scholarly journals Diets of freely grazing and captive reindeer during summer and winter

Rangifer ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauri Nieminen ◽  
Ulla Heiskari
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Deschampsia Flexuosa ◽  
Reindeer Herding ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Forage Plants ◽  
Commercial Feeds ◽  
Very High

<p>The chemical composition and nutritive value of different forage plants and commercial feeds of reindeer were studied by standard methods in the Finnish reindeer herding area during 1980-86. The nutritive values, particularly the protein and mineral contents, of ground lichens (Cladina spp.) and arboreal lichens (Alectoria spp.) were very low compared to forest wiregrass (Deschampsia flexuosa), summer forage plants and commercial feeds. The crude protein and mineral content of reindeer summer food was very high. The energy content of lichens and commercial feeds was high and they are an important source of energy for reindeer in winter.</p><p>Vapaasti laiduntavien ja tarhaporojen ravinto kesa 11a ja talvella.</p><p>Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Poron ravintokasvien ja kaupallisten rehujen kemiallista koostumusta ja ravintoarvoja tutkittiin vakiomenetelmin Suomen poronhoitoalueella vuosina 1980-86. Poronjakalien {Cladina spp.) ja luppojen {Alectoria spp.) ravintoarvot ja valkuais- ja kivennaisainepitoisuudet olivat hyvin alhaiset verrattuna metsalauhaan {Deschampsia flexuosa), kesaravintokasveihin ja kaupallisiin rehuihin. Poronjakalien ja kaupallisten rehujen energiapitoisuus oli kuitenkin korkea ja niista poro saa nopeasti tarvitsemaansa energiaa talvella.</p><p>Fritt betande och inhagnade renars matsedel under sommar och vinter i Finland.</p><p>Abstract in Swedish / Sammandrag: Man har undersokt den kemiska sammansattningen och naringsvardet av olika foderplanter och kommerciella fodermedel under &aring;ren 1980-86. Naringsvardet, sarskilt innh&aring;llet av protein i renlavar {Cladina spp.) och tradlavar (Alectoria spp.) var mycket l&aring;gt sammanliknat med smyla (Deschampsia flexuosa), sommarbetesplanter och kommerciella fodermedel. R&aring;protein och mineralinneh&aring;ll i renenes som-marbetes-foder var mycket hogt. Energiinneh&aring;llet av lavar och kommerciella fodermedel var ho gt och dessa &aring;r viktiga energikallor for renen i vintern.</p>

The effect of seed rate and nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and nutritive value of oat-vetch mixtures

1989 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Moreira
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
N Nutrition ◽  
North East ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Very High

SummaryExperiments were conducted on the seed rates of the components of oat-vetch mixtures combined with varying rates of nitrogen fertilizer in a rainfed area of north-east Portugal in 1982–3 and 1984–5.Forage oats grown alone showed a very high yield response to N and rainfall ranging from 30 to 18·2 t D.M./ha, but had a very low crude protein concentration (37–54 g/kg D.M.) and a poor mineral nutrient composition.The increased use of vetch in the seed mixture had a buffering effect on dry-matter (D.M.) yield but this depended very much on crop N nutrition. For N-deficient conditions vetch inclusion increased the D.M. yield and had a strong positive effect on total forage crude protein (CP) and mineral composition. When crop N nutrition was good, very high D.M. yields (> 12 t D.M./ha) were possible using a high proportion of oats, with vetch making a reduced contribution to the yield and nutritive value of total forage.Seed rates suggested in the literature for Mediterranean conditions are adequate for low N inputs and low available soil N, but not for high D.M. yields which can only be obtained by using a higher proportion of oats and adequate N fertilizer.

scholarly journals Nutritional characteristics of cattle forage plants in the eutrophic nature reserve Oostvaardersplassen, Netherlands.

1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 263-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.T. Vulink ◽  
H.J. Drost
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Cu Content ◽  
Forage Plants ◽  
Nutritional Characteristics ◽  
Poa Trivialis ◽  
Mg Content ◽  
Salix Spp

During 1982-88 the nutritional value of the main cattle forage plants in the terrestrial part of the eutrophic wetland, the Oostvaardersplassen (dominated by Phragmites australis and Cirsium arvense, with small amounts of Urtica dioica, Poa trivialis and Salix spp.) was studied. Cattle diets were dominated by grass in early summer and autumn, P. australis in July and Aug., and browse in winter. DOM content and the chemical composition of the forage classes grasses, reed, forbs and browse varied seasonally. The DOM content of all forage classes decreased from spring to winter. However, the assumed minimum energy content for cattle maintenance (about 450 g DOM/kg DM) was reached at different moments in the different forage classes. Reed reached it in autumn, grasses in winter, forbs (living parts) remained the entire year above this level and browse remained the entire year below this level. Grazing delayed the maturation of P. trivialis, P. australis and U. dioica. The protein, K, Ca, P, Cu content of the 4 forage classes exceeded the cattle maintenance levels for these nutrients the whole year. The Na and Mg content of grasses, reed and browse were marginal in some periods of the year. Due to their high mineral contents, the forbs were an important mineral source in cattle diets. When compared with data from oligotrophic and mesotrophic habitats, the Poa-Phragmites eutrophic habitat offered comparable feed quality in spring, summer and autumn, but was inferior in winter. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Effect of second-pond dairy effluent on turnip dry matter yield, nutritive characteristics, and mineral content

2007 ◽  
Vol 58 (9) ◽  
pp. 884 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Jacobs ◽  
G. N. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
First Year ◽  
Dairy Effluent ◽  
Total Soluble Salt ◽  
Marked Decline ◽  
Linear Manner

Dairy farms in southern Australia generally use a 2-pond system to manage dairy shed effluent. This system consists of a deep anaerobic first pond and a shallow aerobic second pond. The liquid in the second pond contains a range of nutrients that may have agronomic benefits for forages. The effect of applying second-pond dairy effluent to a summer turnip (Brassica rapa L.) crop over 3 consecutive summer periods was measured. Effluent was applied at 6 rates, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 mm, approximately 6–8 weeks after turnips were sown each year. Turnips were assessed for dry matter (DM) accumulation, nutritive characteristics, and mineral content. In addition, total annual production for years 1 and 2 was calculated by including the DM accumulation from annual ryegrass grown from autumn to spring each year. Concentrations of nutrients within the effluent as an average over the 3 years were 31, 454, 20, and 149 kg/ML for phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), and nitrogen (N), respectively. In addition, effluent also contained 152 kg/ML of calcium (Ca), 225 kg/ML of magnesium (Mg), and 529 kg/ML of sodium (Na). Soil pH was generally unaffected with effluent application, while soil EC and total soluble salt (TSS) content increased with effluent addition. In the first year, application of effluent at 15 mm and higher resulted in increases in available K; however, in subsequent years, rates of 45 mm and higher led to an increase in available K, while for the control and lower effluent rates there was a marked decline in K status. In all years there was a linear increase (P < 0.05) in leaf, root, and total DM yields with applied effluent. For leaf, responses were 19, 50, and 26 kg DM per mm applied effluent and for roots, 10, 39, and 25 kg DM per mm applied effluent for years 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In years 2 and 3, turnip leaf crude protein (CP) content increased (P < 0.05) in a linear manner at rates of 0.046 and 0.044% per mm applied effluent, respectively. There was also a linear increase (P < 0.05) in turnip root CP in years 2 and 3 of 0.033 and 0.021% per mm applied effluent, respectively. In all years there was a linear increase (P < 0.05) in leaf K content, while for root K there was a quadratic trend (P < 0.05) for year 1 and a linear increase (P < 0.05) for years 2 and 3. The results from this study indicate that the use of dairy effluent can increase DM yield and improve the nutritive value of turnips through an increase in CP content. The data also indicate that this effect can be maintained over consecutive years, which in turn may provide greater flexibility for returning effluent to farm land. While results appear to indicate that the primary responses are due to N, further work is required to determine the effects of water and other nutrients within dairy effluent.

scholarly journals Proximate and Mineral Nutrition of Common Bean Genotypes as Influenced by Harvesting Time

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Onkgolotse G. Moatshe-Mashiqa ◽  
Patrick K. Mashiqa ◽  
Odireleng O. Molosiwa
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Harvesting Time ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Zn Content ◽  
Proximate And Mineral Composition

Common bean is the most consumed legume by humans and hence significant for global food security and nutritive value mainly iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of harvesting time and genotypes on proximate and mineral composition of common bean. Two field experiments were carried out in Sebele (24o33&prime;S, 25o54&prime;E, 994 m above sea level) horticultural fields during summer 2018/2019. Treatments included two common bean genotypes DAB 564 (white) or 520 (red) and three harvesting stages as the early, mid and late season harvest. In both seasons, genotype and harvesting time significantly (P &lt; 0.05) influenced proximate, macro and micro mineral composition of common bean seeds. Generally genotypes studied had a sufficient amount of proximate and mineral content with crude protein, iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) content as the most abundant minerals at a range between 20-22%, 33-101 mg g-1 and 41-45 mg g-1, respectively across harvesting times. Genotype DAB 564 (white coloured) significantly (P &lt; 0.05) produced seeds with the highest concentration of proximate and mineral contents especially zinc (45 mg g-1) and iron (70 mg g-1) content irrespective of season. Harvesting common bean seed early or mid-stage produced high seed concentration of proximate, micro and macro mineral content across genotype or season.

scholarly journals Processing methods of malted sorghum sprout impacts on the nutritive values

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 154-161
Author(s):  
A. A. Saka ◽  
O. S. Sowande ◽  
R. K. Adekunjo ◽  
R. A. Salako ◽  
O. O. Lawrence- Azua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Zinc Concentration ◽  
Alkaline Treatment ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Fibre Fraction

The separated roots and shoots left after malt extraction from the young sorghum seedlings are collectively called Sorghum sprout and being regarded a waste. The study was designed to investigate the effect of different processing methods on the nutritive value of malted sorghum sprout (MSP). TheMSP was divided into three parts: raw (RMSP), alkaline (wood ash) treated (AMSP) and fermented (FMSP). The proximate composition, fibre fraction and the mineral contents were determined and all data obtained were subjected to one way analysis of variance. Results revealed that the proximate and fibre fraction values of MSP were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by the processing methods. The highest dry matter (82.34%), ether extract (1.76%), ash (15.52%), neutral detergent fibre (63.00%) and hemicellulose (39.00%) values were recorded in FMSP. Fermentation and alkaline treatments reduced the crude protein while it increased the ether extract and nitrogen free extract of theMSP.Ash had the highest percentage value in fermentedmalted sorghum sprout (FMSP) and the lowest in raw malted sorghum sprout (RMSP). The concentration (g/kg) of calcium (14.45), phosphorus (67.92) and potassium (6.59) were significantly (p<0.05) highest in FMSP. The concentration (mg/kg) of iron (947.50) and copper (21.50) observed in AMSP were significantly (p<0.05) higher than the values obtained in FMSP followed by RMSP. It was observed that fermentation and alkaline treatment employed reduced zinc concentration values of the MSP. It can be concluded that fermentation processing method used in this study presented the best results in terms of the chemical andmineral composition values.

scholarly journals Forage quality and energy content of perennial legume-grass mixtures at three level of n fertilization

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Bijelic ◽  
Z. Tomic ◽  
D. Ruzic-Muslic ◽  
V. Krnjaja ◽  
V. Mandic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Fodder Quality ◽  
Perennial Legume

The aim of this study was to investigate fodder quality and nutritive value of different grass-legumes mixtures influenced by various level of N fertilization. Studied factors had an impact only on the content of crude protein (CP), crude protein yield (CPY) and nitrate content in the forage. The level of N fertilizer showed a highly significant and positive impact on the CP and nitrate content. Treatment with 210 kg N ha-1 is characterized by the highest content of CP and nitrate of 189.7 g kg-1 DM and 2524 ppm, respectively, and the highest protein yield of 1.95 t ha-1. The value of nitrate in the forage does not exceed the limit that is considered hazardous to the health of animals. Energy value of forage obtained from the grasslands of ME ?7.75 and NEL?4.32 MJ kg-1 DM is lower than values obtained in other studies.

Mustard cake a substitute for groundnut cake in egg-type and meat-type chick diets

1977 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 759-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. K. Cilly ◽  
G. N. Lodhi ◽  
J. S. Ichhponani
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Groundnut Cake ◽  
True Protein ◽  
Meat Type

SummaryExperiments were made to assess the nutritive value of expeller-proeessed mustard cake (MS) for egg-type and meat-type chicks. Eight samples of MS on average contained 37·2% crude protein, 27·5% true protein, 12·6% available carbohydrate and 2·09 % tannins. The average metabolizable energy content (ME) of eight samples of MS for egg-type and meat-type chicks were 2350 and 2300 kcal/kg respectively. MS in the diet replacing groundnut cake (GN) which formed 30–32 % of the control diets was found to have no effect on growth rate of the chicks of either breed although there was thyroid enlargement. MS was also found not to affect the body composition of the chicks.

Effects of increasing the inclusion level of Atriplex amnicola in the diet of sheep

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 1029
Author(s):  
M. B. P. Kumara Mahipala ◽  
G. L. Krebs ◽  
P. McCafferty ◽  
K. Dods
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Inclusion Level ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

The effects of increasing the level of inclusion of fresh Atriplex amnicola Paul G.Wilson foliage in an oaten chaff (Avena sativa L.) diet fed to sheep were investigated. Six experimental diets were formulated to contain varying amounts [0, 161, 362, 496, 650 and 836 g/kg diet dry matter (DM)] of A. amnicola, and these diets were fed to individually penned sheep according to a Latin square design. Feed and faecal samples were analysed for crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin, and ash contents. Mineral contents and 24 h in vitro gas production were measured in freeze-dried feed samples. As the level of inclusion of A. amnicola increased, digestibility of DM, organic matter and neutral detergent fibre increased (P < 0.05), reaching the peak at the 496 g/kg DM inclusion level and then decreasing (P < 0.05) thereafter. Acid detergent fibre digestibility followed a similar trend, but peak digestibility was at 362 g/kg DM inclusion level. Digestibility of crude protein continued to increase (P < 0.05) with increasing inclusion of A. amnicola. Gas production (24 h) from A. amnicola was lower (P < 0.05) than that from oaten chaff (24.4 v. 45.3 mL/200 mg DM) and also had lower metabolisable energy content (in vitro ME, 6.3 v. 8.6 MJ/kg DM). As the level of inclusion of A. amnicola in the diet increased, gas production and in vitro metabolisable energy content decreased (P < 0.05). The 496 g/kg DM inclusion level provided the optimum N : energy ratio for fermentation of dietary fibre. At this level of inclusion the diet was rich in Na, Ca, P, Mg, K, S, Mn and Zn. High inclusion levels improved the crude protein value of the diet but compromised fibre digestibility.

FEEDING VALUE OF PURPLE 606-A, C. W. RED SPRING AND WHITE 607-A WHEAT CULTIVARS COMPARED TO CORN IN BROILER RATIONS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-80
Author(s):  
R. J. GRÉGOIRE ◽  
G. J. BRISSON ◽  
G. J. ST-LAURENT ◽  
R. J. BELZILE
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Nonprotein Nitrogen

A factorial experiment (3 × 5) lasting 8 wk was conducted with Hubbard male broiler chicks to compare the nutritive value of rations containing three wheat cultivars, namely Purple 606-A, C. W. Red Spring and White 607-A, in five corn:wheat combinations in the respective proportions of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100. Although the calculated crude protein and energy content of the rations were similar, body weight and feed efficiency of chickens were markedly influenced by two of the wheat cultivars studied and by the proportions of these cultivars in the rations. Performance of birds fed the rations based on White 607-A was similar to that of birds fed corn, even when wheat constituted the sole feed grain. By contrast, birds fed the rations based on Purple 606-A and C. W. Red Spring had significantly [Formula: see text] lower body weight and feed efficiency than those fed rations containing high proportions of corn or any of the rations based on White 607-A. The concentration of lysine and methionine in the high protein wheat cultivars (Purple 606-A and C. W. Red Spring) was markedly lower than that in White 607-A. Furthermore, amino acid analyses showed a greater content of nonprotein nitrogen in Purple 606-A and C. W. Red Spring as compared to White 607-A and corn. These observations suggest that the lower performance of chicks fed the high protein wheat rations may have been related to their amino acid profile as well as the greater amount of soybean meal needed to make the rations of equal crude protein content.

Effects of dietary deficiencies of energy, protein and calcium on the pregnant ewe. II. Body composition and mineral content of the lamb

1972 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Sykes ◽  
A. C. Field
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Semitendinosus Muscle ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pregnant Ewe

SUMMARYThe effects of low protein and low Ca intakes during pregnancy on lamb composition and mineral contents have been investigated. Twenty-eight 6½-year-old Blackface ewes were used in a 2 × 2 experiment in which semi-purified diets containing 11·8 and 6·0% crude protein and 1·2 and 0·11 % Ca in the dry matter were offered to maintain constant levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and ketone bodies in the plasma, comparable to those found in hill sheep in winter. A further group, control, were fed a conventional diet containing adequate crude protein and Ca to maintain NEFA and ketone body levels typical of well-nourished sheep. The lambs were killed at birth and whole body fat, moisture, nitrogen, Ca, P, Mg, Na and K contents determined. Further data was obtained on the brain, liver and semitendinosus muscle.Within the context of the experiment the most important factor in determining the mineral content of the lambs was the protein intake of the ewe, mainly due to its effect on lamb body weight. The mean Ca content of lambs from the control ewes was 47·8 g. By comparison that of lambs from the high and low protein groups was reduced by 4·9 and 12·9 g respectively.Calcium intakes as low as 27 mg/kg ewe body weight/day had no significant effect on lamb birth weight or mineral composition.The mean concentrations (g/kg) of minerals in the fat-free bodies of the lambs ranged from 12·1 to 14·6 for Ca, 6·6 to 7·4 for P, 0·49 to 006 for Mg and from 1·9 to 1·6 for K in the control and double deficiency groups respectively. It was concluded that these changes in lamb composition could be interpreted according to classical studies on the influence of undernutrition on the relative growth and development of animal tissues.The livers of the lambs, although significantly reduced in weight by the protein deficiency showed no evidence of being relatively more severely affected than muscle tissue.

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