Temporal branch of facial nerve: a normative study of nerve conduction

The temporal branch of the facial nerve is particularly vulnerable to traumatic injuries during surgical procedures. It may also be affected in clinical conditions. Electrodiagnostic studies may add additional information about the type and severity of injuries, thus allowing prognostic inferences. The objective of the present study was to develop and standardize an electrophysiological technique to specifically evaluate the temporal branch of the facial nerve. METHOD: Healthy volunteers (n=115) underwent stimulation of two points along the nerve trajectory, on both sides of the face. The stimulated points were distal (on the temple, over the temporal branch) and proximal (in retro-auricular region). Activities were recorded on the ipsilateral frontalis muscle. The following variables were studied: amplitude (A), distal motor latency (DML) and conduction velocity (NCV). RESULTS: Differences between the sides were not significant. The proposed reference values were: A >0.4 mV, DML <3.9 ms and NCV >40 m/s. Variation between hemifaces should account for less than 60% for amplitudes and latency, and should be inferior to 20% for conduction velocity. CONCLUSION: These measurements are an adequate way for proposing normative values for the electrophysiological evaluation of the temporal branch.

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Traumatic injuries to the facial nerve: diagnosis and assistance

Medicine and Physical Education: Science and Practice ◽

10.20310/2658-7688-2020-2-1(5)-7-13 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 7-13

Author(s):

Marufzhon Kh. KADYROV ◽

Gafur M. KHODZHAMURADOV ◽

Maksudzhon M. KADYROV ◽

Mirali F. ODINAEV

Keyword(s):

Facial Nerve ◽

Complete Recovery ◽

Partial Recovery ◽

Main Trunk ◽

Nerve Branch ◽

Surgical Interventions ◽

Traumatic Injuries ◽

Nerve Suture ◽

The Face ◽

Surgical Treatments

We performed detection, examination and surgical treatment of trauma injuries of the main trunk or branches of the facial nerve among 16 patients. The main complaints of patients were related to aesthetic defects of tissues and organs within certain areas of the face or the whole half on the side of the injury and their functional disorders. The most frequent cause of injury was yatrogenic nerve damage. In the case of yatrogenic causes of injury, there are following groups of surgical interventions: surgery of the peritoneal salivary gland; aesthetic operations of the face in case of pathological processes or traumatic injuries of the temporal-lower joint and lower zone of the face. The following surgical treatments were used to repair damage to facial nerve structures: nerve suture; transposition of facial nerve branches; neuroplasticity; miofastsialny plasticity; neuroplasty in combination with the transplant of the revascularized neuromuscular transplant of the gentle soapy. In the distant postoperative period, complete recovery of facial nerve branch function and effectors, respectively, occurred among 10 patients. Partial recovery of their function - among 3 patients and recovery were absent among 3 clinical cases.

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Surgical Anatomy for Extended Facelift Techniques

Facial Plastic Surgery ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1712472 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (03) ◽

pp. 309-316

Author(s):

Ozcan Cakmak ◽

Ismet Emrah Emre

Keyword(s):

Facial Nerve ◽

Soft Tissues ◽

Extended Techniques ◽

Surgical Anatomy ◽

Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Face ◽

Facial Soft Tissues ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

AbstractPreservation of the facial nerve is crucial in any type of facial procedure. This is even more important when performing plastic surgery on the face. An intricate knowledge of the course of the facial nerve is a requisite prior to performing facelifts, regardless of the technique used. The complex relationship of the ligaments and the facial nerve may put the nerve at an increased risk of damage, especially if its anatomy is not fully understood. There are several danger zones during dissection where the nerve is more likely to be injured. These include the areas where the nerve branches become more superficial in the dissection plane, and where they traverse between the retaining ligaments of the face. Addressing these ligaments is crucial, as they prevent the transmission of traction during facelifts. Without sufficient release, a satisfying pull on the soft tissues may be limited. Traditional superficial musculoaponeurotic system techniques such as plication or imbrication do not include surgical release of these attachments. Extended facelift techniques include additional dissection to release the retaining ligaments to obtain a more balanced and healthier look. However, these techniques are often the subject of much debate due to the extended dissection that carries a higher risk of nerve complications. In this article we aim to present the relationship of both the nerve and ligaments with an emphasis on the exact location of these structures, both in regard to one another and to their locations within the facial soft tissues, to perform extended techniques safely.

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Associative learning and extinction of conditioned threat predictors across sensory modalities

Communications Biology ◽

10.1038/s42003-021-02008-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Laura. R. Koenen ◽

Robert. J. Pawlik ◽

Adriane Icenhour ◽

Ljubov Petrakova ◽

Katarina Forkmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visceral Pain ◽

Neural Correlates ◽

Imaging Studies ◽

Somatic Pain ◽

Healthy Humans ◽

Sensory Modalities ◽

The Face ◽

Nocebo Effects ◽

Conditioned Responses ◽

Clinical Conditions

AbstractThe formation and persistence of negative pain-related expectations by classical conditioning remain incompletely understood. We elucidated behavioural and neural correlates involved in the acquisition and extinction of negative expectations towards different threats across sensory modalities. In two complementary functional magnetic resonance imaging studies in healthy humans, differential conditioning paradigms combined interoceptive visceral pain with somatic pain (study 1) and aversive tone (study 2) as exteroceptive threats. Conditioned responses to interoceptive threat predictors were enhanced in both studies, consistently involving the insula and cingulate cortex. Interoceptive threats had a greater impact on extinction efficacy, resulting in disruption of ongoing extinction (study 1), and selective resurgence of interoceptive CS-US associations after complete extinction (study 2). In the face of multiple threats, we preferentially learn, store, and remember interoceptive danger signals. As key mediators of nocebo effects, conditioned responses may be particularly relevant to clinical conditions involving disturbed interoception and chronic visceral pain.

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Complications of Facial Trauma of the Fronto-orbital Region

Facial Plastic Surgery ◽

10.1055/s-0037-1608712 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 33 (06) ◽

pp. 581-590

Author(s):

Patrick Cleveland ◽

Jesse Smith

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Long Term Results ◽

Facial Trauma ◽

Traumatic Injuries ◽

The Face ◽

Surgical Corrections ◽

Orbital Region

AbstractTraumatic injuries to the orbitofrontal region place some of the most important structures of the face at risk: the eyes, frontal skull, and brain. A thorough knowledge of complications from resultant trauma, and from attempted surgical corrections, is necessary to offer patients the best outcomes, ensuring proper healing with excellent long-term results.

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Normative study of tympanic infrared thermometry: a non-invasive index of asymmetric cerebral activity

Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria ◽

10.1590/s0004-282x2008000100012 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 66 (1) ◽

pp. 50-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Danielle Cicarini de Landa ◽

Joaquim P. Brasil-Neto ◽

Raphael Boechat-Barros ◽

Carlos Uribe

Keyword(s):

Normal Subjects ◽

Tympanic Temperature ◽

Normative Values ◽

Normative Study ◽

Infrared Thermometry ◽

Cerebral Activity ◽

Confidence Levels ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Neurological Patients ◽

Interaural Differences

Human and primate studies have demonstrated that performance of tasks that induce asymmetrical physiological activation of the cerebral hemispheres leads to a reduction of tympanic temperature (TT) ipsilateral to the most active hemisphere. It is possible that diseases that interfere in an asymmetrical fashion with the degree of cerebral activity cause similar TT changes. There are not, however, normative studies of the acceptable interaural difference in TT in normal subjects at rest. This study was done to establish normative values for interaural TT values measured by means of infrared tympanic thermometry in resting normal subjects not engaged in any specific task. TT values were measured in 47 normal volunteers (20 men and 27 women, aged 39.38±12.57 years old) at rest; mean interaural differences of TT were calculated. Mean right ear TT was 36.85±0.50ºC and mean left ear TT was 36.74±0.57ºC; these values are in agreement with those already reported in the literature. Mean interaural TT difference was 0.25ºC (SD 0.21ºC). These findings indicate that maximal normal values for interaural TT differences, with confidence levels of 99% and 95%, are, respectively, 0.88 and 0.67ºC. The value of interaural differences of TT as a marker of asymmetrical hemispheric activity in neurological patients will have to be established by additional studies.

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Relationship of the Zygomatic Facial Nerve to the Retaining Ligaments of the Face

Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery ◽

10.1097/01.prs.0000421745.54158.8c ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 130 ◽

pp. 42

Author(s):

Mohammed Alghoul ◽

Ozan Bitik ◽

Jennifer McBride ◽

James E. Zins

Keyword(s):

Facial Nerve ◽

The Face ◽

Relationship Of

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Conduction velocity of the rabbit facial nerve: a noninvasive functional evaluation

Pesquisa Odontológica Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s1517-74912003000200005 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 126-131 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Belmiro Cavalcanti do Egito Vasconcelos ◽

Cosme Gay Escoda ◽

Ricardo José de Holanda Vasconcellos ◽

Riedel Frota Sá Nogueira Neves

Keyword(s):

Facial Nerve ◽

Conduction Velocity ◽

Nerve Conduction ◽

Action Potentials ◽

Functional Evaluation ◽

Surface Electrodes ◽

Nerve Grafts ◽

Synthetic Materials ◽

Facial Nerves ◽

The Mean

The aim of this study was to evaluate standardized conduction velocity data for uninjured facial nerve and facial nerve repaired with autologous graft nerves and synthetic materials. An evaluation was made measuring the preoperative differences in the facial nerve conduction velocities on either side, and ascertaining the existence of a positive correlation between facial nerve conduction velocity and the number of axons regenerated postoperatively. In 17 rabbits, bilateral facial nerve motor action potentials were recorded pre- and postoperatively. The stimulation surface electrodes were placed on the auricular pavilion (facial nerve trunk) and the recording surface electrodes were placed on the quadratus labii inferior muscle. The facial nerves were isolated, transected and separated 10 mm apart. The gap between the two nerve ends was repaired with autologous nerve grafts and PTFE-e (polytetrafluoroethylene) or collagen tubes. The mean of maximal conduction velocity of the facial nerve was 41.10 m/s. After 15 days no nerve conduction was evoked in the evaluated group. For the period of 2 and 4 months the mean conduction velocity was approximately 50% of the normal value in the subgroups assessed. A significant correlation was observed between the conduction velocity and the number of regenerated axons. Noninvasive functional evaluation with surface electrodes can be useful for stimulating and recording muscle action potentials and for assessing the functional state of the facial nerve.

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COMPLETE MANAGEMENT OF ARDITA (BELL’S PALSY) AS PER AYURVEDA CHIKITSA SUTRA – A CASE REPORT

November 2020 - International Ayurvedic Medical Journal ◽

10.46607/iamj2209032021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 09 (3) ◽

pp. 650-656

Author(s):

Ram Lakhan Meena ◽

Santoshkumar Bhatted ◽

Nilam Meena

Keyword(s):

Case Report ◽

Adverse Effects ◽

Facial Nerve ◽

Present Report ◽

Complete Recovery ◽

Bell’S Palsy ◽

Bell's Palsy ◽

Contemporary Science ◽

The Face ◽

Grading Scale

Bell’s palsy, also known as acute idiopathic lower motor neuron facial paralysis, is characterized by sud-den onset paralysis or weakness of the muscles to one side of the face controlled by the facial nerve. In contemporary science, administration of steroids is the treatment of choice for complete facial palsy. Cer-tain Panchakarma procedures and internal Ayurvedic medicines have been proved to be beneficial in the management of Ardita vata. The present report deals with a case of 62-year-old male patient diagnosed as Ardita vata was treated with various Panchakarma procedures like Nasya, Shirobasti, Kukkutanda Swedana, Dashmoola Ksheer Dhoom, Gandoosh and oral Ayurveda medicines. Criteria of assessment was based on the scoring of House-Brackmann Facial Nerve Grading scale. After completion of Ayurveda treatment, the patient Shown almost complete recovery without any adverse effects. This case is an evi-dence to demonstrate the effectiveness of Ayurveda treatment in case of Ardita vata (Bell’s palsy).

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Six-year analysis of traumatic injuries of the craniomaxillofacial area: relation between maxillofacial and traumatic brain injuries

SUCHASNA STOMATOLOHIYA ◽

10.33295/1992-576x-2021-1-56 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 105 (1) ◽

pp. 56-60

Author(s):

E. Shuminsky ◽

◽

A. Kopchak ◽

Keyword(s):

Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Correlation Analysis ◽

Brain Injuries ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Maxillofacial Trauma ◽

Traumatic Injuries ◽

The Face ◽

The Difference ◽

Panfacial Fractures

Summary. Craniofacial trauma is one of the most difficult types of injuries. There is disagreement among various authors about the relationship between maxillofacial trauma (MFT) and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Purpose. Retrospectively evaluate the epidemiology of traumatic injuries of the craniomaxillofacial area and determine whether there is a relationship between different isolated or combined fractures of the facial bones and brain damage. Materials and methods. The case histories of three groups of patients with isolated fractures of the mandible (I group), isolated fractures of the midface zone (II group) and combined fractures of all areas of the face (III group), who were hospitalized in the period from 2012 to 2017, were analyzed. The main epidemiological indicators were determined. The analysis of indicators of severity of MFT and TBI is carried out. Correlation analysis of indicators, analysis using the Kruskal- Wallis test and Steel-Dwass test for pairwise comparisons was performed. Results. Were treated519 patients. 457 men (88 %) and 62 women (12 %). The main causes of injuries were assaults (40 %). Correlation analysis did not reveal the dependence of MFT and TBI. The difference in severity of isolated fractures of the mandible and midface bones was statistically significant, and there is a statistical significance between the severity of TBI in case of isolated fractures of midface bones and panfacial fractures (p < 0.05). Conclusions. The severity of maxillofacial trauma in the case of panfacial fractures is on average 3 times higher than in the case of isolated fractures of the lower jaw or midface bones. The severity of TBI is largely consistent with concussion in all groups, but in the group with panfacial fractures, the median rate is lower comparing to other groups. Key words: Glasgow coma scale, fracture, Le Fort, traumatic brain injury

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