scholarly journals Anatomy and histology of Embolyntha batesi MacLahlan, 1877 (Embiidina)

1971 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dyrce Lacombe
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Abdominal Segment ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Ejaculatory Duct ◽  
The Body ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Simple Type ◽  
Dorsal Vessel ◽  
Tracheal System ◽  
Pericardial Cells

The Embioptera are rather generalized insects whose internal anatomy is simple and not subject to great modifications. For this reason these insects form an ideal group for elementary anatomical and histological studies (fig. 2). The digestive tract is a long, simple tube without convolutions or diverticulae from the buccal cavity to the rectum. The buccal structures are of the chewing type. The oesophagus and ingluvia are differentiated only by slight dilation of their walls. In nymphs and females the proventriculus is very distinct due to folds which flatten as the structure becomes packed with food. The enteron is the largest in such forms and in both sexes limited caudally by the Malpighian tubules. The proctodeus has six large rectal papillae. The nervous system is complete with only the fifth abdominal segment lacking a ganglion in the metathorax includes the ganglion of the first abdominal segment. The brain exhibits very clear structure in histological sections. The tracheal system includes two pairs of thoracic spiracles and eight abdominal pairs. Only th metathoracic spiracle has an air expiration function; all others serve for inspiration. Various structures in the spiracles protect the atrium. The circulatory system includes a long, simple dorsal vessel which extends forward from the ninth abdominal segment into the cranium. It opens anteriorly near the circumoesophageal connectives. The dorsal vessel has a pair of ostia and valves corresponding to each abdominal and thoracic segment. It lacks the diverticulae or folds commonly found in more highly evolved insects. The excretory system is represented by Malphighian tubules, pericardial cells, and fat-body. The number and disposition of Malpighian tubules is variable within the order. The pericardial cells are localized around the entire dorsal vessel up to the opening of the aorta in the head. The fat-bodies form compact layers in the dorsal and ventral regions of the body. In males they are more developed in the abdominal region. The mandibles, maxillae, and salivary glands are of a simple type with very few cytological modifications. Only the salivary glands which extend into the mesothoracic region show appreciable specialization. The reproductive system is bi-sixual and shows considerable sexual dimorphism. Males have five pair of testes with a metameric disposition, two distinct ducts, two epidymis, and the ejaculatory organs. The accessory glands vary in number and size and open in the anterior portion of the ejaculatory duct. The female reproductive organs are of the panoistic type. The system includes five pairs of ovarioles, two long paired oviducts a small, unpaired oviduct and the spermatheca which opens in the vagina. Reproduction usually involves a union of male and female gametes, and eggs are usually laid in clusters attached to a substrate.

On the Life History and the Anatomy of the Early Stages of Forcipomyia (Diptera, Nemat., Ceratopogoninae)

Parasitology ◽  
1924 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie G. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Segment ◽  
Posterior Extremity ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Full Detail ◽  
Dorsal Vessel ◽  
Tracheal System ◽  
Hind Gut

(1) Forcipomyia is one of the few genera of the Ceratopogoninae (Chironomidae) whose larvae are not aquatic. They retain, however, the apneustic condition typical of the entire family, and are therefore compelled to live in moist places such as beneath the rotting bark of fallen trees, in the hollow tap roots of dead plants, in wounds and rot holes in trees, in drying horse and cow manure, in decaying fungi, and in the nests of ants. The immature forms are strongly gregarious.(2) The larvae pass through four stages, each lasting about a week; the successive changes in chaetotaxy at each moult is recorded in the discussion of F. picea. All known European species of this genus hibernate as third or fourth stage larvae. The duration of the pupal stage is about one week; the length of life of the adult has not been determined. There are usually three generations per annum. The adults are known to suck the blood of other insects.(3) The larvae are eucephalous, more or less cylindrical, 3–6 mm. long, with eleven clearly denned segments (three thoracic and eight abdominal, the eighth divided into two apparent segments). Progression is achieved by means of a retractable, biramous, prothoracic pseudopod, and a ventral hook-studded ridge on the ultimate abdominal segment, with the occasional aid of the mandibles.(4) The head and body bear numerous lanceolate and simple hairs of great specific importance.(5) The mouth-parts consist of a fleshy labrum, a pair of small premandibles, a pair of long, slender mandibles working in the sagittal plane on either side of the labrum, a pair of reduced maxillae of fleshy nature with chitinous internal supports, and a simple untoothed labium. Within the head there is a complicated chitinous structure, the hypopharynx; this is figured and described in full detail and its action in comminuting the food is revealed for the first time.(6) No investigation has hitherto been made of the internal anatomy. The alimentary canal, consisting of buccal cavity, hypopharynx, oesophagus, mid-gut, and hind-gut, is quite simple in structure, without nodules or caecal chambers. It is only slightly longer than the body, a loop occurring in the hind-gut when the larva contracts.(7) The malpighian tubules are either two or three in number, the latter condition being unique among insects. The third is ventral, passing into the posterior part of the body only.(8) The salivary glands are a pair of S-shaped bodies closely adhering to the walls of the anterior portion of the mid-gut; they are chiefly composed of large binucleate cells.(9) The circulatory system consists of a dorsal vessel extending throughout the body and passing between the lobes of the brain above the oesophagus into the head. In the eighth abdominal segment it enlarges slightly to form the heart, with one pair of ostia or valves situated on its posterior extremity.(10) The nephrocytes are arranged segmentally, four to each abdominal segment and a single mass in the thorax, all attached to the dorsal vessel. The excretory function of these cells was demonstrated by injection of ammonia-carmine into the body cavity.(11) The nervous system is only very slightly cephalised, there being seven ganglia for the eight abdominal segments and three in the thorax; the normal bilobed brain is situated in the thorax in all larval stages. The sympathetic system is described, and differs somewhat from that of its close relative, Chironomus.(12) Despite the absence of spiracles there is a well-developed tracheal system in the form of two main trunks with transverse connections, branch tracheae, and subcutaneous plexuses.(13) The muscular system, oenocytes, fat-body, and gonads have also been studied in detail.(14) The larval skin is retained upon the last four or five abdominal segments of the pupa.(15) The characters used for determining the species, in their order of importance, are as follows: Larva: chaetotaxy, prothoracic pseudopod, markings of the head, anal blood-gills. Pupa: cuticular spines, prothoracic horns.(16) The larvae and pupae of nine species of Forcipomyia are described with particular reference to their specific characters. Descriptions of the adults of two new species, F. radidcola and F. pulchrithorax, by Mr F. W. Edwards, are appended.(17) Closely related forms are Euforcipomyia and other exotic subgenera not yet named, and the genus Atrichopogon (now including Kempia). Dasyhelea belongs to this group of hairy-winged flies, but its larvae partly resemble those of the bare-winged Ceratopogonines in that they have lost the pro-thoracic pseudopod and macrochaetae, but retain the anal hooks.

On the Nephrocytes of Pediculus humanus

Parasitology ◽  
1921 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
George H. F. Nuttall ◽  
D. Keilin
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Binucleate Cell ◽  
Cell Aggregates ◽  
Excretory Function ◽  
Pediculus Humanus ◽  
Pericardial Cells ◽  
The One

In Pediculus humanus are found two groups of excretory-accumulatory cells known as nephrocytes.The one group, the peri-oesophageal, lies ventrally and consists of large cells aggregated usually in two masses about the oesophagus anterior to the reniform salivary glands.The second group lies dorsally and consists of disseminated cell aggregates linked with the fat body.The typical nephrocyte is a binucleate cell with granular protoplasm containing greenish droplets of varying size. The excretory function of the nephrocytes is demonstrated by intra-coelomic injection of ammonia-carmine. The latter, 24 hours after injection, is taken up by the nephrocytes which become red and filled with the carmine granules. These granules remain in the protoplasm of the nephrocytes throughout the life of the insect.Similar cells exist in Mallophaga and have been wrongly described by some authors as salivary glands.The two groups of nephrocytes, described by us in Pediculus, occur in other insects, but the dorsal group in the latter forms usually two chains of cells (known as pericardial cells) lying on either side of the heart.

scholarly journals Report on the anatomy of the tsetse-fly (Glossina palpalis)

1905 ◽  
Vol 76 (512) ◽  
pp. 531-547 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fat Body ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Sleeping Sickness ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscular System ◽  
Tracheal System ◽  
Work Up ◽  
Glossina Palpalis ◽  
Made In

The following description is based upon dissections and preparations made in the laboratory of the Sleeping Sickness Commission at Entebbe since my arrival here at the beginning of April. I hope on my return to England to work up my material into a detailed memoir on the anatomy and histology. Time does not suffice for me to complete my work out here, but it seemed worth while, nevertheless, to bring forward as soon as possible a brief description of the general anatomy of the fly, and especially of its digestive tract, on account of its importance for the study of the evolution of the trypanosomes of Sleeping Sickness, and other tsetse-fly diseases, within the body of their invertebrate host. In this paper I do not propose to attempt to deal with either the muscular system or the respiratory tracheal system. The former of these is so complex that much more time would be required for working it out than I could afford to spend, and it is, moreover, of little or no importance for the aim in view; while the tracheal system, or at least its finer branches, are so intimately connected with the fat-body, which here, as in other insects, fills up the body-cavity, that in the process of clearing up and laying bare the organs, the tracheæ are for the most part removed. Special muscles or tracheae will be mentioned in places, but otherwise no account will be taken of these two systems.

scholarly journals A Novel Bacteroidetes Symbiont Is Localized in Scaphoideus titanus, the Insect Vector of Flavescence Dorée in Vitis vinifera

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 1467-1475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Marzorati ◽  
Alberto Alma ◽  
Luciano Sacchi ◽  
Massimo Pajoro ◽  
Simona Palermo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
Follicle Cells ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Universal Primers ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Major Band ◽  
Scaphoideus Titanus

ABSTRACT Flavescence dorée (FD) is a grapevine disease that afflicts several wine production areas in Europe, from Portugal to Serbia. FD is caused by a bacterium, “Candidatus Phytoplasma vitis,” which is spread throughout the vineyards by a leafhopper, Scaphoideus titanus (Cicadellidae). After collection of S. titanus specimens from FD-contaminated vineyards in three different areas in the Piedmont region of Italy, we performed a survey to characterize the bacterial microflora associated with this insect. Using length heterogeneity PCR with universal primers for bacteria we identified a major peak associated with almost all of the individuals examined (both males and females). Characterization by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis confirmed the presence of a major band that, after sequencing, showed a 97 to 99% identity with Bacteroidetes symbionts of the “Candidatus Cardinium hertigii” group. In addition, electron microscopy of tissues of S. titanus fed for 3 months on phytoplasma-infected grapevine plants showed bacterial cells with the typical morphology of “Ca. Cardinium hertigii.” This endosymbiont, tentatively designated ST1-C, was found in the cytoplasm of previtellogenic and vitellogenic ovarian cells, in the follicle cells, and in the fat body and salivary glands. In addition, cell morphologies resembling those of “Ca. Phytoplasma vitis” were detected in the midgut, and specific PCR assays indicated the presence of the phytoplasma in the gut, fat body and salivary glands. These results indicate that ST1-C and “Ca. Phytoplasma vitis” have a complex life cycle in the body of S. titanus and are colocalized in different organs and tissues.

The transmission of Spirochaeta duttoni

Parasitology ◽  
1911 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Hindle
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
The Body ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Coelomic Fluid ◽  
Open Wound ◽  
Incubation Periods

(1) About 30% of the O. moubata from Uganda have been found to be immune to infection with S. duttoni.(2) When infected ticks are kept at ordinary temperatures (about 21°C). the following parts of the body are found to harbour the infection :—gut + contents, sexual organs, Malpighian tubules, excrement.The following parts were found to be uninfective:—salivary glands, coxal fluid.(3) When infected ticks are kept at a temperature of about 35°C. for two or three days previous to dissection, all the organs of the body, including the salivary glands, are found to be infective. Moreover the incubation periods that elapse before the appearance of spirochaetes in the injected mice are shorter than in the case of the corresponding experiments with ticks that had not been kept at a high temperature.(4) No spirochaetes have been detected in any of the organs of infected ticks that had been kept at a temperature of about 21°C. When a tick ingests blood containing spirochaetes, the latter persist in the lumen of the gut for periods varying from a few days up to as long as four weeks; usually, however, they disappear from the gut in the course of nine or ten days.(5) When infected ticks are heated to a temperature of 35°C. for two or three days, spirochaetes reappear in the lumen of the gut, and also appear in all the organs of the tick, and in the coelomic fluid.(6) The spirochaetal infection that may follow the bite of an infected O. moubata results from the entrance of the infective material, excreted by the tick whilst feeding, into the open wound caused by the tick's bite. It is not the result of the inoculation of infective material from the salivary glands.

On the Life History and Structure of the Early Stages of Simuliidae (Diptera, Nematocera). Part II

Parasitology ◽  
1925 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. M. Puri
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Salivary Secretion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Stage Larva ◽  
Tracheal System ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Visceral Systems ◽  
First Time

(A) Life History.(1) Simulium larvae are found in streams where the current is very fast. They are sedentary in habit and fix themselves to some support by means of their posterior sucker and sticky salivary secretion.(2) Progression is achieved by looping movements which have been described in detail.(3) Larvae feed on all kinds of fresh water animalcules, and algae.(4) Two species were reared from eggs to the adult flies for the first time in the laboratory. Abundance of food and aeration of water are two very important factors governing the rearing of these larvae.(5) There are six larval stages, each stage lasting 4–7 days. The gradual changes in the successive stages are described in S. erythrocephalum and S. aureum.(6) The sixth-stage larva, having woven its cocoon, changes into a pupa, the whole process, weaving of cocoon and pupation (described in detail), takes 75–90 minutes. Pupal life lasts 5–15 days, depending on temperature.(7) The eggs are sub-triangular in form and are laid in large patches on aquatic plants below the surface of water.(8) The first-stage larva is characterised by the presence of an egg-burster situated dorsally upon the head.(B) Morphology.(9) The larvae are eucephalous, with eleven faintly marked body-segments, three thoracic and eight abdominal, the eighth abdominal being apparently divided into two parts, the posterior carrying the anus and posterior sucker. There is a median uniramous thoracic proleg which like the posterior sucker is provided with a number of cuticular hooks.(10) The head has a number of markings which are of great taxonomic importance.(11) The head-appendages are: A pair of jointed antennae, a rounded labrum, a pair of lateral fan-shaped appendages (the premandibular organs), a pair of mandibles, a pair of maxillae each with a single-jointed palp, a hypopharynx, and a labium. These appendages have been described in detail in this paper for the first time.(12) The alimentary canal, malpighian tubules, salivary glands, muscular system and gonads are dealt with in detail.(13) The oesophageal valve has no blood sinus as has been erroneously described by previous writers.(14) A pair of dorsal glands are present above the pharynx. Their walls consist of large uninuclear cells. Dorsal glands have so far been found only in Sciara among Dipterous larvae.(15) There is a well-developed central as well as visceral nervous system. The bilobed brain lies in the head and a chain of eleven ganglia in the body. Both the supra-intestinal and the infra-intestinal visceral systems are fully worked out for the first time.(16) There is a well-developed tracheal system with ten closed spiracles, one prothoracic, one metathoracic and eight abdominal.(17) The flattened dorsal vessel stretches from the seventh abdominal segment to the head where it ends just behind the brain. It is dilated in the seventh segment to form the heart which is provided with two pairs of ostia.(18) Nephrocytes or excretory cells (pericardial, and peri-oesophageal) are described for the first time and compared to similar structures in other Dipterous larvae.(19) A detailed description of the early stages of all the known (seventeen)1 British species is given, with remarks about eleven of them, as they occur in Sweden, Norway and France.(20) The characters used for determining the species are as follows: Larva. Head markings; antennae; mandibles; submentum; anal gills; ventral papillae; and posterior sucker. Pupa. Chaetotaxy, Respiratory filaments, and Cocoon.

Memoirs: On the Post-embryonic Development of the Respiratory System of Dialeurodes dissimilis (Homoptera, Aleurodidae)

1935 ◽  
Vol s2-77 (308) ◽  
pp. 605-622
Author(s):  
M. L. ROONWAL
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
Simple Type ◽  
Tracheal System ◽  
The Third ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Main System ◽  
Exact Position

1. Accounts of the post-embryonic development of the tracheal system of any insect are extremely meagre. The development of the breathing-folds has not been studied in any of the Aleurodidae. 2. The present account is concerned with the post-embryonic development of the respiratory system (the tracheal system and the breathing-folds) in the nymphs of Dialeurodes dissimilis Quaintance and Baker (Aleurodidae, Homoptera). 3. The number of spiracles in all the nymphal instars is four (probably five in the first instar). They lie on the ventral surface of the nymphs but their exact position varies in the different instars. The third pair of spiracles is replaced by an entirely new one in the third instar. The spiracles, as studied in the pupa, are of a simple type and have no closing mechanism. 4. The tracheal system consists fundamentally of paired ventral- and dorsal-longitudinal tracheal trunks, two dorsalcommissural tracheae, the spiracular and palisade tracheae, and the various branches of the main system. 5. Growth of the tracheal system consists, on the whole, of arborescent branching from the main system, but there also occur some interesting changes of atrophy. All these changes are described in detail. 6. The final number of tracheal branches (in the pupa) is constant, and is 156. 7. There is a gradual shifting backwards of the tracheal system with reference to the body segments. 8. Some of the tracheal branches which in the pupa are apparently homologous actually develop heterochronously. 9. The structure and development of the breathing-folds is described and their function discussed.

scholarly journals Life History of the Emerald Jewel Wasp Ampulex compressa

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Arvidson ◽  
Victor Landa ◽  
Sarah Frankenberg ◽  
Michael E. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Head Capsule ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
American Cockroach ◽  
Developmental Timing ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Difference

The Emerald Jewel Wasp Ampulexcompressa (Fabricius) is an endoparasitoid of the American cockroach Periplanetaamericana (Linnaeus). Its host subjugation strategy is unusual in that envenomation is directed into the host central nervous system, eliciting a long-term behavior modification termed hypokinesia, turning stung cockroaches into a lethargic and compliant, but not paralyzed, living food supply for wasp offspring. A.compressa manipulates hypokinesic cockroaches into a burrow, where it oviposits a single egg onto a mesothoracic leg, hatching three days later. Herein we describe the life history and developmental timing of A.compressa. Using head capsule measurements and observations of mandibular morphology, we found that the larvae develop through three instars, the first two ectoparasitoid, and the third exclusively endoparasitoid. The first two instars have mandibles sufficient for piercing and cutting the cuticle respectively, while the third instar has a larger and blunter mandibular structure. During ecdysis to the third instar, the larva enters the body cavity of the cockroach, consuming internal tissues selectively, including fat body and skeletal muscle, but sparing the gut and Malpighian tubules. The developmental timing to pupation is similar between males and females, but cocoon volume and mass, and pupation duration are sexually dimorphic. Further, we show that the difference in cocoon mass and volume can be used to predict sex before eclosion, which is valuable for studies in venom pharmacology, as only females produce venom.

scholarly journals Memoirs: The Structure, Development, and Bionomics of the House-fly, Musca domestica, Linn

1907 ◽  
Vol s2-51 (203) ◽  
pp. 395-448
Author(s):  
C. GORDON HEWITT
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Ejaculatory Duct ◽  
Optic Tract ◽  
Head Capsule ◽  
Dorsal Side ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Tracheal System ◽  
Accessory Glands ◽  
Rectal Glands

1. The exoskeleton of the head capsule and of the pharynx is described in detail; the relations of the parts in the terms generally employed by dipterologists to the morphological divisions of the insect head capsule are shown. On morphological grounds, the view that the distal portion of the proboscis represents the modified second maxillar or labium is adopted, as opposed to that of a first maxillar derivation put forward by Lowne for the blowfly. 2. After a detailed description of the external and internal skeletal structures of the thorax, the neuration of the wings is described in the terms proposed by Comstock and Needham in their valuable memoir; and to facilitate their more general adoption for the wings of the Muscidas and other Diptera, a comparison is made between their nomenclature and the several systems employed in describing the muscid wing. 3. The abdomen is shown to consist of eight segments in the male and nine in the female, in both cases the first five segments form the visible portion of the abdomen; the external genitalia of the two sexes are described under another section. 4. As the muscular system does not differ from that of Volucella described by Kunckel d'Herculais and the blowfly described by Hammond and Lowne, it is briefly described. The cephalic muscles, however, are fully described in the detailed description of the head (V). 5. The nervous system, which is of the normal muscid type, is described, but for the sake of clearness a very detailed description of the composition of the cephalic ganglion is not given. The structure of the optic tract is similar to that of the blowfly as described by Hickson. The structure of the thoracic nerve-centre is found to differ slightly from that of the blowfly as described by Lowne. 6. The alimentary canal is similar in its structure to those of Stomoxys and Glossina, only differing in a few details. The mesenteric region, which is represented by the ventriculus or chyle, stomach, and proximal intestine, is well developed. The lingual salivary glands, rectal glands, and Malpighiau tubes are described; the function of the rectal glands is believed to be of an excretory nature. 7. As the tracheal systems of the Diptera have not received much attention a detailed account of the tracheal system is given. There are two thoracic spiracles, the first of which supplies the whole of the head, the anterior and median regions of the thorax and the three pairs of legs, and by means of a pair of large abdominal air-sacs a large part of the viscera. The posterior thoracic spiracle supplies the muscles of the median and posterior region of the thorax, especially the large dorsales muscles. There are seven pairs of abdominal spiracles in the male and five pairs in the female all of which are connected with tracheae only. 8. The dorsal vessel or heart is found to consist of five incomplete chambers, each with a pair of ostia. The anterior end is continued forwards along the dorsal side of the ventriculus, and terminates in a glandular mass in the anterior margin of the proventriculus. 9. The reproductive organs of the male are simple, consisting of a pair of testes, vasa deferentia, and common ejaculatory duct; there are no accessory glands such as are found in many other Diptera. The terminal abdominal segments of the male exhibit a sinistral asymmetry. The ovaries of the female, when mature, occupy the greater portion of the abdominal cavity. There are a pair of accessory glands (probably of a "gum" or "glue" nature), three spermatheceæ, and a pair of vesicles used during copulation. The ovipositor is about as long as the abdomen, and is composed of segments six to nine. 10. The musculature of the head is described in detail, and it is found that the House-fly agrees with the blowfly in the number and relations of its cephalic muscles, though in a few cases the attachments are slightly different. In the haustellum and oral lobes of the House-fly no tracheal sacs similar to those described and figured by Lowne for the blowfly occur, but only annulated tracheae are found, and, as these are incapable of distension, the view that the oral lobes are distended by the action of inflated air cannot be held. The extension of the proboscis I believe is due to the inflation of the tracheal sacs of the head and rostrum, and I agree with Kraepelin that the distension of the oral lobes is effected by blood-pressure. Two kinds of gustatory sense-organs are found on the margin of the aboral and on the oral surfaces respectively. The latter were described in the blowfly by Lowue as the openings of the ducts of the labial salivary glands, but Kraepelin's correct description of their structure in the blowfly is confirmed by this study of the House-fly. The labial salivary glands are described in detail. They consist of large cells containing permanent vacuoles, which communicated with intracellular ducts. These open by a pair of pores into the oral pits, the secretions of the glands serving to keep the surface of the oral lobes moist.

L-Ascorbic Acid Addition to Chitosan Reduces Body Weight in Overweight Women

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Y. Jung ◽  
Sung C. Jun ◽  
Un J. Chang ◽  
Hyung J. Suh
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
Overweight Women ◽  
Body Weights

Previously, we have found that the addition of L-ascorbic acid to chitosan enhanced the reduction in body weight gain in guinea pigs fed a high-fat diet. We hypothesized that the addition of L-ascorbic acid to chitosan would accelerate the reduction of body weight in humans, similar to the animal model. Overweight subjects administered chitosan with or without L-ascorbic acid for 8 weeks, were assigned to three groups: Control group (N = 26, placebo, vehicle only), Chito group (N = 27, 3 g/day chitosan), and Chito-vita group (N = 27, 3 g/day chitosan plus 2 g/day L-ascorbic acid). The body weights and body mass index (BMI) of the Chito and Chito-vita groups decreased significantly (p < 0.05) compared to the Control group. The BMI of the Chito-vita group decreased significantly compared to the Chito group (Chito: -1.0 kg/m2 vs. Chito-vita: -1.6 kg/m2, p < 0.05). The results showed that the chitosan enhanced reduction of body weight and BMI was accentuated by the addition of L-ascorbic acid. The fat mass, percentage body fat, body circumference, and skinfold thickness in the Chito and Chito-vita groups decreased more than the Control group; however, these parameters were not significantly different between the three groups. Chitosan combined with L-ascorbic acid may be useful for controlling body weight.

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