scholarly journals History of cannabis as a medicine: a review

2006 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Waldo Zuardi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptors ◽  
Treatment Effectiveness ◽  
Scientific Interest ◽  
History Of ◽  
Endogenous Cannabinoid ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Endogenous Cannabinoid System

Cannabis as a medicine was used before the Christian era in Asia, mainly in India. The introduction of cannabis in the Western medicine occurred in the midst of the 19th century, reaching the climax in the last decade of that century, with the availability and usage of cannabis extracts or tinctures. In the first decades of the 20th century, the Western medical use of cannabis significantly decreased largely due to difficulties to obtain consistent results from batches of plant material of different potencies. The identification of the chemical structure of cannabis components and the possibility of obtaining its pure constituents were related to a significant increase in scientific interest in such plant, since 1965. This interest was renewed in the 1990's with the description of cannabinoid receptors and the identification of an endogenous cannabinoid system in the brain. A new and more consistent cycle of the use of cannabis derivatives as medication begins, since treatment effectiveness and safety started to be scientifically proven.

The history of brain retractors throughout the development of neurological surgery

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. E8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachid Assina ◽  
Sebastian Rubino ◽  
Christina E. Sarris ◽  
Chirag D. Gandhi ◽  
Charles J. Prestigiacomo
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Neurosurgical Procedures ◽  
Intracranial Surgery ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of ◽  
Brain Retraction ◽  
Neurological Surgery ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Brain

Early neurosurgical procedures dealt mainly with treatment of head trauma, especially skull fractures. Since the early medical writings by Hippocrates, a great deal of respect was given to the dura mater, and many other surgeons warned against violating the dura. It was not until the 19th century that neurosurgeons started venturing beneath the dura, deep into the brain parenchyma. With this advancement, brain retraction became an essential component of intracranial surgery. Over the years brain retractors have been created pragmatically to provide better visualization, increased articulations and degrees of freedom, greater stability, less brain retraction injury, and less user effort. Brain retractors have evolved from simple handheld retractors to intricate brain-retraction systems with hand-rest stabilizers. This paper will focus on the history of brain retractors, the different types of retractors, and the progression from one form to another.

The Pharmacology of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Iversen
Keyword(s):  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Neurotransmitter Release ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptors ◽  
The Body ◽  
Psychoactive Substance ◽  
Plant Chemistry ◽  
Drug Molecules ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Complex Drug

The 19th century was a great era for plant chemistry. Many complex drug molecules, known as alkaloids, were isolated and identified from plants. This chapter discusses the history of the discovery of delta-9-tetrahyrocannabinol (THC) as the psychoactive substance in cannabis products and also the discovery of the cannabinoid receptors CB-1 and CB-2 in the body and brain. The mechanism of action of cannabinoids on such receptors to inhibit neurotransmitter release or other actions is also discussed. In addition, various methods for the ingestion of cannabis, such as smoking and vaping, are reviewed. Synthetic agonists and antagonists at cannabinoid receptors and the proliferation of synthetic agonists as novel psychoactive agents are also discussed.

History of Neuropsychology in Germany

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Eling
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Elementary Functions ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
Mental Functions ◽  
Brain Injured ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Injured Patients ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Brain

German neuroscientists played a crucial role in the foundation of neuropsychology. In the 19th century, Gall formulated new assumptions with respect to the nature and localization of mental functions in the brain. Wernicke popularized an approach in which mental functions were represented as networks of centers of more elementary functions. His followers, like Kussmaul, Lissauer and Liepmann, using this approach, created influential theories of aphasia, agnosia, and apraxia. In the 20th century, Goldstein and others opposed to this approach, arguing in favor of a more holistic view of the behavior of brain-injured patients. Many neuropsychological tests originate from assessment and rehabilitation procedures developed in German clinics for brain-injured soldiers. Because of the Nazi regime, individuals like Goldstein, Quadfasel, and Teuber emigrated to the United States and there contributed significantly to the rise of modern neuropsychology. From the 1960s, Poeck played a significant role in the “resurrection” of neuropsychology in Germany.

scholarly journals O posmrtné historii mozku historika a politika Františka Palackého

2021 ◽  
Vol 190 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-44
Author(s):  
Petr Benda ◽  
Eliška Fulínová ◽  
Vítězslav Kuželka ◽  
Milena Běličová
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
National Museum ◽  
Historical Building ◽  
History Of ◽  
Liquid Preparation ◽  
Czech Society ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Brain

František Palacký (1798–1876), a historian and politician, was one of the most eminent personalities of the Czech society of the 19th century. He died on 26 May 1876 in Prague and on 30 May 1876, in the evening before the burial, the Palacký’s head was dissected and his brain was extracted and preserved as a liquid preparation. Then, it was deposited in the Museum of the Kingdom of Bohemia (present National Museum) in Prague; currently it is stored in a jar concealed in a wall niche of a column (next to a large statue of Palacký) in the Pantheon hall of the historical building of the National Museum on the Wenceslaus square in Prague. The investigation of the Museum archive brought some documents which elucidate certain parts of the history of the Palacký’s brain preparation, although its whereabouts during other periods still remain hidden. For several years after its extraction, the Palacký’s brain was deposited in the Museum library, and between the years 1878–1899 (most probably in 1892 at the latest), it was handed over to the Department of Zoology of the Museum, where it remained until 1931. Next fate of the brain is uncertain until 1958, when it was installed in the wall niche in the Pantheon hall, where it remains till now (with an interruption in the last five years), but again under the responsibility of the Department of Zoology and Department of Anthropology, respectively.

scholarly journals The Romanian-Finnish Cultural Relations: History, Trends, Bibliography

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-127
Author(s):  
Alexandru Popescu
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Cultural Relations ◽  
Scientific Interest ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Selective Bibliography ◽  
The 19Th Century

The scientific interest for the study of the Romanian-Finnish relations considerably increased during the last years. Within this trend, this article focuses on the Romanian-Finnish cultural relations and briefly presents the most important events and moments in the history of these relations, from the 19th century to the present. It also includes a selective bibliography on the Romanian-Finnish cultural relations, with works published both in Finland and Romania. The article stresses the need for further research in the field of Romanian-Finnish cultural relations, noticing that when the quality of the political relations was negatively affected by different historical circumstances, the cultural contacts have been maintained and even developed.

scholarly journals Early Cannabinoid Exposure as a Source of Vulnerability to Opiate Addiction: A Model in Laboratory Rodents

1998 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 39-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Navarro ◽  
Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptor ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Opiate Abuse ◽  
Laboratory Rodents ◽  
Endogenous Cannabinoid ◽  
Arachidonoyl Glycerol ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Endogenous Cannabinoid System

Recent findings have identified an endogenous brain system mediating the actions of cannabis sativa preparations. This system includes the brain cannabinoid receptor (CB-1) and its endogenous ligands anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol. The endogenous cannabinoid system is not only present in the adult brain, but is also active at early stages of brain development. Studies developed at our laboratory have revealed that maternal exposure to psychoactive cannabinoid results in neuro-developmental alterations. A model is proposed in which early Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) exposure during critical developmental periods results in permanent alterations in brain function by either the stimulation of CB-1 receptors present during the development, or by the alterations in maternal glucocorticoid secretion. Those alterations will be revealed in adulthood after challenges either with drugs (i.e. opiates) or with environmental stressors (i.e. novelty). They will include a modified pattern of neuro-chemical, endocrine, and behavioral responses that might lead ultimately to inadaptation and vulnerability to opiate abuse.

scholarly journals The Endogenous Cannabinoid System Stimulates Glucose Uptake in Human Fat Cells via Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase and Calcium-Dependent Mechanisms

2007 ◽  
Vol 92 (12) ◽  
pp. 4810-4819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Pagano ◽  
Catia Pilon ◽  
Alessandra Calcagno ◽  
Riccardo Urbanet ◽  
Marco Rossato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptors ◽  
Glucose Transporter ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Fat Cells ◽  
Human Adipocytes ◽  
Cannabinoid System ◽  
Endogenous Cannabinoid ◽  
Endogenous Cannabinoid System

Abstract Background: The endogenous cannabinoid system participates in the regulation of energy balance, and its dysregulation may be implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity. Adipose tissue endocannabinoids may produce metabolic and endocrine effects, but very few data are available in human adipose tissue and in primary human fat cells. Experimental Design: We measured expression of type 1 and type 2 cannabinoid receptors (CNR), enzymes of cannabinoids synthesis and degradation in human omental, sc abdominal, and gluteal adipose tissue from lean and obese subjects. Furthermore, we assessed the effect of CNR1 stimulation on glucose uptake and intracellular transduction mechanisms in primary human adipocytes. Then we assessed the reciprocal regulation between CNR1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ). Finally, we tested whether leptin and adiponectin are regulated by CNR1 in human adipocytes. Results: We found that most genes of the endocannabinoid system are down-regulated in gluteal fat and up-regulated in visceral and sc abdominal adipose tissue of obese patients. Treatment of adipocytes with rosiglitazone markedly down-regulated CNR1 expression, whereas Win 55,212 up-regulated PPARγ. Win 55,212 increased (+50%) glucose uptake, the translocation of glucose transporter 4, and intracellular calcium in fat cells. All these effects were inhibited by SR141716 and wortmannin and by removing extracellular calcium. Win 55,212 and SR141716 had no effect on expression of adiponectin and leptin. Conclusions: These results indicate a role for the local endocannabinoids in the regulation of glucose metabolism in human adipocytes and suggest a role in channeling excess energy fuels to adipose tissue in obese humans.

scholarly journals A Brief Background on Cannabis: From Plant to Medical Indications

2019 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 412-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda E Klumpers ◽  
David L Thacker
Keyword(s):  
Cannabinoid Receptors ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
The Body ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Loss Of Appetite ◽  
Medical Indications ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Cannabis has been used as a medicinal plant for thousands of years. As a result of centuries of breeding and selection, there are now over 700 varieties of cannabis that contain hundreds of compounds, including cannabinoids and terpenes. Cannabinoids are fatty compounds that are the main biological active constituents of cannabis. Terpenes are volatilecompounds that occur in many plants and have distinct odors. Cannabinoids exert their effect on the body by binding to receptors, specifically cannabinoid receptors types 1 and 2. These receptors, together with endogenous cannabinoids and the systems forsynthesis, transport, and degradation, are called the Endocannabinoid System. The two most prevalent and commonly known cannabinoids in the cannabis plantare delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol. The speed, strength, and type of effects of cannabis vary based on the route of administration. THC is rapidly distributed through the body to fattytissues like the brain and is metabolized by the cytochrome P450 system to 11-hydroxy-THC, which is also psychoactive. Cannabis and cannabinoids have been indicated for several medical conditions. There is evidence of efficacy in the symptomatic treatmentof nausea and vomiting, pain, insomnia, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, loss of appetite, Tourette’s syndrome, and epilepsy. Cannabis hasalso been associated with treatment for glaucoma, Huntington’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, and dystonia, but thereis not good evidence tosupport its efficacy. Side effects of cannabis include psychosis and anxiety, which can be severe. Here, we provided a summary ofthe history of cannabis,its pharmacology, and its medical uses.

scholarly journals The endogenous cannabinoid system

e-Neuroforum ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Drews ◽  
A. Zimmer
Keyword(s):  
Pain Perception ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Feedback Mechanism ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Cannabinoid System ◽  
Medical Plant ◽  
Endogenous Cannabinoid ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Endogenous Cannabinoid System

AbstractThe hemp plant Cannabis sativa has been cultivated for thousands of years and is used as a medical plant and intoxicant. Scientif­ic research on the psychoactive substances of Cannabis sativa and their effects on the brain started around 50 years ago and led to the discovery of the endogenous cannabi­noid system. Today we know that this system represents an important feedback mechanism that modulates the communication be­tween neurons. However, this system is not only active in the brain, but is known to be activated in different tissues and organs during specific disease states. Consequently, there is increasing interest in this system as a possible target for the development of new drugs. The currently commercially available drugs are based on cannabis extracts or synthetic compounds of the plant’s active components and are mainly used to treat chron­ic pain. In this review, the mechanisms of the endogenous cannabinoid system in pain perception are elucidated and a new herbal (phyto)cannabinoid which is a constituent of our daily food is presented.

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