shape-type response over the range of salinities tested, with the lower values being observed at the intermediate salinities. Although no significant difference was observed in liver glycogen content at different salinities, it tended to augment with increasing salinity. These findings indicate that energy demand for osmorregulation in juvenile M. liza can be minimized under isosmotic condition. However, the amount of energy spared is not enough to improve fish growth. Results also suggest that M. liza is able to alternate between different energy-rich substrates during acclimation to environmental salinity.

Contribution of net hepatic glycogenolysis to glucose production during the early postprandial period

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (1) ◽  
pp. E186-E191 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. Petersen ◽  
T. Price ◽  
G. W. Cline ◽  
D. L. Rothman ◽  
G. I. Shulman
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Hepatic Glucose Production ◽  
Liver Volume ◽  
Glucose Production ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Relative contributions of net hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to glucose production during the first 12 h of a fast were studied in 13 healthy volunteers by noninvasively measuring hepatic glycogen content using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Rates of net hepatic glycogenolysis were calculated by multiplying the change in liver glycogen content with liver volume determined by magnetic resonance imaging. Rates of gluconeogenesis were calculated as the difference between rates of glucose production determined with an infusion of [6,6-2H]-glucose and net hepatic glycogenolysis. At 6 P.M. a liquid mixed meal (1,000 kcal; 60% as glucose) was given, to which [2-2H]glucose was added to trace glucose absorption. Hepatic glycogen content was measured between 11 P.M. and 1 A.M. and between 3 and 6 A.M. At 11 P.M. the concentration was 470 mM and it decreased linearly during the night. The mean liver volume was 1.47 +/- 0.06 liters. Net hepatic glycogenolysis (5.8 +/- 0.8 mumol.kg body wt-1.min-1) accounted for, on average, 45 +/- 6% and gluconeogenesis for 55 +/- 6% of the rate of whole body glucose production (12.6 +/- 0.6 mumol.kg body wt-1.min-1). In conclusion, this study shows that, even early in the phase of the postabsorptive period when liver glycogen stores are maximal, gluconeogenesis contributes approximately 50% to hepatic glucose production.

Metabolism of Glucose and Fructose in Liver of the Rat Subjected to Whole-Body X-Irradiation

1956 ◽  
Vol 187 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Hill ◽  
J. Kiyasu ◽  
I. L. Chaikoff
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Utilization ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Single Intravenous Injection ◽  
X Irradiation ◽  
Sites Of Action ◽  
Ionizing Radiations ◽  
Hexose Metabolism

Metabolism of glucose and fructose in the liver of the rat exposed to 1,000 r of whole-body x-irradiation was studied. Liver slices prepared from normal rats and from irradiated rats were incubated with C14-glucose and C14-fructose, and the conversion of the C14 to CO2, glycogen and fatty acids was measured. The recoveries of C14 in these products from the labeled glucose were greatly reduced in the experiments carried out 24, 48 and 72 hours after irradiation. The C14 recoveries in the corresponding experiments with C14-fructose were in the normal range. A single intravenous injection of glucose on the 3rd day after the irradiation was followed by no increase in liver glycogen. The same treatment with fructose doubled the glycogen content of the liver. The continuous intravenous administration of glucose, begun immediately after the irradiation and maintained for 3 days, resulted in liver glycogen values of 0.7–1.9%. The same course of treatment with fructose resulted in glycogen values of 4.2–5.0%. Fasting was ruled out as an explanation of the defective glucose utilization observed in the liver of the irradiated rat. Possible sites of action of ionizing radiations on the paths of hexose metabolism are discussed.

scholarly journals The fate of the sugar disappearing under the action of insulin

1926 ◽  
Vol 100 (700) ◽  
pp. 32-54 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Normal Animal ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Diabetic Animal ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
High Level

The apparent disappearance of sugar injected into normal animals has for a long time puzzled physiological investigators (Bang, Meltzer and Kleiner, Palmer, Woodyatt). When insulin was discovered it was apparent that an agent was available by which the normal processes could be exaggerated, and therefore more easily studied. It was soon shown that the administration of sugar and insulin to the diabetic animal resulted in an increased combustion of carbohydrate and the accumulation of glycogen in the depôts. When, however, attempts were made to trace the fate of the sugar which disappears from the blood of the normal animal under the influence of an injection of insulin, difficulties were encountered. McCormick and Macleod (1) studied the effect of insulin on the glycogen reserves of rabbits which had been starved and treated with epinephrin. In some of the experiments glucose was administered subcutaneously during the period of action of insulin. No significant difference between the glycogen content of the muscles of the control animals and of those which received insulin was observed. The glycogen of the livers of the insulin-treated animals was slightly less than that of the control animals. Macleod (2) concluded from these experiments “that less glycogen is deposited both in the muscles and the liver when insulin is given along with sugar to previously starved animals than when the same amounts of sugar are given alone.” In the experiments of Dudley and Marrian (3), in which the effect of insulin on the liver glycogen of mice was studied, a much smaller amount of glycogen was found in the livers of the animals which received insulin than in those which served for controls. In another series of experiments in which insulin was administered to rabbits which had been previously fed on a carbohydrate rich diet, the glycogen content of the liver and skeletal muscles of the insulin-treated animals was again much less than that of the control animals. In both series of experiments the animals were killed after convulsions had supervened. The experiments of Babkin (4) are similar to those of McCormick and Macleod. In some of his experiments Babkin kept the blood sugar of the rabbits at a high level by the administration of sugar. He found no increase in glycogen after insulin. Kuhn and Baur (5), in a study of the effect of insulin on the glycogen content of the skeletal muscles of rabbits and guinea-pigs, found that, after insulin convulsions, the glycogen had practically disappeared from the muscles of these animals. They are undecided as to whether the depletion of glycogen is a primary effect of insulin or is to be attributed to the convulsions.

scholarly journals Effect of carbohydrate ingestion on glycogen resynthesis in human liver and skeletal muscle, measured by 13C MRS

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (1) ◽  
pp. E65-E75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Casey ◽  
Rob Mann ◽  
Katie Banister ◽  
John Fox ◽  
Peter G. Morris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Capacity ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Placebo Control ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Carbohydrate Ingestion ◽  
Glycogen Resynthesis ◽  
Liver Glycogen Content ◽  
Significant Difference

This study investigated the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion on postexercise glycogen resynthesis, measured simultaneously in liver and muscle ( n = 6) by 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and subsequent exercise capacity ( n = 10). Subjects cycled at 70% maximal oxygen uptake for 83 ± 8 min on six separate occasions. At the end of exercise, subjects ingested 1 g/kg body mass (BM) glucose, sucrose, or placebo (control). Resynthesis of glycogen over a 4-h period after treatment ingestion was measured on the first three occasions, and subsequent exercise capacity was measured on occasions four through six. No glycogen was resynthesized during the control trial. Liver glycogen resynthesis was evident after glucose (13 ± 8 g) and sucrose (25 ± 5 g) ingestion, both of which were different from control ( P < 0.01). No significant differences in muscle glycogen resynthesis were found among trials. A relationship between the CHO load (g) and change in liver glycogen content (g) was evident after 30, 90, 150, and 210 min of recovery ( r = 0.59–0.79, P< 0.05). Furthermore, a modest relationship existed between change in liver glycogen content (g) and subsequent exercise capacity ( r= 0.53, P < 0.05). However, no significant difference in mean exercise time was found (control: 35 ± 5, glucose: 40 ± 5, and sucrose: 46 ± 6 min). Therefore, 1 g/kg BM glucose or sucrose is sufficient to initiate postexercise liver glycogen resynthesis, which contributes to subsequent exercise capacity, but not muscle glycogen resynthesis.

Keeping growing cattle outside during winter: behaviour, production and climatic demand

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Redbo ◽  
I. Mossberg ◽  
A. Ehrlemark ◽  
M. Ståhl-Högberg
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Winter Climate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Growing Cattle ◽  
Observed Behaviour ◽  
Grazing Period ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Better Than

AbstractKeeping cattle inside on concrete slatted floors can be detrimental to their health and behaviour and is also costly. Therefore, 22 steers of the Swedish Red and White Dairy breed were used to investigate the effect of wintering outdoors on growing cattle. The steers had a mean weight of 310 kg at the onset of the study. During winter, 11 ‘indoor’ steers were housed in pens with concrete slatted floors and 11 ‘outdoor’ steers were kept in a field with access to a shelter and trees. From the end of April until slaughter in September, both groups grazed together. During winter, all steers were given clover silage ad libitum. They were weighed every month. The behaviour of the outdoor steers was recorded from November to the end of March. Outdoor temperature, wind speed and solar radiation were measured continuously. A heated model was used in order to calculate the climatic energy demand. The steers were never observed to shiver. They were not observed to use the shelter during daytime. The most frequently observed behaviour was ‘eating’, followed by ‘standing’. The lower the temperature, the more time the steers were observed lying down (P < 0·01). ‘Moving’ increased with increasing temperature (P < 0·05) as well as with increasing wind speed (P < 0·01). During the grazing period following the experiment, the former outdoor steers grew significantly (P < 0·05) better than the former indoor steers. However, there was no significant difference in overall growth rate from start to slaughter. This study suggests that the winter climate in this part of Sweden (latitude 60°N) did not affect in a negative way the welfare or the growth rate of steers kept outdoors.

Hypothalamic HSP10 Impacts Mitochondrial Dynamics, Insulin Signaling, and Liver Glycogen Content

Diabetes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 1801-P
Author(s):  
KRISTINA WARDELMANN ◽  
JOSÉ PEDRO CASTRO ◽  
MICHAELA RATH ◽  
JÜRGEN WEIß ◽  
ANNETTE SCHUERMANN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Signaling ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Mitochondrial Dynamics ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Liver Glycogen Content

Quantitative Ratiometric pH Imaging Using a 1,2-Dioxetane Chemiluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer Sensor

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas S. Ryan ◽  
Jeni Gerberich ◽  
Uroob Haris ◽  
ralph mason ◽  
Alexander Lippert
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transfer ◽  
Resonance Energy Transfer ◽  
Resonance Energy ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Ph Homeostasis ◽  
Ph Imaging ◽  
Confounding Variables ◽  
Significant Difference

<p>Regulation of physiological pH is integral for proper whole-body and cellular function, and disruptions in pH homeostasis can be both a cause and effect of disease. In light of this, many methods have been developed to monitor pH in cells and animals. In this study, we report a chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer (CRET) probe Ratio-pHCL-1, comprised of an acrylamide 1,2-dioxetane chemiluminescent scaffold with an appended pH-sensitive carbofluorescein fluorophore. The probe provides an accurate measurement of pH between 6.8-8.4, making it viable tool for measuring pH in biological systems. Further, its ratiometric output is independent of confounding variables. Quantification of pH can be accomplished both using common fluorimetry and advanced optical imaging methods. Using an IVIS Spectrum, pH can be quantified through tissue with Ratio-pHCL-1, which has been shown in vitro and precisely calibrated in sacrificed mouse models. Initial studies showed that intraperitoneal injections of Ratio-pHCL-1 into sacrificed mice produce a photon flux of more than 10^10 photons per second, and showed a significant difference in ratio of emission intensities between pH 6.0, 7.0, and 8.0.</p> <b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><br>

Transplantation of coral fragment, Acropora formosa (Scleractinia)

2014 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Hanny Tioho ◽  
Maykel A.J Karauwan
Keyword(s):  
Fragment Size ◽  
Observation Time ◽  
Minimum Size ◽  
Average Growth Rate ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Acropora Formosa ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Better Than

The minimum size of coral transplants, Acropora formosa, was assessed to support their survival and growth. For this, 150 coral fragments of different sizes (5, 10, 15 cm) were transplanted close to the donor colony. Their survivorship and growth were observed for 12 months. At the end of the observation time, 90% of 15 cm-transplanted coral fragments survived, while the others (10cm and 5 cm) did 86% and 82% respectively. The average growth rate of 5 cm-coral fragments was 0.860 cm/month, while 10 and 15 cm-fragments were 0.984 cm/month and 1.108 cm/month respectively. One-way ANOVA showed that there was significant difference (p<0.05) among the three (5, 10, 15 cm) transplant initial sizes in which the longest fragment size tended to survive longer than the smaller one.  However, the smaller transplants grew better than the bigger one, 10.318 cm/year (206%) for 5 cm-transplant, 11.803 cm/year (118%) for 10 cm-transplant, and 13.299 cm/year (89%) for 15 cm-transplant, respectively. Ukuran minimal fragmen karang Acropora formosa yang ditransplantasi diduga untuk mendukung ketahanan hidup dan pertumbuhannya. Untuk itu, 150 fragmen karang ditransplantasi ke lokasi yang berdekatan dengan koloni induknya.  Ketahanan hidup dan pertumbuhan semua fragmen karang yang ditransplantasi diamati selama 12 bulan.  Pada akhir pengamatan, 90% dari fragmen karang berukuran 15 cm yang ditransplantasi dapat bertahan hidup, sedangkan yang lainnya (ukuran 10 cm dan 5 cm) masing-masing sebesar 86% dan 82%.  Rata-rata laju pertumbuhan fragmen karang dengan ukuran awal 5 cm adalah 0,860 cm/bulan, sedangkan ukuran fragmen 10 dan 15 cm masing-masing adalah 0,984 cm/bulan and 1,108 cm/bulan. ANOVA satu arah menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang nyata (p<0.05) antara ketiga ukuran fragmen yang berbeda, di mana ukuran fragmen karang yang lebih panjang cenderung mempunyai ketahanan hidup yang lebih baik. Namun demikian, ukuran transplant yang lebih kecil memiliki pertumbuhan lebih baik dibandingkan dengan ukuran yang lebih besar, yakni10,318 cm/tahun (206%) untuk transplant berukuran 5 cm, 11,803 cm/tahun (118%) untuk 10 cm, dan 13,299 cm/tahun (89%) untuk ukuran 15 cm.

Isolation of an Anti-fatigue Preparation from Cellulase-treated Maca by Hydroalcoholic Extraction

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
Zheng Yue ◽  
Zhang Wen-Cheng ◽  
Wu Ze-Yu ◽  
Fu Chuan-Xiang ◽  
Gao Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Control ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Hydroalcoholic Extract ◽  
Swimming Time ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Better Than

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-fatigue activity of maca hydroalcoholic extract (ME), which mainly contains macamides and polysaccharides. ME was prepared by circumfluence extraction with enzymatic pre-treatment. Anti-fatigue activity of ME was investigated in weight-loaded forced swimming mice, with pure macamides and commercially available maca tablet as positive control. Compared with normal group, pure macamides treatment group could prolong the swimming time to exhaustion, but there was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05); while ME (middle-dose and high-dose groups) could effectively prolong the swimming durations (P < 0.05). Supplementation with pure macamides significantly decreased blood lactic acid (BLA), whereas ME significantly increased hepatic glycogen (HG), decreased BLA, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) compared with those in normal control (P < 0.05). The results suggested that the anti-fatigue effect of ME was better than that of pure macamides, which can be explained by the increase of glycogen storage and the reduction of metabolites accumulation.

EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF ADOLESCENTS WITH REFERENCE TO GENDER

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisha Chandel ◽  
Seema Chopra
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Female Adolescents ◽  
Intelligence Scale ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male Adolescents ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Understanding Emotions ◽  
School Records ◽  
Better Than

The present study was undertaken to find out emotional intelligence and academic achievement of male and female adolescents. The sample consists of 82 students( 41 male and 41 female adolescents) from different schools in Hamirpur district of Himachal Pradesh. Emotional intelligence was assessed with the help of Emotional Intelligence Scale developed by Singh and Narain (2014) and academic achievement score were taken from the school records. The results revealed that there exists a significant difference in emotional intelligence of male and female adolescents. It was found that there existed significant difference in academic achievement of female adolescents and male adolescents. The mean emotional intelligence of female adolescents was better than of male adolescents. On the dimensions of emotional intelligence, it was found that there was no significant difference between male and female adolescents on understanding emotions, empathy and handling relations dimensions of emotional intelligence; while it was reported that there was significant difference between male and female adolescents on understanding motivation dimension of emotional intelligence On the other hand, it was found that there existed significant difference in academic achievement of female adolescents and male adolescents.

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