scholarly journals Soil organic matter pools in a tropical savanna under agroforestry system in Northeastern Brazil

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 711-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Fernando Carvalho Leite ◽  
Bruna de Freitas Iwata ◽  
Ademir Sérgio Ferreira Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Organic Carbon ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Agroforestry System ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Acid Fraction ◽  
Dry And Rainy Seasons

This study aimed at quantifying total organic carbon stocks and its pools in Acrisol under agroforestry systems with six (AFS6) and thirteen years old (AFS13), slash-and-burn agriculture (SBA) and savanna native forest (SNF) in northeastern Brazil. Soil samples were collected at 0-0.05 m, 0.05-0.10 m, 0.10-0.20 m and 0.20-0.40 m depths in the dry and rainy seasons to evaluate total organic carbon (TOC) stocks and labile carbon (LC), fulvic acid fraction (C-FAF), humic acid fraction (C-HAF), humin (C-HF) and microbial biomass carbon (Cmic) contents. Additionally, carbon management index (CMI) was determined. Higher TOC stocks (97.7 and 81.8 Mg ha-1 for the 0-0.40 m depth in the dry and rainy seasons, respectively) and LC, humic substances and Cmic contents were observed in the AFS13 in all the depths. CMI also was higher in the AFS13 (0-0. 05 m: 158 and 86; 0.05-0.10 m: 171 and 67, respectively for the dry and rainy seasons) especially when compared to the SBA (0-0.05 m: 5.6 and 5.4; 0.05-0.10 m: 5.3 and 5.8, respectively for dry and rainy seasons). The agroforestry systems increased soil quality through the conservation of organic matter and can be considered an excellent strategy to assurance sustainability in tropical soil of Northeastern Brazil

scholarly journals ORGANIC CARBON AND TOTAL NITROGEN IN THE DENSIMETRIC FRACTIONS OF ORGANIC MATTER UNDER DIFFERENT SOIL MANAGEMENT

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARCELO RIBEIRO VILELA PRADO ◽  
FABRICIO TOMAZ RAMOS ◽  
OSCARLINA LÚCIA DOS SANTOS WEBER ◽  
CAIO BATISTA MÜLLER
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Agroforestry System ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Land Use Systems ◽  
System 2 ◽  
Heavy Fractions

ABSTRACT: The evaluation of land use and management by the measurement of soil organic matter and its fractions has gained attention since it helps in the understanding of the dynamics of their contribution to soil productivity, especially in tropical environments. This study was conducted in the municipality of Colorado do Oeste, state of Rondônia, Brazil and its aim was to determinethe quantity of organic carbon and total nitrogen in the light and heavy fractions of organic matter in the surface layers of a typic hapludalf under different land use systems: Native Forest: open evergreen forest, reference environment; Agroforestry System 1: teak (Tectona grandis LF) and kudzu (Pueraria montana); Agroforestry System 2: coffee (Coffea canephora), marandu palisade grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu), "pinho cuiabano" (Parkia multijuga), teak and kudzu.; Agroforestry System 3: teak and cocoa (Theobroma cacao); Silvopasture System: teak, cocoa and marandu palisade grass; and Extensive Grazing System: marandu palisade grass. The experimental design was a randomized block in split-split plots (use systems versus soil layers of 0-0.05 and 0.05-0.10 m) with three replications. The results showed that relative to Native Forest, the Agroforestry System 2 had equal- and greater amounts of organic carbon and total nitrogen respectively (light and heavy fractions) in the soil organic matter, with the light fraction being responsible for storage of approximately 45% and 70% of the organic carbon and total nitrogen, respectively. Therefore, the light densimetric fraction proved to be useful in the early identification of the general decline of the soil organic matter in the land use systems evaluated.

Ratio of microbial biomass carbon to soil organic carbon as a sensitive indicator of changes in soil organic matter

Soil Research ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 195 ◽  
Author(s):  
GP Sparling
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Soil Biol ◽  
Microbial Carbon ◽  
The Relationship

The sensitivity of soil organic carbon (Corg) and microbial carbon (Cmic) measurements, and the Cm~,/Co,, ratio, to reflect climatic, vegetation, cropping and management history was investigated using a range of topsoils in New Zealand. The Cmic generally comprised 1-4% of Corg, with the proportion being consistently greater under pastures, than the equivalent soil under native forest, exotic forest or arable cropping. However, absolute values differed markedly between soils and were greatly influenced by texture, mineralogy and the Corg content. The Cmic recovered more rapidly than Corg on returning to pasture following cropping. There was a generally greater Corg content in those soils from the areas with higher precipitation, but the precipitation-evaporation quotient proposed by Insam et al. (Soil Biol. Biochem. 1989, 21, 211-21) to predict the relationship between Cmic and Corg, greatly underestimated the Cmic content of New Zealand soils and there was too great a scatter in the data to derive a revised regression formula. The Cmic and the Cmic/Cor, ratio are useful measures to monitor soil organic matter and both provide a more sensitive index than COrg measured alone. However, under typical climatic and land use conditions in New Zealand, the values do not appear readily transferrable between soils. To ascertain whether a soil has achieved equilibrium in organic matter status, it will be necessary to establish reference values to which a tested soil can be compared.

scholarly journals Microbiological properties and oxidizable organic carbon fractions of an oxisol under coffee with split phosphorus applications and irrigation regimes

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Rodolfo da Costa ◽  
Juliana Hiromi Sato ◽  
Maria Lucrécia Gerosa Ramos ◽  
Cícero Célio de Figueiredo ◽  
Géssica Pereira de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
Carbon Fractions ◽  
Irrigation Regimes ◽  
Organic Carbon Fractions

Phosphorus fertilization and irrigation increase coffee production, but little is known about the effect of these practices on soil organic matter and soil microbiota in the Cerrado. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological and oxidizable organic carbon fractions of a dystrophic Red Latossol under coffee and split phosphorus (P) applications and different irrigation regimes. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design in a 3 x 2 factorial design with three split P applications (P1: 300 kg ha-1 P2O5, recommended for the crop year, of which two thirds were applied in September and the third part in December; P2: 600 kg ha-1 P2O5, applied at planting and then every two years, and P3: 1,800 kg ha-1 P2O5, the requirement for six years, applied at once at planting), two irrigation regimes (rainfed and year-round irrigation), with three replications. The layers 0-5 and 5-10 cm were sampled to determine microbial biomass carbon (MBC), basal respiration (BR), enzyme activity of acid phosphatase, the oxidizable organic carbon fractions (F1, F2, F3, and F4), and total organic carbon (TOC). The irrigation regimes increased the levels of MBC, microbial activity and acid phosphatase, TOC and oxidizable fractions of soil organic matter under coffee. In general, the form of dividing P had little influence on the soil microbial properties and OC. Only P3 under irrigation increased the levels of MBC and acid phosphatase activity.

scholarly journals Impacts of vinasse and methods of sugarcane harvesting on the availability of K and carbon stock of an Argisol

Revista CERES ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudinei Alberto Cardin ◽  
Carlos Henrique dos Santos ◽  
Marcos Antonio Escarmínio
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Soil Carbon Stock

ABSTRACT Soils of tropical regions are more weathered and in need of conservation managements to maintain and improve the quality of its components. The objective of this study was to evaluate the availability of K, the organic matter content and the stock of total carbon of an Argisol after vinasse application and manual and mechanized harvesting of burnt and raw sugarcane, in western São Paulo.The data collection was done in the 2012/2013 harvest, in a bioenergy company in Presidente Prudente/SP. The research was arranged out following a split-plot scheme in a 5x5 factorial design, characterized by four management systems: without vinasse application and harvest without burning; with vinasse application and harvest without burning; with vinasse application and harvest after burning; without vinasse application and harvest after burning; plus native forest, and five soil sampling depths (0-10 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50 cm), with four replications. In each treatment, the K content in the soil and accumulated in the remaining dry biomass in the area, the levels of organic matter, organic carbon and soil carbon stock were determined. The mean values were compared by Tukey test. The vinasse application associated with the harvest without burning increased the K content in soil layers up to 40 cm deep. The managements without vinasse application and manual harvest after burning, and without vinasse application with mechanical harvesting without burning did not increase the levels of organic matter, organic carbon and stock of total soil organic carbon, while the vinasse application and harvest after burning and without burning increased the levels of these attributes in the depth of 0-10 cm.

scholarly journals High organic inputs explain shallow and deep SOC storage in a long-term agroforestry system – Combining experimental and modeling approaches

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rémi Cardinael ◽  
Bertrand Guenet ◽  
Tiphaine Chevallier ◽  
Christian Dupraz ◽  
Thomas Cozzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Agroforestry System ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Root Senescence ◽  
Soc Stocks

Abstract. Agroforestry is an increasingly popular farming system enabling agricultural diversification and providing several ecosystem services. In agroforestry systems, soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks are generally increased, but it is difficult to disentangle the different factors responsible for this storage. Organic carbon (OC) inputs to the soil may be larger, but SOC decomposition rates may be modified owing to microclimate, physical protection, or priming effect from roots, especially at depth. We used an 18-year-old silvoarable system associating hybrid walnut trees (Juglans regia × nigra) and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum), and an adjacent agricultural control plot to quantify all OC inputs to the soil – leaf litter, tree fine root senescence, crop residues, and tree row herbaceous vegetation –, and measure SOC stocks down 2 m depth at varying distances from the trees. We then proposed a model that simulates SOC dynamics in agroforestry accounting for both the whole soil profile and the lateral spatial heterogeneity. OC inputs to soil were increased by about 40 % (+1.11 t C ha−1 yr−1) down to 2 m depth in the agroforestry plot compared to the control, resulting in an additional SOC stock of 6.3 t C ha−1 down to 1 m depth. The model described properly the measured SOC stocks and distribution with depth. It showed that the increased inputs of fresh biomass to soil explained the observed additional SOC storage in the agroforestry plot. Moreover, modeling revealed a strong priming effect that would reduce the potential SOC storage due to higher organic inputs in the agroforestry system by 75 to 90 %. This result questions the potential of soils to store large amounts of carbon, especially at depth. Deep-rooted trees modify OC inputs to soil, a process that deserves further studies given its potential effects on SOC dynamics.

scholarly journals Characterization of organic matter from a stratigraphic sequence intercepted by the Nemo-1X well, Mozambique: Potential for hydrocarbon generation

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 1157-1171
Author(s):  
Agostinho Mussa ◽  
Deolinda Flores ◽  
Joana Ribeiro ◽  
Ana MP Mizusaki ◽  
Mónica Chamussa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Organic Carbon ◽  
Hydrocarbon Exploration ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Hydrocarbon Generation ◽  
Offshore Area ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Kerogen Type

The Mozambique Basin, which occurs onshore and offshore in the central and southern parts of Mozambique, contains a thick sequence of volcanic and sedimentary rocks that range in age from the Jurassic to Cenozoic. This basin, along with the Rovuma basin to the north, has been the main target for hydrocarbon exploration; however, published data on hydrocarbon occurrences do not exist. In this context, the present study aims to contribute to the understanding of the nature of the organic matter of a sedimentary sequence intercepted by the Nemo-1X exploration well located in the offshore area of the Mozambique Basin. The well reached a depth of 4127 m, and 33 samples were collected from a depth of 2219–3676 m ranging in age from early to Late Cretaceous. In this study, petrographic and geochemical analytical methods were applied to assess the level of vitrinite reflectance and the organic matter type as well as the total organic carbon, total sulfur, and CaCO3 contents. The results show that the total organic carbon content ranges from 0.41 to 1.34 wt%, with the highest values determined in the samples from the Lower Domo Shale and Sena Formations, which may be related to the presence of the solid bitumens that occur in the carbonate fraction of those samples. The vitrinite random reflectances range from 0.65 to 0.86%Rrandom, suggesting that the organic matter in all of the samples is in the peak phase of the “oil generation window” (0.65–0.9%Rrandom). The organic matter is mainly composed of vitrinite and inertinite macerals, with a minor contribution of sporinite from the liptinite group, which is typical of kerogen type III. Although all of the samples have vitrinite reflectances corresponding to the oil window, the formation of liquid hydrocarbons is rather limited because the organic matter is dominated by gas-prone kerogen type III.

scholarly journals VARIABILIDADE ESPACIAL DO FLUXO DE CO2 DO SOLO EM POVOAMENTO DE EUCALIPTO

FLORESTA ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Fonseca D’Andréa ◽  
Marx Leandro Naves Silva ◽  
Diego Antonio França de Freitas ◽  
Nilton Curi ◽  
Carlos Alberto Silva
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Linear Correlation ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Soil Co2 ◽  
Soil Co2 Flux

A matéria orgânica do solo armazena a maior parte do carbono contido nos sistemas terrestres do planeta, sendo a maioria encontrada nos solos com floresta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar o fluxo de CO2 do solo e a sua variabilidade espacial em povoamento de Eucalyptus sp. Foram avaliados o fluxo de CO2 do solo, fatores ambientais (evaporação de água, temperatura e umidade do solo), atributos relacionados à fertilidade (pH, soma de bases e alumínio trocável), estrutura (densidade do solo e porosidade total) e matéria orgânica do solo (carbono orgânico total e carbono da biomassa microbiana). Análises de correlação linear simples indicaram que parte da variabilidade espacial do fluxo de CO2 do solo pode ser explicada pelo efeito conjunto do teor de carbono orgânico do solo, da biomassa da serapilheira e da presença de árvores no terreno, indicativas da participação de fatores bióticos no processo. No entanto, o fluxo de CO2 do solo é um fenômeno de natureza complexa, não sendo possível identificar um único atributo do solo ou do ambiente que, isoladamente, explique sua variação no espaço.Palavras-chave: Matéria orgânica; fatores ambientais; fertilidade; carbono; respiração do solo.AbstractSoil CO2 flux spatial variability on eucalyptus manmade forest.  The organic matter on soil retains most of carbon contained in the planet terrestrial systems, specially in forest soils. The aim of this work was to quantify soil CO2 flux and its spatial variability on Eucalyptus sp. manmade forest. In order to that, soil CO2 flux, environmental factors (water evaporation, soil temperature and moisture), fertility attributes (pH, bases sum and exchangeable aluminum), structure (bulk density and total porosity), and soil organic matter (total organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon) were evaluated. Simple linear correlation analyses indicated that part of the spatial variability of soil CO2 flux can be explained by the associated effect of soil organic carbon amount, litter biomass and presence of trees, indicatives of participation of biotic factors in the process. However, the soil CO2 flux is a complex phenomenon, been impossible to identify a single soil or environmental attribute, which, individually, could explain its spatial variability. Keywords: Organic matter; environmental factors; fertility; carbon; linear correlation. 

scholarly journals ORGANIC MATTER LABILE FRACTIONS AND CARBON STOCKS IN A TYPIC QUARTZIPSAMMENT CULTIVATED WITH SUGARCANE HARVESTED WITHOUT BURNING

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOSÉ DE SOUZA OLIVEIRA FILHO ◽  
◽  
MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA ◽  
BOANERGES FREIRE DE AQUINO ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Soil Organic Matter Dynamics ◽  
Sugarcane Crop ◽  
Organic Matter Dynamics ◽  
Straw Burning ◽  
Crop Area

ABSTRACT The permanence of sugarcane straw on the soil surface, in systems without the pre-harvest straw burning practice, directly affects the soil organic matter dynamics. The objective of this work was to evaluate the changes in total organic carbon (TOC), carbon in the light organic matter (CLOM) and particulate organic carbon (POC), and their carbon stocks in a typic Quartzipsamment cultivated for nine years with sugarcane crops, which were conducted without the pre-harvest straw burning practice, in Paraipaba, State of Ceará, Brazil. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected at depths of 0.0-0.025, 0.025-0.05, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.20 and 0.20-0.30 m, in the sugarcane crop area and in an adjacent native forest area, in order to quantify the TOC, CLOM and POC, as well as the carbon stocks accumulated in the layer 0.0-0.30 m related to these fractions (TOCSt, CLOMSt and POCSt). TOC content changes after nine years of sugarcane crops, conducted without pre-harvest straw burning, were found only in the layers 0.10-0.20 and 0.20-0.30 m. The CLOM varied only in the layer 0.025-0.05 m. The POC content changes were more noticeable than the changes in TOC and CMOL. The CLOM of the sugarcane crop area presented high similarity with TOC, which may affect their quantification in studies related to the soil organic matter dynamics. The sugarcane crop increased the TOCSt, POCSt and CLOMSt in the layer 0.0-0.30 m, compared with the adjacent native forest area.

scholarly journals Sources and export of particle-borne organic matter during a monsoon flood in a catchment of northern Laos

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1073-1089 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Gourdin ◽  
S. Huon ◽  
O. Evrard ◽  
O. Ribolzi ◽  
T. Bariac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Organic Carbon ◽  
Particulate Organic Matter ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Specific Yield ◽  
Main Stream ◽  
Δ13c And Δ15n ◽  
Suspended Organic Matter

Abstract. The yields of the tropical rivers of Southeast Asia supply large quantities of carbon to the ocean. The origin and dynamics of particulate organic matter were studied in the Houay Xon River catchment located in northern Laos during the first erosive flood of the rainy season in May 2012. This cultivated catchment is equipped with three successive gauging stations draining areas ranging between 0.2 and 11.6 km2 on the main stem of the permanent stream, and two additional stations draining 0.6 ha hillslopes. In addition, the sequential monitoring of rainwater, overland flow and suspended organic matter compositions was conducted at the 1 m2 plot scale during a storm. The composition of particulate organic matter (total organic carbon and total nitrogen concentrations, δ13C and δ15N) was determined for suspended sediment, soil surface (top 2 cm) and soil subsurface (gullies and riverbanks) samples collected in the catchment (n = 57, 65 and 11, respectively). Hydrograph separation of event water was achieved using water electric conductivity and δ18O measurements for rainfall, overland flow and river water base flow (n = 9, 30 and 57, respectively). The composition of particulate organic matter indicates that upstream suspended sediments mainly originated from cultivated soils labelled by their C3 vegetation cover (upland rice, fallow vegetation and teak plantations). In contrast, channel banks characterized by C4 vegetation (Napier grass) supplied significant quantities of sediment to the river during the flood rising stage at the upstream station as well as in downstream river sections. The highest runoff coefficient (11.7%), sediment specific yield (433 kg ha−1), total organic carbon specific yield (8.3 kg C ha−1) and overland flow contribution (78–100%) were found downstream of reforested areas planted with teaks. Swamps located along the main stream acted as sediment filters and controlled the composition of suspended organic matter. Total organic carbon specific yields were particularly high because they occurred during the first erosive storm of the rainy season, just after the period of slash-and-burn operations in the catchment.

scholarly journals Ratio of soil microbial biomass carbon to soil organic carbon in Himalayan rangeland

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 96-101
Author(s):  
Dil Kumar Limbu ◽  
Madan Koirala
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Microbial Biomass ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Biomass Carbon ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Microbial Carbon

The soil microbial biomass carbon to soil organic carbon ratio is a useful measure to monitor soil organic matter and serves as a sensitive index than soil organic carbon alone. Thus, the objective of this study is to identify and quantify the present status of ratio of soil microbial biomass carbon to soil organic carbon in Himalayan rangeland and to make recommendations for enhancing balance between microbial carbon and organic carbon of the soil. To meet the aforementioned objective, a field study was conducted from 2011 to 2013 following the Walkley-Black, Chromic acid wet oxidation method, and chloroform fumigation method for analysis of microbial carbon and organic carbon respectively. The study showed that the heavily grazed plot had significantly less value of ratio than occasionally grazed and ungrazed plots. The ratio was significantly high on legume seeding plot compared to nonlegume plot, but the ratio was independent of soil depth. Soil microbial biomass appeared to be more responsive than soil organic matter.

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