scholarly journals MANAGEMENT OF PARTHENIUM WEED USING METABOLITES OF Alternaria japonica

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. JAVAID ◽  
T MUBEEN ◽  
U BASHIR ◽  
A SHOAIB
Keyword(s):  
Filter Paper ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Fungal Culture ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Potato Dextrose Broth ◽  
Culture Filtrates ◽  
Parthenium Weed

ABSTRACT Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus) is an alien invasive weed infesting many parts of the world including Pakistan. A number of herbicides have been recommended for control of this weed, but these herbicides have issues regarding human health and environmental safety. In the current study, the herbicidal potential of culture filtrates of a fungal species, namely Alternaria japonica, was evaluated against parthenium weed. The fungal species was grown in malt extract broth (MEB) and potato dextrose broth (PDB) for 15 days. Culture filtrates were obtained by passing the materials through muslin cloth followed by filtration through filter paper and then through Millipore filter paper. In laboratory bioassays, the effect of original (X) and diluted (1/2X) filtrates was studied on seed germination, and shoot and root growth of parthenium. In general, fungal culture filtrates prepared in either of the two growth medium significantly reduced germination and seedling growth of parthenium. However, culture filtrates prepared in potato dextrose broth showed greater herbicidal activity than those prepared in malt extract broth. Foliar spray bioassays were carried out by using culture filtrates of A. japonica prepared in potato dextrose broth. In this experiment, 1-, 2- and 3 week old parthenium seedlings were sprayed 4 times with original (X) and concentrated (2X) fungal culture filtrates, with intervals of 4 days. In general, 1 week old parthenium seedlings were highly susceptible to foliar spray of fungal metabolites. The present study concludes that culture filtrates of A. japonica prepared in potato dextrose broth contain potent herbicidal constituents for management of parthenium.

scholarly journals Herbicidal Activity of Aspergillus niger Metabolites Against Parthenium Weed

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
U. BASHIR ◽  
A. KHAN ◽  
A. JAVAID
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Growth Medium ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Pot Trials ◽  
Parthenium Weed ◽  
Germination And Growth

ABSTRACT: Metabolites of Aspergillus niger, prepared in malt extract (ME) broth and potato dextrose (PD) broth, were evaluated for their herbicidal activity against a noxious parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus). In laboratory assays, original (X) and diluted (½ X) fungal metabolites significantly reduced germination and seedling growth of weed. However, metabolites prepared in ME broth proved to have greater herbicidal activity than metabolites prepared in other growth medium. Original metabolites prepared in ME broth have completely hinder the germination of parthenium seeds; while those prepared in PD broth have reduced germination by 89% over control. In pot trials, one-week, two-week and three-week-old parthenium seedlings were sprayed three times with original and concentrated (2X) metabolites of A. niger prepared in ME broth. Plants were harvested after 40 days of sowing. One-week treatment plants were most susceptible to fungal metabolites spray, followed by two-week and three-week treatment plants, respectively. Original and concentrated metabolites have significantly reduced shoot biomass of one-week-old plants by 57% and 68%, and root biomass by 50% and 75%, respectively. The present study has come to the conclusion that A. niger metabolites prepared in ME broth can effectively control germination and growth of parthenium.

scholarly journals Phytotoxic Activity of Parthenium Against Wheat and Canola Differ With Plant Parts and Bioassays Techniques

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. KHALIQ ◽  
F ASLAM ◽  
A MATLOOB ◽  
A JAVAID ◽  
A TANVEER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Test Species ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Phenolic Contents ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Phytotoxic Activity ◽  
Whole Plant

Phytotoxic effects of invasive weed Parthenium hysterophorus were studied by using whole plant, leaf and root aqueous extracts at 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10% (w/v) concentrations against germination and early seedling growth of wheat and canola. Studies were carried out both in Petri plates with filter paper as substratum placed in controlled conditions and soil-filled plastic pots placed in open environments. Pronounced variation was noted for phytotoxic activity of different plant parts of parthenium, aqueous extract concentrations, test species, and bioassay techniques. Aqueous parthenium extracts either inhibited or delayed the germination and suppressed seedling growth of test species over control. For both test species, all the germination attributes were suppressed to a greater extent in Petri plates than in plastic pots. Leaf extracts were more suppressive to germination of test species than whole plant and root extracts. Increasing extract concentration beyond 2.5% caused significant reduction in seedling dry biomass of both test species. Aqueous parthenium extract diminished chlorophyll contents of wheat and canola by 32-63% and 29 69%, respectively. Nevertheless, an increase of 9-172% and 22-60% in phenolic contents of wheat and canola was recorded. Canola appeared to be more susceptible than wheat at all extract concentrations. Present study concluded that bioassays conducted under controlled condition using filter paper as substratum may be misleading due to over estimation of allelopathic response and variation in potential of receiver and donor species. Furthermore, it implies that threshold concentrations of allelochemicals for test species in Petri plates are rarely reached under field conditions.

Paraboeremia yungensis sp. nov., a new fungal species isolated from Las Yungas, South America, with promising tyrosinase production potential

Phytotaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 528 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-201
Author(s):  
MARIA PATRICIA PERALTA ◽  
JOAQUÍN ALIAGA ◽  
OSVALDO DANIEL DELGADO ◽  
JULIA INÉS FARIÑA ◽  
BERNARDO ERNESTO LECHNER
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Rna Polymerase Ii ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Large Subunit ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Species ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Identification Approach

In the context of a bioprospection programme for tyrosinase/L-DOPA- and melanin-producing fungal strains for biotechnological purposes, a hyperproducer isolate was obtained from Las Yungas rainforest, a relevant biodiverse ecoregion in North-Western Argentina. The selected strain was preliminarily identified as Paraboeremia sp. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first native reported species of this genus in South America. Single-gene and multi-locus analyses of the internal transcribed spacer nuclear ribosomal RNA gene region (ITS), partial large subunit 28S nrDNA region (LSU), RNA polymerase II region (RPB2) and partial β-tubulin gene (TUB2) alignments were carried out to define the phylogenetic identity of this strain. As part of a polyphasic identification approach, these results were combined with morphological studies of active cultures growing on malt extract, oatmeal and potato dextrose agar plates. Incubation was performed under diverse conditions to stimulate sporulation for the subsequent micromorphological analysis. Microphotographs of pycnidia and conidia were taken with a scanning electron microscope. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian Inference analyses supported the location of the strain within the genus Paraboeremia, whilst morphological features allowed distinguishing it from previously described species within this genus. Based on the results herein reported, the new South-American species Paraboeremia yungensis is described and proposed.

Systemic Acremonium species infection in a dog

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (06) ◽  
pp. 424-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathrin Geisweid ◽  
Katrin Hartmann ◽  
Johannes Hirschberger ◽  
Monir Majzoub ◽  
Bianka Schulz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Abdominal Ultrasound ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Urine Specific Gravity ◽  
Fungal Culture ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Neurological Signs

SummaryA 2-year-old female Magyar Viszla was referred with fever, lethargy, polyuria/polydipsia, and suspected systemic cryptococcosis. At presentation increased rectal temperature and enlarged lymph nodes were detected. Main laboratory abnormalities included lymphocytosis, eosinophilia, and mildly reduced urine specific gravity. Abdominal ultrasound was unremarkable. Lymph node cytology revealed mycotic infection. Acremonium species was isolated from urine as well as from a popliteal lymph node by fungal culture. Therapy with itraconazol (10 mg/kg p. o. q 12 h) was initiated based on susceptibility testing, but dosage had to be reduced by half due to adverse effects. Despite treatment, the dog developed progressive azotemia. Four months after initial presentation, the patient showed anorexia, lethargy, weight loss, diarrhea, vomitus, neurological signs, and severe azotemia and was euthanized. Acremonium species are emerging opportunistic mould fungi that can represent a potential threat for immunocompromised humans. In dogs, only two cases of systemic infection with this fungal species have been reported so far. This case highlights the fact that systemic fungal infections should be considered as a differential in cases of fever and lymphadenopathy.

Evaluation of Bacterial and Fungal Growth Media for Ability to Neutralize Cosmetic Preservatives

1980 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 1200-1204
Author(s):  
Allan M Littell ◽  
Michael J Palmieri ◽  
Neil B Bisciello
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Bacterial Cultures ◽  
Plate Counts

Abstract Standard methods agar (SMA) and letheen agar (essentially SMA plus lecithin and Tween 80) were compared for bacterial growth and ability to neutralize cosmetic preservatives. Potato dextrose and malt extract agars (each prepared with and without lecithin and Tween 80) were compared with letheen agar and SMA in similar studies with fungi. Twelve bacterial strains, representing 8 species, and 2 fungal species were used as inocula. Plate counts of bacterial cultures (no preservatives present) ranged from 0 to 50% higher on letheen agar than on SMA except for 3 strains of Staphylococcus, which were 8-29% lower. Fungal counts were about the same on all media. Cosmetics (10 g) representing 4 preservative systems (hexachlorophene, benzoin, formaldehyde, and parabens) were inoculated with diluted cultures. Counts at 10−1 and 10−2 dilutions were typically 10-200% higher on letheen agar; however, in one case (benzoin, S. aureus, 10−1) the count was 400 on SMA vs 20 000 on letheen agar. Although differences in fungal counts were not as great, letheen agar partially neutralized the preservatives’ action. Results show that product dilution does not sufficiently reduce the effects of preservative carryover and neutralizers should be incorporated into plating media for this purpose.

scholarly journals Multicenter Clinical Validation of a Cartridge-Based Real-Time PCR System for Detection of Coccidioides spp. in Lower Respiratory Specimens

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Saubolle ◽  
Bette R. Wojack ◽  
Anne M. Wertheimer ◽  
Atehkeng Z. Fuayagem ◽  
Stephen Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Clinical Test ◽  
Target Sequence ◽  
Fungal Culture ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Bronchial Wash

ABSTRACT Available methods for the diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis have significant shortcomings relative to accuracy and timeliness. We retrospectively and prospectively evaluated the diagnostic performance and reproducibility of a new cartridge-based real-time PCR assay for Coccidioides spp. directly in lower respiratory secretions and compared them to today's “gold standard,” fungal culture. The GeneSTAT Coccidioides assay uses a 106-bp target sequence repeated multiple times (∼60×) per genome, thus lowering the limit of detection (LOD) for extracted DNA to 10 genome equivalents/ml. A total of 332 prospective and retrospective individual patient specimens were tested. The retrospective samples consisted of 100 bronchoalveolar lavage or bronchial wash (BAL/BW) (51 positive and 49 negative by culture) specimens that had been collected previously and stored at −70°C. These samples were tested by the GeneSTAT Coccidioides assay across three clinical test sites. The sensitivity was 100%, and the specificity ranged between 93.8% and 100%. There was minimal variance in the percent agreement across the three sites, 95.6% to 100%. Additionally, a total of 232 fresh (prospective) deidentified BAL/BW specimens were tested across the three clinical sites, which included a number of specimens from Southern California to provide a diversity of isolates. Specimens were tested by fungal culture, with any isolates of Coccidioides, except for one, being confirmed by molecular means (AccuProbe). The sensitivity of the GeneSTAT Coccidioides assay across the three sites was 100% (4/4) for positive fresh specimens, and the overall specificity of the assay was 99.6% (227/228), ranging from 98.1% to 100%. In testing for cross-reactivity, the assay was 100% specific when screened against 47 different bacterial, viral, and fungal species.

scholarly journals VARIAN SOMAKLONAL KACANG TANAH RESISTEN SCLEROTIUM ROLFSII HASIL SELEKSI IN VITRO MENGGUNAKAN FILTRAT KULTUR CENDAWAN

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-46
Author(s):  
Yusnita Yusnita ◽  
Hajrial Aswidinnoor ◽  
Rita Megia ◽  
Rusmilah Suseno ◽  
Sudarsono Sudarsono
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Selection ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Wound Healing Process ◽  
Fungal Culture ◽  
Somaclonal Variants ◽  
Culture Filtrates

Peanut somaclonal variants resistant to Sclerotium rolfsii derived from in vitro selection with fungal culture filtrates. Sclerotium stem rot is one of the most important peanut disease which often caused significant yield loss.  The use of peanut cultivars resistant to Sclerotium rolfsii infection is the most efficient way to control the disease.  Attempts to obtain peanut lines with tolerance or resistance to Sclerotium stem rot through induction of somaclonal variation and in vitro selection using fungal culture filtrates (CF) have been conducted previously. Somatic embryo (SE) clumps that had been maitained in culture for approximately one year in regeneration medium were exposed onto selective medium containing 30% S. rolfsii CF for three consecutive 1 month –passages, and the SE formed after selection periods were considered to be insensitive to the fungal CF. A number R0 peanut lines have been regenerated from CF-insensitive SE, and their R1 and R2 progenies were grown in a plastic house for evaluation on qualitative and quantitative variant characters.  Early identification for tolerance to S. rolfsii was also conducted among R0 peanut lines, and the results have shown enhanced resistance when compared to the original non-selected cultivar.  However, further evaluation is needed to study responses of the R1 and R2 progenies of the somaclones against S. rolfsii infection.  The objective of this particular study was to evaluate responses of R1 and R2 peanut somaclones derived from fungal CF-insensitif SE against S. rolfsii infection in the plastic house.  Results of this experiment showed, a number of resistant somaclonal variants were obtained among R1 and R2 population, which segregated as resistance and susceptible to S. rolfsii infection.  The resistance somaclonal variants initially showed stem rot symptoms after inoculation with S. rolfsii with disease score (DS) of 1 to 3.  However, as the plants grew and developed, they showed wound-healing process at the lesio and they were able to produce the same or higher number of filled pod as the original non-inoculated peanut plants.

scholarly journals Occurrence of root parsley pathogens inhabiting seeds

2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogdan Nowicki
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽  
Test Sample ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Paper Method ◽  
Number Of Seeds

The studies on root parsley pathogens inhabiting seeds were conducted during 1981-1988 and in 1993. Filter paper method with prefreezing and keeping under light was used. Each test sample comprised 500 seeds. Pathogenicity of collected fungal isolates was tested following two laboratory methods. 238 seed samples were studied. 18 fungal species were found but only 7 proved to be important pathogens of root parsley. The most common inhabitants of root parsley seeds were <em>Alternaria</em> spp. <em>A.allernata</em> occurred on 74,8% of seeds but only a few isolates showed to be slightly pathogenic while <em>A.petroselini</em> and <em>A.radicina</em> were higly pathogenic and inhabited 11,4 and 4,2% of seeds, respectively. The second group of important pathogens were species of <em>Fusarium</em> found on 3,9% of seeds. <em>F.avenaceum</em> dominated as it comprised 48% of <em>Fusarium</em> isolates, the next were as follow: <em>F.culmorum</em> - 20%, <em>F.equiseti</em> - 15%, <em>F.solani</em> - 8%, <em>F.oxysporum</em> - 7% and <em>F.dimerum</em> -2%. Some fungi like <em>Botrytis cinerea, Septoria petroselini</em> and <em>Phoma</em> spp. inhabited low number of seeds, respectively O,4; 0,5 and 0,8%, but they were highly pathogenic to root parsley. The fungi: <em>Bipolaris sorokiniana, Drechslera biseptata, Stemphylium botryosum</em> and <em>Ulocludium consortiale</em> showed slight pathogenicity. They were isolated from 3,8% of seeds.

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