BIOMASS AND CHEMICAL RESPONSES OF Desmanthus spp. ACCESSIONS SUBMITTED TO WATER DEPRIVATION1

ABSTRACT Due to the predictions of climate change, there is a need to identify forage plants that can keep their productivity and nutritive value under hydric stress. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biomass and chemical responses of three Desmanthus spp. accessions under two water deprivation regimens (7 and 21-day). The experimental design used was randomized blocks in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement (access and water deprivation) with four replications. There were reductions in the biomasses of leaf and stem fractions of 64% and 51%, respectively. The 43F accession showed greater leaf (1.86 g.plant-1) and stem (1.97 g.plant-1) biomasses under a total water restriction of 21 days, compared to the 89F and AusT accessions. In accessions 43F and 89F, there were carbohydrate accumulations in the leaves of 28% and 51%, respectively, under the 21-day water restriction, while AusT decreased 38% within a 7-day interval. Water deprivation affected the chemical characteristics of the accessions. Free proline was similar among accessions and accumulated 463% more in the leaves of plants submitted to 21-day water deprivation (90.22 mg.kg-1) compared to those subjected to water deprivation for 7 days (16.03 mg.kg-1). Proline and total soluble carbohydrate accumulation in 43F and 89F were insufficient to regulate crude protein, C content, and C:N ratios. These results demonstrate the variability in drought tolerance among accessions. Accessions 43F and 89F were more susceptible to 21-day water deprivation, while AusT showed greater drought tolerance.

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The proportions of cell content, nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen and water-soluble carbohydrate in three grasses in the early stages of regrowth after defoliation with and without applied nitrogen

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600046475 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 91 (2) ◽

pp. 381-394 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

D. Wilman ◽

P. T. Wright

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Italian Ryegrass ◽

Soluble Carbohydrate ◽

Cell Content ◽

N Application ◽

N Content ◽

Nitrate N ◽

Water Soluble Carbohydrate

SUMMARYThe regrowth of Aberystwyth S. 22 Italian ryegrass, S. 24 perennial ryegrass and S. 37 cocksfoot was studied in field swards with and without applied nitrogen during the 21 days following a cut or grazing, there being a total of five periods of study at different tunes of year and in different years.The proportion of cell content in the harvested herbage, as measured by neutral detergent, increased by nearly 9 percentage units from day 3 to day 18 of regrowth. The proportion of cell content as measured by acid pepsin also increased during regrowth, but to a lesser extent. The proportion of cell content in leaf blades of two age categories, as measured by neutral detergent, also increased during regrowth. The above increases in proportion of cell content were found in all three grasses. The increases were associated with increases in the proportion of crude protein in dry matter, which were only partially offset by reductions in the proportion of water-soluble carbohydrate. The broad pattern of change in N and nitrate-N content of Italian ryegrass herbage during regrowth in spring with different amounts of N applied, noted in earlier experiments, was confirmed and found to apply to perennial ryegrass and cocksfoot also. During a September-October period of study there was little sign of decline in nitrate-N content within the 21 days where N had been applied. Younger leaf blades had a rather lower nitrate-N content and a slightly higher total N content, on average, than, older blades. The application of N increased the proportion of crude protein more than it reduced the proportion of water-soluble carbohydrate and it increased the proportion of cell content. The increase in proportion of cell content was sufficient to explain the positive effect of N application on digestibility. The average proportion of total herbage N which was found in the cell wall fraction was about 12%.There appeared to be a relationship between chemical composition and dry-matter content. The chlorophyll content of leaf blades increased during regrowth and was increased by N application. The experimental results on balance, particularly those for proportion of cell content, suggest an improvement in nutritive value of grass during regrowth up to about 3 weeks in contrast to the well-recognized decline in nutritive value where regrowth proceeds beyond about 3 weeks.

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Evaluasi Nilai Nutrisi dan Kecernaan In Vitro Pelepah Kelapa Sawit (Oil Palm Fronds) yang Difermentasi Menggunakan Aspergillus niger dengan Penambahan Sumber Karbohidrat yang Berbeda

Jurnal Agripet ◽

10.17969/agripet.v15i1.2286 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 13-19 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sitti Wajizah ◽

Samadi Samadi ◽

Yunasri Usman ◽

Elmy Mariana

Keyword(s):

Aspergillus Niger ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Crude Fiber ◽

Soluble Carbohydrate ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

Oil Palm Fronds ◽

Palm Fronds

(The evaluation of nutritive value and In Vitro digestibility of oil palm fronds through fermentation by using Aspergillus niger with different soluble carbohydrate sources) ABSTRACT. Oil palm frond (OPF) is one of potential sources of alternative feed, but has limited use due to high crude fiber and low crude protein contents. Fermentation is one of the methods widely applied to improve nutritive value of animal feed. The purpose of this research is to increase nutritive value of fermented oil palm fronds by adding different soluble carbohydrate source into fermentation media. The results of the experiments indicated that fermented oil palm fronds by Aspergillus niger had a significant effect (P0,05) on the content of crude protein, crude fiber, and ash. Generally, fermented oil palm fronds with different soluble carbohydrate was able to increase the content of crude protein of oil palm fronds, but not optimal yet in reducing the crude fiber content of fermented substrate. However, the addition of rice bran on the fermentation medium showed the best results, characterized by increasing crude protein and decreasing crude fiber contents as well as improved dry matter and organic matter digestibility, reflected in high concentration of VFA.

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Diurnal changes in the nutritive composition of four forage species at high and low N fertiliser

Journal of New Zealand Grasslands ◽

10.33584/jnzg.2017.79.564 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 79 ◽

pp. 111-118

Author(s):

L.A. Box ◽

G.R. Edwards ◽

R.H. Bryant

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

White Clover ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Soluble Carbohydrate ◽

Diurnal Changes ◽

Nitrogen Inputs ◽

Nutritive Composition ◽

Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Chicory and plantain have been suggested as alternative grazed forages to perennial ryegrass for New Zealand dairy systems. While diurnal changes in plant chemical composition have been described for ryegrass there is currently little information for herbs. This experiment aimed to compare the effect of nitrogen inputs (low and high) and harvesting time (am versus pm) on the chemical composition of four forages (ryegrass, plantain, chicory and white clover). The effect of harvest time was greater than N fertiliser inputs on chemical composition for all forages. Ryegrass showed the greatest increase in water soluble carbohydrate diurnally, at the expense of neutral detergent fibre and to a lesser extent crude protein. This suggests afternoon allocation of ryegrass may be beneficial to improve the nutritive value of pasture on offer; allocation timing is less important for white clover, chicory and plantain. Keywords: chicory, clover, crude protein, plantain, ryegrass, water soluble carbohydrate

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Seasonal variation in the herbage yield and nutritive value of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars with high or normal herbage water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations grown in three contrasting Australian dairy environments

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea98064 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 38 (8) ◽

pp. 821 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

K. F. Smith ◽

R. J. Simpson ◽

R. N. Oram ◽

K. F. Lowe ◽

K. B. Kelly ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

High Water ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Soluble Carbohydrate ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Acid Detergent Fibre ◽

Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Summary. Two lines of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), cv. Aurora and breeding line Ba 11351, from the United Kingdom with elevated concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrates in the shoot were compared with the standard cultivars, Ellett, Vedette and Kangaroo Valley, in pure grass swards under irrigation at Kyabram, Victoria, and Gatton, Queensland, and under natural rainfall at Condah, Victoria, during 1995–97. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy was used to predict the water-soluble carbohydrate, crude protein, in vitro dry matter digestibility, neutral and acid detergent fibre, and Klason lignin concentrations of the perennial ryegrass herbage. Herbage yield and water-soluble carbohydrate differed between cultivars at each site at most harvests, with the high water-soluble carbohydrate lines usually yielding less and having higher water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations than the 3 standard cultivars. However, the high water-soluble carbohydrate lines also had higher water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations at harvests where their yield was equal to the standard cultivars. The other nutritive value traits differed significantly at more than half of the 32 harvests: the high water-soluble carbohydrate lines had higher crude protein and dry matter digestibility, and lower neutral detergent fibre, the neutral detergent fibre containing less acid detergent fibre and lignin than did the standard cultivars. The high water-soluble carbohydrate lines were more susceptible to crown rust during spring and summer than the standard cultivars at Kyabram and Gatton: heavy infections reduced yield, water-soluble carbohydrate, dry matter digestibility and crude protein. Higher water-soluble carbohydrate may depend on only a few genes, as does rust resistance and it seems likely that high yielding, high water-soluble carbohydrate cultivars can be developed by recombination and selection.

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Seasonal variations in the chemical composition and nutritive value of five pasture species in south-western Victoria

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9870807 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 807 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

GL Walsh ◽

HA Birrell

Keyword(s):

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Subterranean Clover ◽

Late Spring ◽

The Other ◽

Soluble Carbohydrate ◽

Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽

Western Victoria ◽

Carbohydrate Contents

The dry matter digestibility (DMD), grinding energy, and the concentration of neutral detergent fibre, crude protein, soluble carbohydrate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus in 5 pasture species were monitored over 2 years from pasture which was grazed at 14.8 sheep/ha in south-western Victoria. The species were: perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv. Victorian), phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L. cv. Australian), Yorkshire fog grass (Holcus lanatus), subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum cv. Mount Barker), and capeweed (Arctotheca calendula). Perennial ryegrass and subterranean clover were the dominant species and contributed 50 and 20% DM, respectively, to the sward in winter and the opposite in spring. The DMD of the 5 pasture species did not vary greatly throughout the vegetative phase of growth (autumn-mid spring). In winter, fog grass was slightly less digestible (70-74% DMD), while the other grasses were similar (76-79% DMD). Subterranean clover was not digested (72-75% DMD) as thoroughly as the other species until after late spring; then it retained its digestibility while the digestibility of the others fell. None of the species provided digestible herbage above 65% DMD in the summer. The energy required for grinding herbage was lowest in the autumn-winter, and increased with a corresponding increase in neutral detergent fibre content as pastures matured in late spring. The crude protein content of all species declined from 27-30% in autumn to 18-20% in spring, while the soluble carbohydrate contents increased from about 54% in autumn to 10-13% by spring. The implications on animal production of these seasonal changes in nutritive value are discussed. Higher soluble carbohydrate contents in spring herbage than in autumn herbage possibly explain the better performance of animals when grazing spring pasture. The levels of magnesium, sodium and potassium were adequate for the dietary requirements of ruminants; however, on grass dominant pasture, shortages of calcium (0.14-0.25% DM) and phosphorus (0.11-0.24% DM) were likely in the summer when energy and protein were also deficient. The problem of a calcium deficiency is greatly reduced by the presence of legumes. Capeweed is an accumulator of minerals, but it is only occasionally eaten and is rarely present in summer; hence its presence is of marginal benefit to stock.

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Comparison of herbage yield, nutritive value and ensilability traits of three ryegrass species evaluated for the Irish Recommended List

Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research ◽

10.1515/ijafr-2015-0003 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 54 (1) ◽

pp. 31-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

G. A. Burns ◽

P. O’Kiely ◽

D. Grogan ◽

S. Watson ◽

T. J. Gilliland

Keyword(s):

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Italian Ryegrass ◽

Soluble Carbohydrate ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Abstract This study examined 169 of the newest varieties of three ryegrass species, perennial (Lolium perenne L.), Italian (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and hybrid (Lolium boucheanum Kunth), from Recommended List trials in Ireland. The traits examined were yield, dry matter concentration, three nutritive value traits (in vitro dry matter digestibility, water-soluble carbohydrate on a dry matter basis and crude protein concentration) and two ensilability traits (buffering capacity and water soluble carbohydrate concentration on an aqueous phase basis). Varietal monocultures of each species underwent a six cut combined simulated grazing and silage management in each of two years following sowing. Perennial ryegrass yielded less than both other species in one-year-old swards, but less than only Italian ryegrass in two-year-old swards, but generally had the higher in vitro dry matter digestibility and crude protein values. Italian ryegrass displayed the most favourable ensilability characteristics of the three species with perennial ryegrass less favourable and hybrid ryegrass intermediate. Overall, despite the high yields and favourable nutritive value and ensilability traits recorded, the general differences between the three ryegrass species studied were in line with industry expectations. These findings justify assessing the nutritive value and ensilability of ryegrass species, in addition to yield, to allow farmers select species that match farming enterprise requirements.

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Diets of freely grazing and captive reindeer during summer and winter

Rangifer ◽

10.7557/2.9.1.771 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 17 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

Mauri Nieminen ◽

Ulla Heiskari

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Mineral Content ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Energy Content ◽

Deschampsia Flexuosa ◽

Reindeer Herding ◽

Mineral Contents ◽

Forage Plants ◽

Commercial Feeds ◽

Very High

The chemical composition and nutritive value of different forage plants and commercial feeds of reindeer were studied by standard methods in the Finnish reindeer herding area during 1980-86. The nutritive values, particularly the protein and mineral contents, of ground lichens (Cladina spp.) and arboreal lichens (Alectoria spp.) were very low compared to forest wiregrass (Deschampsia flexuosa), summer forage plants and commercial feeds. The crude protein and mineral content of reindeer summer food was very high. The energy content of lichens and commercial feeds was high and they are an important source of energy for reindeer in winter.Vapaasti laiduntavien ja tarhaporojen ravinto kesa 11a ja talvella.Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Poron ravintokasvien ja kaupallisten rehujen kemiallista koostumusta ja ravintoarvoja tutkittiin vakiomenetelmin Suomen poronhoitoalueella vuosina 1980-86. Poronjakalien {Cladina spp.) ja luppojen {Alectoria spp.) ravintoarvot ja valkuais- ja kivennaisainepitoisuudet olivat hyvin alhaiset verrattuna metsalauhaan {Deschampsia flexuosa), kesaravintokasveihin ja kaupallisiin rehuihin. Poronjakalien ja kaupallisten rehujen energiapitoisuus oli kuitenkin korkea ja niista poro saa nopeasti tarvitsemaansa energiaa talvella.Fritt betande och inhagnade renars matsedel under sommar och vinter i Finland.Abstract in Swedish / Sammandrag: Man har undersokt den kemiska sammansattningen och naringsvardet av olika foderplanter och kommerciella fodermedel under åren 1980-86. Naringsvardet, sarskilt innhållet av protein i renlavar {Cladina spp.) och tradlavar (Alectoria spp.) var mycket lågt sammanliknat med smyla (Deschampsia flexuosa), sommarbetesplanter och kommerciella fodermedel. Råprotein och mineralinnehåll i renenes som-marbetes-foder var mycket hogt. Energiinnehållet av lavar och kommerciella fodermedel var ho gt och dessa år viktiga energikallor for renen i vintern.

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Perennial legumes native to Australia — a preliminary investigation of nutritive value and response to cutting

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea06043 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 47 (2) ◽

pp. 170 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

K. Robinson ◽

L. W. Bell ◽

R. G. Bennett ◽

D. A. Henry ◽

M. Tibbett ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Condensed Tannins ◽

Native Species ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Preliminary Investigation ◽

Forage Plants ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Perennial Legumes

Six Australian native herbaceous perennial legumes (Lotus australis, Swainsona colutoides, Swainsona swainsonioides, Cullen tenax, Glycine tabacina and Kennedia prorepens) were assessed in the glasshouse for nutritive value, soluble condensed tannins and production of herbage in response to three cutting treatments (regrowth harvested every 4 and 6 weeks and plants left uncut for 12 weeks). The Mediterranean perennial legumes Medicago sativa and Lotus corniculatus were also included. Dry matter (DM) yield of some native legumes was comparable to L. corniculatus, but M. sativa produced more DM than all species except S. swainsonioides after 12 weeks of regrowth. Dry matter yield of all native legumes decreased with increased cutting frequency, indicating a susceptibility to frequent defoliation. Shoot in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD) was high (>70%) in most native legumes, except G. tabacina (65%) and K. prorepens (55%). Crude protein ranged from 21–28% for all legumes except K. prorepens (12%). More frequent cutting resulted in higher DMD and crude protein in all species, except for the DMD of C. tenax and L. australis, which did not change. Concentrations of soluble condensed tannins were 2–9 g/kg DM in the Lotus spp., 10–18 g/kg DM in K. prorepens and negligible (<1 g/kg) in the other legumes. Of the native species, C. tenax, S. swainsonioides and L. australis showed the most promise for use as forage plants and further evaluation under field conditions is now warranted.

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Analyzing the Effect of Mandatory Water Restrictions on Water Usage

The B E Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy ◽

10.1515/bejeap-2019-0137 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Trey Dronyk-Trosper ◽

Brandli Stitzel

Keyword(s):

Water Use ◽

Water Consumption ◽

Water Rights ◽

Water Usage ◽

Total Water ◽

Water Restriction ◽

Way Of Life ◽

Total Water Consumption ◽

Water Restrictions

AbstractAs water rights and water usage become an ever more important part of municipalities’ and states’ way of life, it becomes important to understand what policies can be effective for encouraging conservation of water. One method that has been employed at various times and throughout numerous communities is to limit outdoor watering days. We use a dataset with over 3 million property-month observations during the 2007–2015 period in Norman, Oklahoma, to identify whether the periodic implementation of mandatory water restrictions reduces water usage. Our data allow us to exploit variance in the timing of these water restriction programs. Our findings indicate that this policy reduces water consumption by 0.7 % of total water consumption. Additionally, we use home assessment prices to identify heterogeneity in this response, finding that high priced homes are more responsive to water use restrictions.

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The assessment of herbage legume varieties. II. In vitro digestibility, water soluble carbohydrate, crude protein and mineral content of primary growth of clover and lucerne

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600063656 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 66 (3) ◽

pp. 351-357 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

W. Ellis Davies ◽

G. ap Griffith ◽

A. Ellington

Keyword(s):

White Clover ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Red Clover ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Soluble Carbohydrates ◽

Soluble Carbohydrate ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

Primary Growth

The primary growth of eight varieties of three species–white clover (3), red clover (4) and lucerne (1)–was sampled at fortnightly intervals and the percentage dry matter, in vitro digestibility, crude protein, water soluble carbohydrates, P, Ca, K, Na and Mg were determined.Differences between species were nearly always significant and the general order of merit was white clover, red clover and lucerne. The exceptions were for dry-matter percentage where this order was reversed, and red clover had the lowest Na and highest Mg content.

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