scholarly journals Spodosols pedogenesis under barreiras formation and sandbank environments in the south of Bahia

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 847-860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Pacobahyba de Oliveira ◽  
João Carlos Ker ◽  
Ivo Ribeiro da Silva ◽  
Maurício Paulo Ferreira Fontes ◽  
Alessandra Pacobahyba de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Oxalate ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Sodium Dithionite ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
The South ◽  
Acid Attack ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Dark Color ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Morphologically differentiated Spodosols usually occur in the Coastal Plain of the South of Bahia and North of Espírito Santo. They are found in profiles known as "muçungas", i.e. sandy soils that accumulate water. In these areas, two kinds of Spodosols, different from those in the Restinga area, can be found: Spodosols with E albic horizon (white muçunungas) and without this horizon (black muçunungas). Eight soil profiles with spodic characteristics were collected and described in order to evaluate differences in the formation process of Barreiras and Restinga Spodosols in the South of Bahia. The soil profiles were also characterized chemically, physically and mineralogically. Additionally, texture and chemical analysis, Fe and Al extraction by sodium dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DBC), acid ammonium oxalate and sodium pyrophosphate, ammonium oxalate extract optic density (DOox), sulphuric acid attack, and X ray difractometry of the clay fraction were performed. In the Spodosols of the Barreiras area, fragipan was found the spodic layers. Cemented B spodic horizon were observed in the white muçunungas, and granular structure and dark color from the surface in the black muçunungas. There was no fragipan or hard spodic horizon in the Restinga Spodosol. This soil is acid, dystrophic and alic, with sandy texture and high clay percentages in the spodic horizons. The CEC, based on H + Al, is predominantly represented by the organic matter. The most representative components of the mineral phase of the clay fraction are kaolinite and possibly vermiculite traces with interlayered hydroxy. Chemical, physical, morphological and mineralogical differences were observed between the Barreiras and Restinga environments. The black and white muçunungas differ in morphologic and chemical properties only.

KARAKTERISTIK TANAH DAN PERBANDINGAN PRODUKSI KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) DENGAN METODE TANAM LUBANG BESAR DAN PARIT DRAINASE 2:1 PADA LAHAN SPODOSOL DI KABUPATEN BARITO TIMUR PROPINSI KALIMANTAN TENGAH - INDONESIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-158
Author(s):  
Surianto
Keyword(s):  
Soil Texture ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Exchangeable Cations ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Hole Profile ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Spodosol soil of Typic Placorthod sub-group of East Barito District is one of the problem soils with the presence of hardpan layer, low fertility, low water holding capacity, acid reaction and it is not suitable for oil palm cultivation without any properly specific management of land preparation and implemented best agronomic practices. A study was carried out to evaluate the soil characteristic of a big hole (A profile) and no big hole (B profile) system and comparative oil palm productivity among two planting systems. This study was conducted in Spodosol soil at oil palm plantation (coordinate X = 0281843 and Y = 9764116), East Barito District, Central Kalimantan Province on February 2014, by surveying of placic and ortstein depth and observing soil texture and chemical properties of 2 (two) oil palm's soil profiles that have been planted in five years. Big hole system of commercial oil palm field planting on the Spodosol soil area was designed for the specific purpose of minimizing the potential of a negative effect of shallow effective planting depth for oil palms growing due to the hardpan layer (placic and ortstein) presence as deep as 0.25 - 0.50 m. The big hole system is a planting hole type which was vertical-sided with 2.00 m x 1.50 m on top and bottom side and 3.00 m depth meanwhile the 2:1 drain was vertical-sided also with 1.50 m depth and 300 m length. Oil palm production was recorded from the year 2012 up to 2014. Results indicated that the fractions both big hole profile (A profile) and no big hole profile (B profile) were dominated by sands ranged from 60% to 92% and the highest sands content of non-big hole soil profile were found in A and E horizons (92%). Better distribution of sand and clay fractions content in between layers of big hole soil profiles of A profile sample is more uniform compared to the B profile sample. The mechanical holing and material mixing of soil materials of A soil profile among the upper and lower horizons i.e. A, E, B and C horizons before planting that resulted a better distribution of both soil texture (sands and clay) and chemical properties such as acidity value (pH), C-organic, N, C/N ratio, CEC, P-available and Exchangeable Bases. Investigation showed that exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K), were very low in soil layers (A profile) and horizons (B profile) investigated. The low exchangeable cations due to highly leached of bases to the lower layers and horizons. Besides, the palm which was planted on the big hole system showed good adaptation and response positively by growing well of tertiary and quaternary roots that the roots were penetrable into deeper rooting zone as much as >1.00 m depth. The roots can grow well and penetrate much deeper in A profile compared to the undisturbed hardpan layer (B profile). The FFB (fresh fruit bunches) production of the non-big hole block was higher than the big hole block for the first three years of production. This might be due to the high variation of monthly rainfall in-between years of observation from 2009 to 2014. Therefore, the hardness of placic and ortstein as unpenetrable agents by roots and water to prevent water loss and retain the water in the rhizosphere especially in the drier weather. In the high rainfall condition, the 2:1 drain to prevent water saturation in the oil palm rhizosphere by moving some water into the drain. Meanwhile, the disturbed soil horizon (big hole area) was drier than un disturbance immediately due to water removal to deeper layers. We concluded that both big hole and 2:1 drain are a suitable technology for Spodosol soil land especially in preparing palms planting to minimize the negative effect of the hardpan layer for oil palm growth.

scholarly journals Pedogenesis on volcanic rocks in protected landscape areas in Central and North Bohemia

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 153-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Žigová ◽  
M. Šťastný
Keyword(s):  
Soil Cover ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Pedogenic Process ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
Swelling Clay Minerals

The development of soil cover on volcanic rocks in Central and North Bohemia was analyzed. The study was performed in the protected landscape areas on basalt, andesite, and dolerite. Parent material was characterized on the basis of thin-section study. Petrography of the parent material makes it possible to document the differences in the texture, character, and amount of rock-forming minerals. All the studied sequences exhibit the same configuration of soil profiles but various thicknesses. The soil profiles were evaluated on the basis of particle size distribution, chemical properties, soil organic matter parameters, and mineral composition of clay fraction. The major specific pedogenic process in soils developed on volcanic rocks is weathering of parent material and development of the Bw horizon with the formation of mainly smectite from the group of swelling clay minerals. The results revealed differences in the formation of the Bw horizon which is significantly affected by the petrography of the parent material and local geological conditions. According to the type of volcanic rocks, the intensity of the developmental process of the Bw horizon is as follows: andesite (Týřovické skály) > dolerite (Záhrabská) > basalt (Březina).

scholarly journals Soil diversity and properties in mountainous subtropical areas, in Sierra Sur de Oaxaca, Mexico

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. E. García Calderón ◽  
A. Ibáñez Huerta ◽  
G. Alvarez Arteaga ◽  
P. V. Krasilnikov ◽  
A. Hernández Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
Mass Movement ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Diversity ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Soil Groups ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Agroforestry is a new practice of sustainable soil use in the mountainous Sierra Sur de Oaxaca area of Mexico. Coffee is also a common cash crop grown in the region. The objective of this study was to investigate the pedodiversity in the area. Soil development is very complex, and is influenced by slope parameters and parent materials. Several soil groups are found in the area investigated: Alisols, Umbrisols, and Cambisols. Morphology, chemical properties, and mineralogical composition of the clay fraction of these soils were studied. The soils vary in the extent of weathering, morphology, and chemical properties, which are important to farming in the area. Most of the soils have heterogeneous parent material. The distribution of major soil types of the area is related to mass movement along the slopes, both past and present. The studied soils represent a chronosequence from unleached and unweathered Cambisols to Alisols, characterized by strong clay illuviation and dominance of kaolinite and gibbsite in clay fraction. A mosaic of landslides and gullies of various ages, formed by catastrophic events such as earthquakes and hurricanes, form the pedodiversity of the area studied. Key words: Landslides, chronosequence, pedodiversity, Cambisols, Umbrisols, Alisols

scholarly journals Physical and chemical properties of selected soils from the surroundings of the Magura National Park (southern Poland) / Właściwości fizykochemiczne i chemiczne wybranych gleb z otoczenia Magurskiego Parku Narodowego

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Szewczyk ◽  
Janina Kaniuczak ◽  
Edmund Hajduk ◽  
Renata Knap
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Biogenic Elements ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate the basic physicochemical and chemical properties of six soil profiles located in the surrounding of the Magura National Park (S Poland). The type of agricultural use and terrain relief were the main criteria for choosing the soil profiles. The research identified the following types or sub-types of soils: Eutric Gleysols, Dystric Cambisols, Eutric Cambisols, Gleyic Luvisols. The analyzed soils were characterized by particle size distribution of a silty clay or silt. They were usually strongly acidified as evidenced by low pH (in 1M KCl, values ranged from 3.8 to 5.8), high values of hydrolytic acidity (from 0.8 up to 10 cmol(+)·kg-1) and exchangeable acidity (from 0.05 to 4.05 cmol(+)·kg-1), as well as remarkable concentration of exchangeable aluminum (from 0 to 3.96 cmol(+)·kg-1). The organic carbon content in studied profiles did not exceed (except from gley soil in profile ) 30 g·kg-1 and it decreased along with the depth to several g·kg-1 in parent rock. These soils were characterized by not very high content of total nitrogen (from 0.3 to 9.39 g·kg-1) and low available phosphorus concentration (from 3.5 to 90.3 mg P2O5·kg-1). Contents of available potassium (from 82 to 570 mg K2O·kg-1) and magnesium (from 33 to 412 mg Mg·kg-1) allow for classifying the profiles studied as soils moderately or highly abundant in K and Mg. The highest levels of biogenic elements were determined in surface horizons. Studied soils were characterized by high total sorption capacity (T) - from 7.04 to 63.4 cmol(+)·kg-1. Sum of base cations (S) reached values from 3.01 to 61.2 cmol(+)·kg-1, which resulted in high base saturation (V) (maximum over 96%). The base saturations in profiles of the soils increased along with depth.

The development of micromorphological features in relation to some mineralogical and chemical properties of volcanic ash soils in highland Papua New Guinea

Soil Research ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 339 ◽  
Author(s):  
CJ Chartres ◽  
A Wood ◽  
CF Pain
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Different Altitudes ◽  
Alluvial Clay ◽  
And Chemical Properties

A sequence containing six soil profiles developed within a Late Quaternary, andesitic tephra at different altitudes (1000-2400 m) and under different climatic conditions is described. Allophane dominates the soils above 2000 m, gibbsite those between 1200 and 2000 m and halloysite those below 1200 m. All the soils have isotic plasmic fabrics within the A horizons. A combination of allophane and organic matter, and in the lowest altitude soils halloysite and organic matter, seems to lead to the development of isotic fabric. B horizon plasmic fabrics range from undulic to isotic-argillasepic-indeterminate, with the most sepic plasmic fabrics occurring at lowest altitudes, where halloysite content is highest and wetting-drying cycles are more frequent. Gibbsans formed due to the precipitation of aluminium are prominent features infilling channels within the soils between 1200 and 2000 m, where desilication is most active. Above 2000 m climatic and drainage factors appear to limit the desilication of the alluvial clay features. Below 1200 m, silica and aluminium released by weathering combine to form halloysite under a less intense leaching regime. Gibbsite also was observed to be forming as a pseudomorph of felspar grains in most profiles.

Mineralogy of volcanically derived alluvial soils at Moshi, Tanzania

Soil Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 926
Author(s):  
T. S. Taylor ◽  
J. C. Hughes ◽  
L. W. Titshall
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Volcanic Glass ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Extractable Iron ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Despite intensive commercial agriculture in the rift zone of Tanzania, mineralogical studies on the soils influenced by volcanic parent materials are scarce. A mineralogical investigation of the soils and two buried ash layers from an irrigated sugar estate was undertaken using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and measurements of extractable iron, aluminium and silicon and the specific surface area (SSA) of the clay fraction. The dominant mineral in the sand and silt fractions was sanidine. The clay fractions contained mainly high-defect kaolin, illite and K-feldspar, with small amounts of calcite, talc and gibbsite in some samples. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of tubular and spheroidal halloysite and <0.5µm kaolinite crystals, as well as nanocrystalline material, probably allophane, and volcanic glass. The amounts of ferrihydrite (0.34–1.84%) and allophane (0.52–6.84%) were low in the soils but higher in the buried ash layers. The surface areas of the clay fractions were high (up to 145m2g–1) and it was calculated that 5% allophane constituted 22% of the total SSA. Although all soils were dominated by halloysite and small kaolinite particles, it is likely that the small amounts of allophane with high SSA has a strong effect on their physical and chemical properties.

scholarly journals PRELIMINARY MINERALOGICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HALITE IN THE SOUTH OF TUZGÖLÜ BASIN (TURKEY)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hatice Ercan ◽  
◽  
Muazzez Çelik Karakaya ◽  
Necati Karakaya ◽  
Ayla Bozdağ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
The South ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Differences in mineral ratios between disaggregated and original clay fractions in some South African soils as affected by amendments

Soil Research ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 909 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Buhmann ◽  
I Rapp ◽  
MC Laker
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Negative Charge ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Conflicting Information ◽  
Soil Clays ◽  
Fine Clay ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Selective Increase ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Conflicting information is available on the propensity different soil clays exhibit to dispersion. We therefore assessed the relative stability of the clay components of 12 soil samples, from various parts of South Africa, to predominantly physical disruption by a mild disruptive treatment [mechanical shaking for 5 min in distilled water (DW), and after the addition of phosphogypsum (PG; 2% by weight) and polyacrylamide (PAM; 0.04% by weight)]. The soils differed markedly in their physical and chemical properties. Clay fractions were of mixed mineralogy and dominated by kaolinite, illite, or smectite. Comparison of the clay mineral composition of the disaggregated clay with that of the original <2 �m fraction indicated that the disaggregated clay composition depended on the amendment. In DW, clay-sized quartz and feldspar were disaggregated preferentially over layer silicates. Within the phyllosilicate fraction, the 2:1 clay minerals (mica, smectite) were on average slightly more easily disaggregated than kaolinite. Goethite was the least easily detached clay component in DW. The increase in quartz and feldspar proportions relative to the other components of the clay fraction was dramatically more pronounced when the soils were mixed with PG. With PAM, however, differences in the nature of the clay fraction between original and disaggregated clay were only marginal. Disruption was not particle-size related, as the minerals of the fine-clay fraction showed no selective increase in any of the treatments. These findings indicate that the most inert members of the clay fraction are most actively involved in the process of disaggregation. PG influenced disaggregation in a manner markedly different from that of PAM. Gypsum preferentially stabilised components with a net negative charge over uncharged species. PAM, in contrast, seemed to affect all clay components equally, independent of charge characteristics.

scholarly journals Variability of morphological, physical and chemical properties of soils derived from carbonate-rich parent material in the Pieniny Mountains (south Poland)

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Kowalska ◽  
Bartłomiej Kajdas ◽  
Tomasz Zaleski
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Rock Material ◽  
Base Saturation ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Calcite Veins ◽  
High Base ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Abstract Carbonate-rich soils are characterized by great diversity in content of carbonate and non-carbonate mineral substances in soil substrate which largely influences soil properties. The study presents the analysis results of four soil profiles located at the area of Pieniny National Park. The aim of this study was to characterize and classify the soils developed from the mixture of carbonate and carbonate-rich rock material, formerly classified as pararendzinas. It was achieved by determination of morphological, physical, and chemical properties, as well as mineralogical composition of selected carbonate-rich soils occurring in the Polish part of the Pieniny Mts. Soils were classified as typical chernozemic rendzina (P1), typical eutrophic brown soils (P2, P4), as well as typical pararendzina (P3) according to Polish Soil Classification (2011). The parent material of studied soils P1, P2 and P4 were slope covers, with a dominant share of sandstone and minor share of limestone, whereas soil P3 was formed from variegated shale cut with multiple calcite veins. Soils were characterized by stable aggregate structure: crumby, angular blocky and subangular blocky. They were medium or strong skeletal, mostly with loam texture with great share of silt fraction. CaCO3 content in genetic horizons ranged from 0.0 to 703.0 g·kg-1. The reaction of studied soils was from weakly acidic to alkaline. Analysed soils were characterized by very high base saturation. Among determined exchangeable cations, Ca2+ ions had the biggest share in all analysed profile. High base saturation, as well as high content of calcium carbonate was accompanied by content of organic matter and percentage content of clay fraction. Taking into consideration determined chemical and physical properties, it can be found that investigated soils were influenced by not only the in-situ weathering material but also by rock material which have been transported and deposited as a result of slope processes. Furthermore, the lack or lower content of CaCO3 in surface and middle part of analysed soil profiles was most likely a result of the impoverishment of rock material during the transport on the slope.

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