Aquaporin 9 in rat brain after severe traumatic brain injury

OBJECTIVE: To reveal the expression and possible roles of aquaporin 9 (AQP9) in rat brain, after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS: Brain water content (BWC), tetrazolium chloride staining, Evans blue staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunofluorescence (IF), western blot, and real-time polymerase chain reaction were used. RESULTS: The BWC reached the first and second (highest) peaks at 6 and 72 hours, and the blood brain barrier (BBB) was severely destroyed at six hours after the TBI. The worst brain ischemia occurred at 72 hours after TBI. Widespread AQP9-positive astrocytes and neurons in the hypothalamus were detected by means of IHC and IF after TBI. The abundance of AQP9 and its mRNA increased after TBI and reached two peaks at 6 and 72 hours, respectively, after TBI. CONCLUSIONS: Increased AQP9 might contribute to clearance of excess water and lactate in the early stage of TBI. Widespread AQP9-positive astrocytes might help lactate move into neurons and result in cellular brain edema in the later stage of TBI. AQP9-positive neurons suggest that AQP9 plays a role in energy balance after TBI.

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Temporal and Spatial Changes in the Pattern of Iba1 and CD68 Staining in the Rat Brain Following Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

Modern Research in Inflammation ◽

10.4236/mri.2015.42002 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 04 (02) ◽

pp. 9-23 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Debbie Smith ◽

Diane Brooks ◽

Eric Wohlgehagen ◽

Thomas Rau ◽

David Poulsen

Keyword(s):

Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Rat Brain ◽

Severe Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

Spatial Changes ◽

Temporal And Spatial

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Prospective analysis of glycemic variability in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: modified Leuven’s adjustment process versus conventional adjustment process

Journal of International Medical Research ◽

10.1177/0300060517738396 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 46 (4) ◽

pp. 1505-1516

Author(s):

Bing Xue ◽

Shiyan Ruan ◽

Ping Xie ◽

Kaixuan Yan ◽

Zhi'e Gu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Blood Glucose Level ◽

Glucose Level ◽

Severe Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

Early Stage ◽

Glycemic Variability ◽

Adjustment Process ◽

Significant Difference

Objective This study was performed to evaluate the effect of two different methods of controlling glycemic variability (GV) in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (STBI) undergoing surgery. Methods Patients with STBI were randomly grouped into a conventional adjustment process (CAP) group and modified Leuven’s adjustment process (mLAP) group. Each group included 50 patients. Blood glucose levels were continuously monitored and data were recorded and analyzed. Results The mean blood glucose level was stable in both groups for 5 days postoperatively with no significant difference. The standard deviation of the blood glucose level, mean amplitude of glycemic excursions, and glycemic lability index were significantly higher in the CAP than mLAP group for the first 2 days. In the final 3 days, no significant differences were observed between the two groups. The incidence of hypoglycemia was significantly higher in the CAP than mLAP group on the first day. This value gradually declined during the following 4 days, but the difference between the two groups was not significant. Conclusion The mLAP produced more favorable results than the CAP for GV control in the early stage after surgery for STBI.

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Immediate splenectomy down-regulates the MAPK–NF-κB signaling pathway in rat brain after severe traumatic brain injury

Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery ◽

10.1097/ta.0b013e31829246ad ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 74 (6) ◽

pp. 1446-1453 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Weihua Chu ◽

Mei Li ◽

Fei Li ◽

Rong Hu ◽

Zhi Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Rat Brain ◽

Signaling Pathway ◽

Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

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The Effects of Dexmedetomidine on Trauma-Induced Secondary Injury in Rat Brain

10.21203/rs.3.rs-580084/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ahmet Sen ◽

Basar Erdivanli ◽

Levent Tumkaya ◽

Huseyin Avni Uydu ◽

Tolga Mercantepe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Rat Brain ◽

Caspase 3 ◽

Early Stage ◽

Additional Treatment ◽

Control Group ◽

Secondary Injury ◽

Sedative Drug ◽

Trauma Group

Abstract Secondary traumatic brain injury is a potentially modifiable and important determinator of the outcome. Sedation and analgesia are common components of the therapy. However current drug therapies have disadvantages like respiratory depression. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of dexmedetomidine (Dex), a sedative drug with little to no depressive effect on respiratory centers, on secondary injury in rat brain tissue. Eighteen rats were randomized into three groups: Trauma group received anesthesia, followed by head trauma with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Apparatus, the Trauma+Dex group received additional treatment of 100µg/kg intraperitoneal dexmedetomidine daily for three days, The Control group received anesthesia only. Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), Na+, K+-ATPase, or sodium/potassium (Na/K-ATPase), and cysteine-aspartic proteases, cysteine aspartates-3 (caspase-3) levels were measured. MDA levels were highest in the Trauma group (p = 0.002 vs Control group). Mean levels in the Trauma+Dex group were lower, albeit still significantly high compared to the Control group (p = 0.002). Glutathione levels were similar in all groups (p = 0.99). Na/K-ATPase levels were lowest in the Trauma group, which is significant compared to the Control group (p = 0.002) and the Trauma+Dex group (p = 0.026). Histopathologic findings of tissue degeneration like edema, vascular congestion and neuronal injury, and cleaved caspase-3 levels were lower in the Trauma+Dex group compared with the Trauma group. Dexmedetomidine administered during the early stage of traumatic brain injury may inhibit caspase-3 cleavage. However, the mechanism does not seem to be related to the improvement of MDA or GSH levels.

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