scholarly journals Components of fecundity and abortion in a tropical tree, Dahlstedtia pentaphylla (Leguminosae)

2006 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 905-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone de Pádua Teixeira ◽  
Rodrigo Augusto Santinelo Pereira ◽  
Neusa Taroda Ranga
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Resource Limitation ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Abortion Rate ◽  
Tropical Tree ◽  
Seed Abortion ◽  
Developing Seed ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
Flower Position

Studies were conducted on pollination and patterns of fruit and seed production to assess the potential factors causing high fruit and seed abortion in Dahlstedtia pentaphylla (Leguminosae) through analyses of relationships between flower position in the inflorescence and ovules and seeds within ovaries and fruits, and flower, fruit and seed abortion. No differences were found in pollination and fruit set as a function of inflorescence position. There was no relationship, neither between degenerating ovules and their position within the ovary, nor between developing seed and fruit position. Maternal resource limitation related to fruits and embryos, due to the high cost of fruit production and seed maturation, was one of the factors that led to a high abortion rate in D. pentaphylla.

Allocation of reproductive resources within inflorescences of Petrocoptis grandiflora (Caryophyllaceae)

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
pp. 1482-1486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Guitián ◽  
Luis Navarro
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Nectar Volume ◽  
First Order ◽  
Ovule Number ◽  
Flower Position ◽  
Northwestern Iberian Peninsula

Patterns of fruit set were studied in Petrocoptis grandiflora, a species endemic to the northwestern Iberian Peninsula. This plant has a dichasial inflorescence in which the central flower opens first, followed by first-order lateral flowers and then second-order lateral flowers. We investigated whether flowers at different positions in the inflorescence differ in duration, ovule number, nectar production, or probability of fruit set. Our results indicate that mean duration, ovule number, nectar volume, and probability of fruit set are higher for central than for lateral flowers. Fruit set was higher for central than for first-order lateral flowers, and higher for first- than for second-order lateral flowers. To investigate the effects of loss of the central flower, selected inflorescences were manually "decentred." For lateral flowers, analysis of variance indicated that fruit set was affected both by flower position in the inflorescence and by decentring. However, neither total inflorescence fruit set nor mean duration of flowers in the inflorescence differed significantly between decentred and untreated inflorescences. These results suggest that the observed pattern of fruit set in this species is a result of within-inflorescence competition for the limited amount of resources available for fruit production, and that these resources may be redistributed in response to damage to flowers within the inflorescence. Inflorescences of P. grandiflora can thus be considered to act as semi-autonomous units with regard to resource allocation. Keywords: inflorescences, fruit set, resource allocation, Petrocoptis grandiflora.

Reproductive Responses of Capsicum annuum to High Temperatures

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 543c-543
Author(s):  
Ami N. Erickson ◽  
Albert H. Markhart
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Bud Size ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Constant Growth

Fruit yield reduction due to high temperatures has been widely observed in Solanaceous crops. Our past experiments have demonstrated that Capsicum annuum cultivars Ace and Bell Boy completely fail to produce fruit when grown at constant 33 °C. However, flowers are produced, continually. To determine which stages of flower development are sensitive to high temperatures, pepper buds, ranging in size from 1 mm to anthesis, were exposed to high temperatures for 6 hr, 48 hr, 5 days, or for the duration of the experiment. Fruit set for each bud size was determined. Exposure to high temperatures at anthesis and at the 2-mm size stage for 2 or more days significantly reduced fruit production. To determine whether inhibition of pollination, inhibition of fertilization, and/or injury to the female or male structures prevents fruit production at high temperatures, flowers from pepper cultivars Ace and Bell Boy were grown until flowers on the 8th or 9th node were 11 mm in length. Plants were divided between 25 °C and 33 °C constant growth chambers for 2 to 4 days until anthesis. At anthesis, flowers from both treatments were cross-pollinated in all combination, and crosses were equally divided between 33 or 25 °C growth chambers until fruit set or flowers abscised. All flower crosses resulted in 80% to 100% fruit set when post-pollination temperatures were 25 °C. However, post-pollination temperatures of 33 °C significantly reduced fruit production. Reduced fruit set by flowers exposed to high temperatures during anthesis and pollination is not a result of inviable pollen or ovule, but an inhibition of fertilization or initial fruit development.

Pollination and resource limitation as interacting constraints on almond fruit set

Plant Biology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-119
Author(s):  
S. A. Cunningham ◽  
M. J. Evans ◽  
M. Neave ◽  
J. Armstrong ◽  
P. S. Barton
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Resource Limitation

scholarly journals Nitrogen Fertilizer Management Practices to Enhance Seed Production by `Anaheim Chili' Peppers

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.O. Payero ◽  
M.S. Bhangoo ◽  
J.J. Steiner
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Leaf Petiole ◽  
Total Seed

The effects of six applied N treatments differing by rates and frequencies of application on the yield and quality of pepper (Capsicum annuum var. annuum L. `Anaheim Chili') grown for seed was studied. The timing of N applications was based on crop phenology, leaf petiole nitrate-nitrogen concentrations (NO3-N) minimum thresholds, and scheduled calendar applications of fixed amounts of N. Solubilized NH4NO3 was applied through a trickle-irrigation system to ensure uniform and timely applications of N. Rate of mature (green and red) fruit production was unaffected by any treatment except weekly applications of 28 kg·ha-1 of N, which stopped production of mature fruit before all other treatments. Early season floral bud and flower production increased with increasing amounts of N. The two highest total N treatments produced more floral buds and flowers late in the season than the other treatments. Total fruit production was maximized at 240 kg N/ha. Differences in total fruit production due to frequency of N application resulted at the highest total N level. Red fruit production tended to be maximized with total seasonal applied N levels of 240 kg·ha-1 and below, although weekly applications of N reduced production. Total seed yield was a function of red fruit production. Pure-1ive seed (PLS) production was a function of total seed production. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) for red fruit production also decreased with N rates >240 kg·ha-1, but PLS yield and NUE decreased in a near-linear fashion as the amount of total seasonal applied N increased, regardless of application frequency. Season average NO3-N (AVE NO3-N) values >4500 mg·kg-1 had total seed and PLS yields less than those treatments <4000 mg·kg-1. Six-day germination percentage was reduced with weekly N applications of 14 kg·ha-1. Seed mass was reduced with weekly N applications of 28 kg·ha-1. Final germination percent, seedling root length and weight, and field emergence were unaffected by any of the N treatments. These findings indicate that different N management strategies are needed to maximize seed yield compared to fruit yield and, therefore, there may be an advantage to growing `Anaheim Chili' pepper specifically for seed.

scholarly journals Cryogenic Storage of Tomato Pollen: Effect on Fecundity

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik J. Sacks ◽  
Dina A. St. Clair
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Pollen Storage ◽  
Germplasm Storage ◽  
Cryogenic Storage ◽  
Fresh Pollen ◽  
Tomato Breeding ◽  
Pollen Effect

The influence of cryogenic pollen storage on fruit set and seed production in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was investigated. Flowers pollinated with pollen samples stored for 5 weeks at –80C, with or without 20 h precooling at 4C, had similar fruit set and number of viable seed per fruit as those pollinated with fresh pollen. Pollen samples, which were repeatedly cooled (–80C) and warmed (to 22 to 24C) for up to six cycles, continuously maintained the same viability as the fresh pollen. When cryogenically stored pollen of L. esculentum 2-837, LA359, LA3198, and LA3199 were used to pollinate LA359, the number of viable seed formed per fruit differed significantly. Results of this study suggest that pollen cryopreservation can be used successfully for tomato breeding and germplasm storage.

scholarly journals Carbohidratos y Floración en Hesperaloë funifera (Koch) Trel. (Samandoque)

2017 ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Steven P. Mclaughlin ◽  
Ryan R. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Hesperaloe Funifera

Several researchers have noted that flowering in Agavaceae requires substantial resources, but few studies have attempted to directly measure such resources. T his study addresses the hypothesis that fruit set in Hesperaloë funifera is limited by available carbohydrates. The accumulation of total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC) prior to flowering was measured, and total requirements for carbohydrate were estimated. Hesperaloë funifera was found to accumulate fructans, and roots were an important organ for storage of accumulated carbohydrates. Carbohydrates stored in the plant prior to flowering are sufficient to meet only about onethird of the carbohydrate needed to produce an average inflorescence with 1 % to 2% fruit set. All of the carbohydrate produced by photosynthesis from May through August is needed to support flowering and fruit production. Low percentage fruit set in Hesperaloë funifera is probably due to a deficiency of carbohydrate resources.

The effect of leaf phenology of overstory trees on the reproductive success of an understory shrub, Staphylea bumalda DC

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 781-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanako Maeno ◽  
Tsutom Hiura
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Resource Limitation ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Leaf Phenology ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Broad Leaved Forest ◽  
Leaved Forest ◽  
Leafing Date ◽  
Canopy Species

The effects of the leaf phenology of canopy trees on the reproductive success of an entomophilous, self-incompatible shrub, Staphylea bumalda DC. were examined in a deciduous broad-leaved forest in northern Japan. The amount of light reaching a particular understory shrub from spring to early summer was determined by the leafing date of surrounding canopy species. Variation in leafing date of canopy species affected flower and fruit production by the understory shrub. These results suggest that reproductive success of understory shrubs depends in part on the leaf phenology of canopy trees.Key words: phenology, deciduous broad-leaved forest, fruit set, resource limitation.

scholarly journals Crossability Between Wild (Malus sylvestris) and Cultivated (M. x domestica) Apples

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 127-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Larsen ◽  
M. Jensen ◽  
E. D. Kjær
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Malus X Domestica ◽  
Malus Sylvestris ◽  
Postzygotic Barriers

Abstract Malus sylvestris, a native fruit tree of Europe, is believed to be threatened by hybridization with the omnipresent cultivated apple (Malus x domestica). In the present study a series of controlled crossings were carried out in order to establish whether M. sylvestris can hybridize with its near relative, M. x domestica. By looking at fruit set, seed production, germination percentages, and development of seedlings following inter- and intraspecific crossings, no indication of neither pre- nor postzygotic barriers to hybridization between the two species was found. This can have important implications for management of the genetic resources of M. sylvestris.

Factors limiting fecundity of the tropical tree Ipomoea wolcottiana (Convolvulaceae) in a Mexican tropical dry forest

1998 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 615-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Parra-Tabla ◽  
Stephen H. Bullock
Keyword(s):  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Tropical Dry Forest ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Dry Forest ◽  
Tropical Tree ◽  
First Year ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Hand Pollination ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Phosphorus Application

To explain very low fruit production in the tropical tree Ipomoea wolcottiana (Convolvulaceae), experiments and observations are presented regarding hypotheses that fecundity is limited by foliar herbivory, low soil phosphorus, inadequate cross-pollination, low rates of pollinator visitors, and parasitism of flower buds. A 2 × 2 factorial experiment was undertaken in two consecutive years which included control of herbivores with contact and systemic insecticides and addition of phosphorus. Phosphorus application in the second year increased the number of inflorescences and flowers by 200%, and the initiation of fruits by 400%. No response was observed for the number of mature fruits. Herbivore control and the addition of phosphorus increased seed weight by 22% in the first year, but could not be measured in the second year. Hand-pollination experiments increased the fruit set by 58% in the first year and by 75% in the second. Observations on visits to the flowers showed a six-fold difference between years in rates of pollinator visits. Parasitism of flower buds was 18% in the first year and 33% in the second. Several of the differences between years probably resulted from lesser and desynchronized flowering, due to heavy unseasonal rains in the second year. The differences in floral visitation and predation of floral buds were reflected in open fruit production: 16% in the first year and 6% in the second. All the factors investigated have important effects on the fecundity of I. wolcottiana. From the evolutionary point of view, the results suggest a complex interaction among selective forces which interact with the reproductive system. The theories of sexual selection and bet-hedging are the most plausible alternatives for explaining high levels of floral abortion in this species.

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