scholarly journals Anthrax in cattle in southern Brazil: 1978-2006

2006 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Lucia Schild ◽  
Elisa Simone V. Sallis ◽  
Mauro P. Soares ◽  
Silvia R.L. Ladeira ◽  
Renata Schramm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Manifestation ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Risk Population ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Disease Occurrence ◽  
Acute Form ◽  
Animal Grazing

Ten outbreaks of anthrax occurred in cattle from 1978 to 2006 in southern Brazil, in 5 municipalities on the border with Uruguay, a country where the disease is frequent. The 10 outbreaks represented 0.2% of all bovine specimens received during the period by the Regional Diagnostic Laboratory of the Federal University of Pelotas, causing 267 deaths in a risk population of 6,605 head. The disease affected young and adult cattle mainly during summer. Only one farmer reported that sheep and horses were also affected. Clinically the peracute form was more frequent, but in some outbreaks the acute form with a clinical manifestation period of 6-48 hours was also observed. The source of infection was not established; but the reduced rainfall, associated with low, flat, flooded lands used for agriculture followed by animal grazing after harvest was probably related to the disease occurrence. Annual vaccination is an efficient way to prevent the disease.

scholarly journals Poisoning of cattle by Senecio spp. in Brazil: a review

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 1459-1470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Welden Panziera ◽  
Saulo P. Pavarini ◽  
Luciana Sonne ◽  
Claudio S.L. Barros ◽  
David Driemeier
Keyword(s):  
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Toxic Principle ◽  
Neurological Signs ◽  
Subcutaneous Edema ◽  
High Concentrations

ABSTRACT: Poisoning of cattle by plants of the Senecio genus represents an important cause of death in cattle and has important economic repercussions in southern Brazil. This review is intended to provide a detailed review of Senecio spp. intoxication in cattle and addresses issues regarding the toxic principle and pathogenesis of the disease caused by these plants and the epidemiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, control and prophylaxis of the disease. Senecio brasiliensis is the main species associated with natural intoxication of livestock in Brazil, and the number of cases associated with the ingestion of S. madagascariensis is increasing. The toxic principle of Senecio spp. comprises the hepatotoxic alkaloids of the pyrrolizidine group (pyrrolizidine alkaloids, PAs). The resulting liver lesions are chronic and irreversible and result from the inhibition of hepatocellular mitosis. Deaths of adult cattle may occur both sporadically and in larger outbreaks over an extended period of time. In cattle raising, Senecio spp. are consumed mainly during the winter, when there is a dearth of forage; at this time the poisonous Senecio species are budding and contain high concentrations of PAs. Spontaneous Senecio spp. intoxication in cattle is a chronic condition that frequently involves acute clinical manifestations. Affected cattle may present ascites, emaciation, intermittent dark diarrhea, tenesmus, rectal prolapse, and neurological signs resulting from hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatogenous photosensitization may be observed but is uncommon. Necropsy findings include dependent subcutaneous edema, ascites, and edema of the mesentery, abomasal folds, and gallbladder. The liver is firm, normal or reduced in size with a white, thick capsule. Microscopically, the hallmarks of Senecio-associated disease are varying degrees of hepatocellular megalocytosis, bile duct hyperplasia and fibrosis. Sheep are significantly more resistant to Senecio intoxication than are cattle and avidly ingest Senecio plants; therefore, the use of sheep for grazing infested pasture is recommended for preventing the associated disease in cattle.

scholarly journals Viral shedders in a herd vaccinated against infection with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) without prior testing for the presence of persistently infected animals

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirosław P. Polak ◽  
Aleksandra Antos ◽  
Jerzy Rola ◽  
Jan F. Żmudziński
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea ◽  
Serological Screening ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Persistently Infected ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Diarrhoea Virus ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Term Basis

Abstract Introduction: Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD), caused by the bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), is one of the most important diseases of cattle worldwide. The purpose of the study was to determine the BVDV infection status in a dairy herd vaccinated against BVD. Before vaccination started in 2008, there had been no prior identification or the removal of the possible source of infection (persistently infected animals). It was expected that vaccination itself would enable the elimination of viral shedders on a long term basis. Material and Methods: Serological screening for antibodies against BVDV with determination for antibodies titres, BVDV antigen, and the presence of the viral genome with phylogenetic analysis of positive samples in the herd were performed, despite the lack of any clinical problems indicating possible presence of BVDV infection. Results: 19 individuals persistently infected with BVDV were identified among calves and heifers but not in adult cattle. All virus shedders were antibody negative and the genotype of isolated virus was BVDV-1b, indicating a single source of infection. The vaccine used in the herd was composed of BVDV-1a strain. In each of the tested cowsheds, antibody titres against BVDV-1b were higher than against BVDV-1a (median values). Conclusion: Despite a long-lasting vaccination programme and relatively high sequence homology of vaccinal and field strains of BVDV (83.6%), it was not possible to avoid transplacental infections of foetuses and the birth of persistently infected calves from vaccinated heifers although the protection against clinical disease was accomplished.

scholarly journals Response of Plant Fungal Diseases to Beef Cattle Grazing Intensity in Hulunber Grassland

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 2905-2913
Author(s):  
Yawen Zhang ◽  
Zhibiao Nan ◽  
Xiaoping Xin
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Large Herbivores ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Disease Occurrence ◽  
Natural Grasslands ◽  
Vegetation Characteristics

The effects of grazing by large herbivores on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning have been extensively studied, whereas how grazing influence plant diseases, especially in natural grasslands, remains poorly understood. Therefore, we undertook a field study regarding a grazing trial in a temperate meadow steppe grassland to investigate mechanisms underlying grazing-host-pathogen interactions. The effects of cattle grazing at different grazing intensities of 0, 0.23, 0.34, 0.46, 0.69, and 0.92 AU/ha (where 1 AU= 500 kg of adult cattle) on the microenvironment, vegetation characteristics, and occurrence of diseases were evaluated. At the population level, the effects of grazing on grassland vegetation characteristics and disease varied with grassland plant species. Compared with nongrazing, grazing directly decreased the average density, coverage, and disease incidence of palatable and edible forages by 51.4, 62.4, and 82.4% in the 0.92 AU/ha treatment but increased the occurrence and prevalence of disease in remaining small herbs by 752.1%. At the community level, with the increase of grazing intensity, the pathogen load of the whole community in grassland was positively related to host coverage. In addition, there was a trend toward increased microtemperature and decreased microhumidity with increased grazing. Although occurrence of plant diseases in natural grasslands is influenced by a range of factors, comprehensive analysis highlighted the major role that cattle grazing intensity plays in the occurrence of plant diseases in natural grasslands. In addition to its direct effect, grazing also indirectly affects disease occurrence by shifting plant community structure and the microenvironment. However, direct effects of grazing intensity affected disease occurrence more than indirect effects.

scholarly journals The in vitro drug resistance of Salmonella dublin isolated from cattle

1977 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-278
Author(s):  
M. Hinton ◽  
B. M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Antibacterial Drugs ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Salmonella Dublin ◽  
Laboratory Conditions

SUMMARYThe resistance of Salmonella dublin to eight antibacterial drugs was assessed wider diagnostic laboratory conditions. Two techniques were used consecutively and the differences in the results are described. Strains of S. dublin isolated from either calves, adult cattle or abortion material showed no differences in resistance for either of the techniques, though differences between the two techniques were found.

scholarly journals Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Diversity of Salmonella along the Pig Production Chain in Southern Brazil

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano dos Santos Bersot ◽  
Valéria Quintana Cavicchioli ◽  
Cibeli Viana ◽  
Raquel Cristina Konrad Burin ◽  
Anderson Carlos Camargo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Testing ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Pig Production ◽  
Disease Occurrence ◽  
Pig Carcasses ◽  
Resistance Rates

Control of Salmonella spp. in food production chains is very important to ensure safe foods and minimize the risks of foodborne disease occurrence. This study aimed to identify the prevalence and main contamination sources of Salmonella spp. in a pig production chain in southern Brazil. Six lots of piglets produced at different farms were tracked until their slaughter, and samples were subjected to Salmonella spp. detection. The obtained isolates were serotyped, subjected to antimicrobial resistance testing, and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Salmonella spp. was detected in 160 (10.2%) samples, and not detected in pig carcasses after final washing or chilling. Among the 210 Salmonella spp. isolates, S. Typhimurium was the most prevalent (n = 101) and resistant to at least one antimicrobial. High resistance rates were detected against tetracycline (83.8%), chloramphenicol (54.3%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (33.3%). The isolates that were non-susceptible to three or more classes of antimicrobials (n = 60) were considered multidrug-resistant (MDR), and isolates resistant to up to six of the tested antimicrobials were found. PFGE allowed the identification of genetic diversity and demonstrated that farm environment and feed supply may be sources for the dissemination of Salmonella spp. along the production chain. The results revealed the sources of Salmonella contamination in the pig production chain and highlighted the risks of antimicrobial resistance spread.

Review of diagnostic laboratory submissions of adult cattle 'found dead' in England and Wales in 2004

2008 ◽  
Vol 163 (18) ◽  
pp. 531-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. N. Watson ◽  
G. P. David ◽  
A. J. C. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
England And Wales

scholarly journals Hepatitis C subtyping assay failure in UK patients born in Sub-Saharan Africa: implications for global treatment and elimination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazeem Adeboyejo ◽  
Barnabas J. King ◽  
Theocharis Tsoleridis ◽  
Alexander W Tarr ◽  
John McLauchlan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Pairwise Distance ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Distance Analysis ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Sub Saharan

The newly developed direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have revolutionised the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV), where cohort studies have shown that cure rates as high as 98% can be achieved. Whilst genome sequencing has demonstrated that some subtypes of HCV naturally harbour drug resistance associated substitutions (RAS), these have not been considered important as previous molecular epidemiological studies have suggested that such difficult-to-treat subtypes are rare. Therefore, to optimise and streamline molecular detection and sequence-based typing of diverse RAS-containing subtypes, a novel panel of single round PCR assays was applied to HCV derived from 146 individuals, whose likely source of infection was from regions of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Partial NS5A and NS5B sequences were obtained from 135 HCV-positive patients born in 19 different countries from SSA but attending clinics in the UK. Virus subtype assignments were determined by pairwise-distance analysis and compared to both diagnostic laboratory assignments and free-to-use online typing tools. We determined that routine clinical diagnostic methods incorrectly subtyped 59.0% of samples, with a further 6.8% incorrectly genotyped. Of five commonly used online tools, Geno2Pheno performed most effectively in determining a subtype in agreement with pairwise distance analysis. Considering the estimated number of HCV infections to have occurred in across Africa, this study provides a simple low-cost pathway to guide regional therapeutic choice and assist global eradication programmes.

Norwegian Scabies in Two Immune-Compromised Patients: A Case Report

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud RAHDAR ◽  
Sharif MARAGHI
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Sarcoptes Scabiei ◽  
Diabetic Mellitus ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Slide Preparation ◽  
Medical Diagnostic ◽  
Acute Form ◽  
Southwestern Iran ◽  
Southwest Of Iran ◽  
Compromised Patients

Norwegian scabies (hyperkeratosis scabies) is an acute form of skin disease seen in immune-compromised patients. This study aimed to describe two cases of Norwegian scabies from Ahvaz, southwest of Iran in 2015. Two patients included a 55 year old man with renal transplant history and a 49 yr old man with diabetic mellitus and autoimmune disease, complained of dermatitis lesions and itching with sever hyperkeratosis, several macula and papules on neck and armpits for one-month duration were referred to a Iran Zamin Medical Diagnostic Laboratory in Ahvaz, Southwestern Iran in 2015. Patients were referred for fungal examination. Scraping from the crusted lesions of skin and slide preparation with 20% KOH was done. Microscopic examination presented that huge infestation of Sarcoptes scabiei in all forms of parasite included adult female, nymph stage and eggs. One of the patients spouse was also infested by Sarcoptes and appeared mild clinical symptoms. The disease was diagnosed with Norwegian scabies and the patients were successfully treated with topical 5% permethrin ointment for two weeks continuously. Overall, Norwegian scabies should be considered in immune- compromised patients with contaminated areas.

scholarly journals Bovine cardiac mesothelial hyperplasia: a common incidental finding in adult cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-69
Author(s):  
Dayna A. Goldsmith ◽  
John M. Adaska
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Bovine Leukemia Virus ◽  
Incidental Finding ◽  
Leukemia Virus ◽  
Bovine Leukemia Virus Infection ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Common Distribution ◽  
Epicardial Surface ◽  
Great Vessels

Cardiac mesothelial hyperplasia forming pale plaque lesions on the epicardial surface is a common incidental finding in the hearts of aged humans. A similar phenomenon with a more papillary appearance has also been reported as an incidental finding in dogs and mice. These lesions are believed to occur in response to friction between the epicardium and overlying pericardium. We investigated this lesion in adult cattle, a phenomenon that has been associated with bovine leukemia virus infection and epicardial lymphoma. We examined 73 hearts from adult cattle, predominantly of dairy breeds: 53 from a rendering facility and 20 from a state diagnostic laboratory. Cardiac mesothelial hyperplasia was much more prevalent in cattle than in other reported species (97% of examined hearts). The most common distribution was overlying the great vessels in a dark red papillary pattern. Cardiac mesothelial hyperplasia was also variably observed on all 4 cardiac chambers and the pericardium. Occasionally these lesions took on a smooth plaque-like appearance resembling those observed in humans. The lesions varied from 0.25 cm2 to covering 90% of the epicardial surface. No association was observed between cardiac mesothelial hyperplasia and bovine leukemia virus infection or cardiac lymphoma. Cardiac mesothelial hyperplasia was a common incidental finding in bovine hearts that must be distinguished from neoplasia and acute or chronic inflammation.

scholarly journals Serum anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Passeriformes: Passeridae), in the municipality of Pelotas, RS, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. e164867
Author(s):  
Luciana Siqueira Silveira dos Santos ◽  
Herbert Sousa Soares ◽  
Carolina Silveira Mascarenhas ◽  
Paulo Roberto Silveira dos Santos ◽  
Solange Maria Gennari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Passer Domesticus ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Domestic Cats ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Modified Agglutination Test ◽  
Wild Felids

The objective of this study was to detect the presence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in serum samples from 100 sparrows (Passer domesticus Linnaeus, 1758) that were caught in an urban area in southern Brazil. The modified agglutination test (MAT) was used to investigate anti-T. gondii antibodies and samples with a cut-off dilution > 5 were considered positive. Among the 100 serum samples analyzed, 80 (80%) were reactive. These results demonstrate that P. domesticus may play an important role in the epidemiological chain of T. gondii, since it is widely distributed throughout Brazil, and it may act as a source of infection to domestic, semi-domestic cats and to free-living wild felids.

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