serological screening
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2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanyang Chen ◽  
Huhu Wang ◽  
Xiyao Chen ◽  
Hairong Ma ◽  
Jingjie Zheng ◽  
...  

Abstract Background: Although many markers are used for diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), serological screening and diagnosis for PJI are still challenging. We evaluated the performance of serum D-lactate and compared it with ESR, coagulation-related biomarkers and synovial D-lactate for the diagnosis of PJI.Methods: Consecutive patients with preoperative blood and intraoperative joint aspiration of a prosthetic hip or knee joint before revision arthroplasty were prospectively included. The diagnosis of PJI was based on the criteria of the Musculoskeletal Infection Society, and the diagnostic values of markers were estimated based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves by maximizing sensitivity and specificity using optimal cutoff values.Results: Of 52 patients, 26 (50%) were diagnosed with PJI, and 26 (50%) were diagnosed with aseptic failure. ROC curves showed that serum D-lactate, fibrinogen (FIB) and ESR had equal areas under the curve (AUCs) of 0.80, followed by D-dimer and fibrin degradation product, which had AUCs of 0.67 and 0.69, respectively. Serum D-lactate had the highest sensitivity of 88.46% at the optimal threshold of 1.14 mmol/L, followed by FIB and ESR, with sensitivities of 80.77% and 73.08%, respectively, while there were no significant differences in specificity (73.08%, 73.08% and 76.92%, respectively). Conclusion: Serum D-lactate showed similar performance to FIB and ESR for diagnosis of PJI. The advantages of serum D-lactate are pathogen-specific, highly sensitive, minimally invasive and rapidly available making serum D-lactate useful as a point-of-care screening test for PJI.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (24) ◽  
pp. 13487
Author(s):  
Kenji Tanimura ◽  
Akiko Uchida ◽  
Hitomi Imafuku ◽  
Shinya Tairaku ◽  
Kazumichi Fujioka ◽  
...  

Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection may cause severe long-term sequelae. Recent studies have demonstrated that early antiviral therapy for infants with symptomatic congenital CMV (cCMV) infection may improve neurological outcomes; thus, accurate identification of newborns at high risk of cCMV infection may contribute to improved outcomes in affected children. However, maternal serological screening for cCMV infection by diagnosing primary infection during pregnancy, which is a popular screening strategy, is inefficient, because the number of cCMV infections with nonprimary causes, including reactivation of or reinfection with CMV, is larger than that of cCMV infections with primary causes. Low levels of neutralizing antibodies against pentameric complex and potent CMV-specific T cell-mediated immune responses are associated with an increased risk of cCMV infection. Conversely, our prospective cohort studies revealed that the presence of maternal fever/flu-like symptoms, threatened miscarriage/premature delivery, or actual premature delivery are risk factors for cCMV infection among both women with normal pregnancies and those with high-risk ones, regardless of whether the infection is primary or nonprimary. This review focused on host immune responses to human CMV and current knowledge of potential biological and clinical factors that are predictive of cCMV infection.


Vox Sanguinis ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Gallian ◽  
Sophie Le Cam ◽  
Nadège Brisbarre ◽  
Boris Pastorino ◽  
Abdennour Amroun ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel M. Williams ◽  
Hayley Hornsby ◽  
Ola M. Shehata ◽  
Rebecca Brown ◽  
Domen Zafred ◽  
...  

The strong humoral immune response produced against the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) proteins has underpinned serological testing but the prevalence of antibody responses to other SARS-CoV-2 proteins, which may be of use as further serological markers, is still unclear. Cell-based serological screening platforms can fulfil a crucial niche in the identification of antibodies which recognise more complex folded epitopes or those incorporating post-translation modifications which may be undetectable by other methods used to investigate the antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 proteome. Here, we employed automated high content immunofluorescence microscopy (AHCIM) to assess the viability of such an approach as a method capable of assaying humoral immune responses against full length SARS-CoV-2 proteins in their native cellular state. We first demonstrate that AHCIM provides high sensitivity and specificity in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 N and S IgG. Assessing the prevalence of antibody responses to the SARS-CoV-2 structural membrane protein (M), we further find that 85% of COVID-19 patients within our sample set developed detectable M IgG responses (M sensitivity 85%, N sensitivity 93%, combined N + M sensitivity 95%). The identification of M as a serological marker of high prevalence may be of value in detecting additional COVID-19 cases during the era of mass SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations, where serological screening for SARS CoV-2 infections in vaccinated individuals is dependent on detection of antibodies against N. These findings highlight the advantages of using cell-based systems as serological screening platforms and raise the possibility of using M as a widespread serological marker alongside N and S.


Author(s):  
Neharika Saxena ◽  
Rajni Joshi ◽  
Salauddin Qureshi

Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease affecting domestic animals and humans worldwide. The present study was undertaken on camels in and around Bikaner city of Rajasthan state of India to assess the extent of prevalence of Brucellosis in camels in this region. Since Rose Bengal Plate test (RBPT) is a serological screening method for diagnosis of Brucellosis approved by the Office International des Epizooties (OIE), RBPT was employed for detecting antibodies against Brucella organisms in camels. Polymerase Chain Reaction is widely followed for molecular diagnosis of several infectious diseases. DNA from whole blood of camels was analyzed by PCR for detection of Brucella organisms in the blood of camels. Blood samples from 177 camels (108 males and 69 females) from Bikaner and nearby villages were analyzed for Brucellosis by RBPT. Fifteen camels [7 (46.66%) males and 8 (53.33%) females] were found positive. However, none of the DNA samples from whole blood (RBPT positive or negative) from 25 camels tested was Brucella positive by PCR. The serological results indicate that Brucellosis is prevalent in camels and is of public health significance in Bikaner and nearby villages in Rajasthan state of India. However, detection of DNA of Brucella organisms in blood by PCR may not be advised for regular screening for Brucellosis since there is intermittent bacteremia in Brucellosis and Brucella DNA may not be detectable in blood continuously throughout the course of the disease. This reminds us that the OIE has approved RBPT, but not PCR for screening of Brucellosis.


2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. e0009818
Author(s):  
João Gabriel G. Luz ◽  
Amanda G. de Carvalho ◽  
João Victor L. Dias ◽  
Luis Claudio L. Marciano ◽  
Sake J. de Vlas ◽  
...  

Background In Brazil, the transmission of Leishmania infantum in urban settings is closely related to infection among dogs, with occasional transmission to humans. Serological screening of dogs for Leishmania spp. infection on requests of their owners (passive case detection) represents a frequent, but little studied, practice within the scope of Brazilian public health. This study identified factors associated with canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) diagnosis-seeking behavior of dog owners in Rondonópolis (236,000 inhabitants), a municipality in Central-Western Brazil where VL is endemic. Also, we evaluated the profile of dog owners and their animals screened on free demand. Methodology/Principal findings Using mixed effects negative binomial regression, we modelled the number of dogs screened for Leishmania infection on free demand per neighborhood from 2011 to 2016 as a function of time-dependent predictors (current or recent canine seropositivity and human VL incidence), distance to the screening site, and demographic variables. We assessed potential delays in the effect of time-dependent predictors on the outcome. Among 12,536 dogs screened for Leishmania infection, 64.2% were tested during serosurveys and 35.8% were tested on free demand. Of these, 63.9% were positive. Uptake of screening under free demand was strongly associated with higher levels of canine seropositivity in the neighborhood (current or recent) and decreasing distance to the screening site. A subsample of dog owners (n = 93) who sought CVL screening between 2016 and 2017 were interviewed in more detail. Owners with better socioeconomic status and dogs with apparent CVL clinical manifestations prevailed among them. Conclusions/Significance To support timely CVL management, passive case detection along with awareness activities aimed at dog owners should be encouraged in endemic areas. Screening sites should be prioritized in accessible zones, as well as in socio-economically disadvantage areas. In parallel, CVL active case detection should be continued as a surveillance tool to guide control actions.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laise de Moraes ◽  
Luciane Amorim Santos ◽  
Liã Bárbara Arruda ◽  
Maria da Purificação Pereira da Silva ◽  
Márcio de Oliveira Silva ◽  
...  

Background: Visceral leishmaniasis is an opportunistic disease in HIV-1 infected individuals, although not yet recognized as a determining factor for AIDS diagnosis. The growing geographical overlap of HIV-1 and Leishmania infections is an emerging challenge worldwide, as co-infection increases morbidity and mortality for both. Here, we determined the prevalence of people living with HIV (PWH) with a previous or ongoing infection by Leishmania infantum in Bahia, Brazil and investigated the virological and immunological factors associated with co-infection. Methodology and Principal Findings: We adopted a two-stage cross-sectional cohort (CSC) design (CSC-I, n=5,346 and CSC-II, n=317) of treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected individuals in Bahia, Brazil. In CSC-I, samples collected at the time of HIV-1 diagnosis between 1998 and 2013 were used for serological screening for leishmaniasis by an in-house immunoassay (ELISA) with SLA (Soluble Leishmania Antigen), resulting in a prevalence of previous or ongoing infection of 16.27%. Next, 317 PWH were prospectively recruited from July 2014 to December 2015 with collection of sociodemographic and clinical data. Serological validation by two different immunoassays confirmed a prevalence of 15.46% and 8.20% by anti-SLA, and anti-HSP70 serology, respectively, whereas 4.73% were double-positive (DP). Stratification of these 317 individuals in DP and double-negative (DN) revealed a significant reduction of CD4+ counts and CD4+/CD8+ ratios and a tendency of increased viral load in the DP group, as compared to DN. No statistical differences in HIV-1 subtype distribution were observed between the two groups. However, we found a significant increase of CXCL10/IP-10 (p=0.0076) and a tendency of increased CXCL9/MIG (p =0.061) in individuals with DP serology for L. infantum, demonstrating intensified immune activation in this group. These findings were corroborated at the transcriptome level in independent Leishmania- and HIV-1-infected cohorts (Swiss HIV Cohort and Piaui Northeast Brazil Cohort), indicating that CXCL10 transcripts are shared by the IFN-dominated immune activation gene signatures of both pathogens and positively correlated to viral load in untreated PWH. Conclusions/Significance: This study demonstrated a high prevalence of PWH with L. infantum seropositivity in Bahia, Brazil, linked to IFN-mediated immune activation and a significant decrease in CD4+ levels. Our results highlight the urgent need to increase awareness and define public health strategies for the management and prevention of HIV-1 and L. infantum co-infection.


2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 783-785
Author(s):  
Payman Sadeghi ◽  
Kobra Salari ◽  
Vahid Ziaee ◽  
Nima Rezaei ◽  
Kambiz Eftekhari

There is a possible association between celiac disease (CD) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Our aim was to evaluate the serological incidence of CD in patients with JIA. Children under 16 years of age with JIA who did not respond adequately to routine treatment, who referred to the pediatric centers of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (2017–2019), were enrolled in this study. Manifestations of CD were also evaluated. CD-related serological screening tests were measured. Seventy-eight patients were enrolled in the study. Their mean age was 7.9±3.9 (1.6–16) years. Three patients with oligoarticular JIA had Anti-TTG-Ab levels above normal (prevalence=3.8%). None of them had symptoms of CD. There were no significant statistical differences in terms of growth disorders, sex distribution, and different subtypes of JIA (P value ˃ 0.05) between the groups (sero-positive vs. sero-negative). In one case, CD was confirmed by pathology and the gluten-free diet was recommended. The absence of CD symptoms in patients with JIA does not rule out concomitant CD.


2021 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-338
Author(s):  
Michela Pugliese ◽  
◽  
Rocky La Maestra ◽  
Annalisa Guercio ◽  
Giuseppa Purpari ◽  
...  

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is considered to be an emerging zoonotic disease, which causes numerous cases of hepatitis and deaths worldwide each year. Pigs are a host reservoir of HEV, but numerous other wild and domestic species can be infected. The aim of this study was to carry out serological screening of anti-HEV antibodies in cattle in the Sicily region (Southern Italy). Between April and December 2018, 231 serum samples were collected from cows and analysed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), for detection of HEV antibodies (IgG). The overall prevalence of anti-HEV antibodies was 36.36% (84/231; 95% CI 30-43). There were statistically significant differences in the HEV seroprevalence in animals of different ages (<11 months: 11.41%; >12 months: 39.30%; >24 months: 54.10%) (P<0.05). No statistically significant differences were detected between genders (31.37% in male and 37.38% in female) (P >0.05). This study shows that further investigation of HEV in cattle is required to understand better the epidemiology in farm animals and the potential zoonotic risks for humans. This is the first report of HEV seroprevalence for cows in Italy, which provides baseline data for further studies and for control of HEV infection in cattle.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. e1173
Author(s):  
Mike Batista dos Santos ◽  
Samantha Assis Assis-Aguiar ◽  
Samara T. Monteiro-Gomes ◽  
Maria A. Freitas-Queiroz ◽  
Felipe Bonfim-Freitas ◽  
...  

The Marajo Archipelago, located in the rural area of ​​the state of Para (Amazon region of Brazil), is the region with the lowest index of human development in the country, presenting poor health services, which makes adequate epidemiological surveillance of HIV-1 infection difficult. After a serological screening enrolling 1,877 samples, three samples were diagnosed with HIV-1 and the pro gene was sequenced to evaluate the presence of resistance mutations to protease inhibitors. Molecular analyses revealed, for the first time in the region of Marajo Island, the occurrence of HIV-1 subtypes B and D, as well as the presence of transmitted high and intermediate protease inhibitors resistance mutations. The results emphasize the importance of ongoing molecular epidemiological surveillance studies in the Brazilian Amazon region because antiretroviral (ARV) resistance mutations may limit treatment options, and the presence of certain subtypes seems to influence the progression to AIDS, particularly in areas where the entry and spread of the virus can be facilitated by socio-demographic problems that expose the population to sexually transmitted infections.


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