scholarly journals Occurrence of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on human hosts, in three municipalities in the State of Pará, Brazil

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolau Maués Serra-Freire
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Rhipicephalus Sanguineus ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Agricultural Workers ◽  
Average Intensity ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Transversal Line ◽  
First Case

Assuming the existence of tick parasitism in humans in the State of Pará, an aggregate observational study was developed along a transversal line in three cities of the State, during two years. Interviews and examinations of 2,160 townspeople and tourists were carried out, without discrimination of ethnic, sex, age, or social status, and classified for effects analyzed for four bands of age, six types of activities in the society, and two sexes. Larvae, nymphs, and adults of ticks had been identified with cases of parasitism involving six species, of the genus Amblyomma, the genus Ixodes, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Anocentor nitens, and Ornithodorus talaje (the first case registered in Pará), infecting human beings. Adults and agricultural workers were most frequently attacked, followed by students. A. cajennense and R. sanguineus are the species most frequent in the parasitism affecting humans, and A. cajennense is the dominant species. The statistical prevalence was largest in Cachoeira do Arari, Ilha do Marajó. In Santarém the greatest average intensity of parasitism was for R. sanguineus, and in the other locations it wasfor A. cajennense. Agricultural workers faced the greatest risk from parasitism, and to place in practice elementary measures of prevention would reduce by 25% the number of cases.

Faith and Morality

1992 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-309
Author(s):  
Abdul Khaliq
Keyword(s):  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Religious Faith ◽  
Image Of God ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Religious Person ◽  
First Case ◽  
The World ◽  
The Image Of God

There is a point of view popular with some religious thinkers-amongthem Muslims-that religion and morality are two separate institutions andhave very little to do with each other. This is because the former is centeredin God, while the latter is entirely human in content and approach. Accordingto this view, an individual can be moral without subscribing to anyrecognizable religion. Furthermore, a deeply religious person occupies a stationin life where usual relations with the world, including those with otherpeople, are perceived as being so lowly and mundane that they become irrelevant.This is, to say the least, not the essential Qur’anic standpoint.The Qur'an , as well as a number of sayings of the Prophet, does not envisagean estrangement between God and humanity. Human beings are said tohave been created after the image of God: Who is nearer to each person thanhisher own jugular vein (Qur'an 50:16). They a so close to each other thatthey may possibly enter into a mutual dialogue. There is thus an organicallyintimate relevance of the individual’s religious faith with the subsequent performanceof the corresponding moral actions. In the Qur’an, the word amanu(they held on to faith [in God]) is almost invariably followed by ‘amilu alsalihat (they performed good actions). However, it must be undelstood thatfaith is not an honorific term, a characteristic that may be inculcated into anperson’s character in its own right. It rather refets to a barely psychologicalstate, an attitude of mind A person may have faith in the all-good God or insome evil being(s) (Qur’an 4:31). In the first case, such an individual isnecessarily good, in the other, he/she is bound to be morally bad ...

Positive Liberty, 1880–1914

1962 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Nicholls
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Social Philosophy ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Individual Liberty ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
First Case ◽  
Positive Liberty ◽  
State Interference

It would not, I think, be entirely misleading to suggest that doctrines of laissez faire and attacks upon reasoned state intervention in political and social life have tended to emanate from two extremes in social philosophy—ultra individualism and an extreme organicism. In the first case, and we may take Locke as an example, society is made up of a heap of individuals who came together to form the state for the limited purpose of the protection of property. Man is not seen as a part of a larger whole, influenced by the structure of that whole, but as an isolated individual; thus any state interference beyond the protection of property is viewed as a restriction of individual liberty. On the other hand are thinkers who regard society as such a complicated and delicate organism that they can only—and governments should only—sit back and gasp at the complexity of it all. Any attempt to improve one aspect will affect the balance of the whole in ways impossible to predict. It is difficult to point to a pure instance of this opinion, but this is the impression left with the reader after perusing such works as Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France, Hegel's Philosophy of Right, Bradley's Ethical Studies and the works of some more modern conservatives. All that governments can be expected to do is to prevent the worst collisions and any attempt to pursue a positive policy is doomed to failure.

State and Morality According to Spinoza

2020 ◽  
pp. 105-113
Author(s):  
Alexandre Matheron
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Society ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Relationship

Though Spinoza certainly argues that a well-ordered political society is necessary for human beings to achieve lasting happiness and goodness, he does not, like other philosophers, argue that society exists for the sake of moral ends. In this essay, Matheron reconstructs Spinoza’s views on the relationship between State and morality all the while accounting for the illusion that has caused other philosophers to mistake the State as having an essentially moral function. Spinoza avoids such an error by referring to his critique of teleology found in the Appendix to Part I of the Ethics: we make an error by transforming imagined norms into ontological norms that we project onto nature. Philosophers from Aquinas to Hobbes thus mistake the rational desires of philosophers for ontological models that ought to dictate the formation of political society. Spinoza’s position, however, is markedly different: humans do not inherently desire one thing or the other, but rather pursue only that towards which they tend here and now. That political society necessarily arises, Matheron argues, is due not to the intervention of a utilitarian calculus or the imposition of an artificial contract, but rather under the influence of a common fear or common hope.

Spinoza and the Breakdown of Thomist Politics: Machiavellianism and Utopia

2020 ◽  
pp. 319-352
Author(s):  
Alexandre Matheron
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Thomas Aquinas ◽  
The State ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Objective Knowledge ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Mediating Role

In this chapter, Matheron reconstructs the historical and philosophical context that led Spinoza, in Chapter I of the Political Treatise, to make the seemingly improbable association between St. Thomas Aquinas, Hobbes, and More. By reconstructing the context of political philosophy in the 17th century, Matheron endeavours to show the emergence of the specific problematic—simply put, resolving the tension between theory and practice—to which Spinoza delivers a novel solution. For the Thomists, the solution to this problem is to introduce the mediating role of prudence, which bridges the speculative and the practical. The Machiavellians, or politicians, of which Spinoza speaks, ultimately represent the other side of this same problematic to the extent that they praise the cunning of actual political figures. And Hobbes too is ultimately guilty of falling into the same teleological, utopian illusion by arguing that the state arises from reason and the realization that the safety sovereignty provides is preferable to the state of nature. Spinoza’s innovation is to propose a speculative science of human praxis, not in its idealized form, but one which produces objective knowledge of the laws that determine human beings subject to passions to produce different kinds of self-regulating political regimes.

The concept and the essence of personal security

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (33) ◽  
pp. 117-130
Author(s):  
Mariusz Sokołowski
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Personal Safety ◽  
Security Culture ◽  
Personal Security ◽  
Human Safety ◽  
Research Hypothesis

Security is a concept defined in various ways. It is often emphasized that it is one of the constitutive attributes of human beings that define their activity. Presently, there is a tendency to eschew the state-centric concept of security in favour of the anthropocentric one. The fact that the main focus of this anthropocentric concept of security is on personal security situates the above issue within the area of security culture. The contemporary analysis of the threats that affect human safety requires the identification of diverse cause-and-effect relationhips in the complex postmodern reality, both material and non-material one. The emergence of the category of risk, on the other hand, implies the necessity of shifting the key security-related foci from the subjective sphere to the sphere of personal safety. The article is an attempt to systematize the concept of personal security and define its essence in the perspective of security sciences. For the sake of such a research objective, the problem has been formulated in the following way: What is the essence of personal security and how is it defined in the field of security sciences? The issue has been little studied so far, and the adopted qualitative approach forces the author to abandon the research hypothesis, as a non-assumptive approach has been taken in the task of investigating the researched concept. The work uses the method of the critical analysis of subject literature. The resulting systematisation of knowledge in the researched area is an attempt to review the concepts used in security sciences in such a way that allows to organize the concepts regarding personal security.

scholarly journals What can not be said: the failure of the ‘child's century'

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Grazia Riva
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Progress ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Educational Services ◽  
Educational Practices ◽  
Contemporary Society ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Violence Against Children ◽  
The Social ◽  
The One

The author analyses the dramatic problem facing us today: on the one hand, laws, universal declarations on the rights of children and highly advanced theories and experiments in defending and protecting childhood have evolved but, on the other, we can observe with anguish the proliferation of violence in general and definitely great violence against children. The author asks why all the great theoretical and scientific progress, the increased awareness of the problems of childhood, the social and socio-educational services at the disposal of families, the supervision and constant training of operators, the spread of blogs and in general of websites on children, fail to have a sufficient impact on the constant violation of childhood. Our society moves in a deep-reaching and radical traumatization, which has to do with the violence that human beings have always perpetrated on one another, not only physically or sexually but also psychologically and with education. The traumatization has led to dissociation, through phenomena of negation and repression of pain in contemporary society. The author points out the need to proceed with a lucid although painful acknowledgement of the state of things, acting through educational practices aimed at repairing and empowerment.

From the “Judicialization of Politics” to the “Politicization of Justice” in the UK and Switzerland

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-135
Author(s):  
Lucia Della Torre
Keyword(s):  
General Rule ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Specific Field ◽  
Widespread Phenomenon ◽  
Judicialization Of Politics ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Migration Law

Not very long ago, scholars saw it fit to name a new and quite widespread phenomenon they had observed developing over the years as the “judicialization” of politics, meaning by it the expanding control of the judiciary at the expenses of the other powers of the State. Things seem yet to have begun to change, especially in Migration Law. Generally quite a marginal branch of the State's corpus iuris, this latter has already lent itself to different forms of experimentations which then, spilling over into other legislative disciplines, end up by becoming the new general rule. The new interaction between the judiciary and the executive in this specific field as it is unfolding in such countries as the UK and Switzerland may prove to be yet another example of these dynamics.

A Different Kind of Animal

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Cultural Adaptation ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Unique Combination ◽  
Essential Ingredient ◽  
Princeton University

Human beings have evolved to become the most dominant species on Earth. This astonishing transformation is usually explained in terms of cognitive ability—people are just smarter than all the rest. But this book argues that culture—our ability to learn from each other—has been the essential ingredient of our remarkable success. The book shows how a unique combination of cultural adaptation and large-scale cooperation has transformed our species and assured our survival—making us the different kind of animal we are today. The book is based on the Tanner Lectures delivered at Princeton University, featuring challenging responses across the chapters.

A Note on Mandela v Executors, Estate Nelson Mandela 2018 (4) SA 86 (SCA) and the Conundrum around the Customary Marriage between Nelson and Winnie Mandela

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sipho Stephen Nkosi
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
High Court ◽  
Nelson Mandela ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Court Of Appeal

The note is about the appeal lodged by the late Mrs Winnie Madikizela-Mandela to the SCA against the decision of the Eastern Cape High Court, Mthatha, dismissing her application for review in 2014. In that application, she sought to have reviewed the decision of the Minister of Land Affairs, to transfer the now extended and renovated Qunu property to Mr Mandela and to register it in his name. Because her application was out of time, she also applied for condonation of her delay in making the application. The court a quo dismissed both applications with costs, holding that there had been an undue delay on her part. Mrs Mandela then approached the Supreme Court of Appeal, for special leave to appeal the decision of the court a quo. Two questions fell for decision by the SCA: whether there was an unreasonable and undue delay on Mrs Mandela’s part in instituting review proceedings; and whether the order for costs was appropriate in the circumstances of the case. The SCA held that there was indeed an unreasonable delay (of seventeen years). Shongwe AP (with Swain, Mathopo JJA, Mokgothloa and Rodgers AJJA concurring) held that the fact that there had been an undue delay does not necessarily mean that an order for costs should, of necessity, particularly where, as in this case, the other litigant is the state. It is the writer’s view that two other ancillary points needed to be raised by counsel and pronounced on by the Court: (a) the lawfulness and regularity of the transfer of the Qunu property to Mr Mandela; and (b) Mrs Mandela’s status as a customary-law widow—in relation to Mr Mandela.

The Principles of Zakat and Tax Upon the Time of Rasulullah SAW.

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Dian Septiandani ◽  
Abd. Shomad
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Islamic Economic ◽  
General Expense

Zakat is one of principal worship requiring every individual (<em>mukallaf</em>) with considerable property to spend some of the wealth for zakat under several conditions applied within. On the other hand, tax is an obligation assigned to taxpayers and should be deposited into the state based on policies applied, with no direct return as reward, for financing the national general expense. In their development, both zakat and tax had quite attention from Islamic economic thought. Nevertheless, we, at first, wanted to identify the principles of zakat and tax at the time of Rasulullah SAW. Therefore, this study referred to normative research. The primary data was collected through library/document research and the secondary one was collected through literature review by inventorying and collecting textbooks and other documents related to the studied issue.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document