scholarly journals Acaricide resistance mechanisms in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix David Guerrero ◽  
Léonore Lovis ◽  
João Ricardo Martins
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Target Site ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Tick Population ◽  
Acaricide Resistance ◽  
Organophosphate Resistance ◽  
Cattle Ticks

Acaricide resistance has become widespread in countries where cattle ticks, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, are a problem. Resistance arises through genetic changes in a cattle tick population that causes modifications to the target site, increased metabolism or sequestration of the acaricide, or reduced ability of the acaricide to penetrate through the outer protective layers of the tick’s body. We review the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of acaricide resistance that have been shown to be functional in R. (B.) microplus. From a mechanistic point of view, resistance to pyrethroids has been characterized to a greater degree than any other acaricide class. Although a great deal of research has gone into discovery of the mechanisms that cause organophosphate resistance, very little is defined at the molecular level and organophosphate resistance seems to be maintained through a complex and multifactorial process. The resistance mechanisms for other acaricides are less well understood. The target sites of fipronil and the macrocyclic lactones are known and resistance mechanism studies are in the early stages. The target site of amitraz has not been definitively identified and this is hampering mechanistic studies on this acaricide.

scholarly journals Proteomics Approach to the Study of Cattle Tick Adaptation to White Tailed Deer

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Popara ◽  
Margarita Villar ◽  
Lourdes Mateos-Hernández ◽  
Isabel G. Fernández de Mera ◽  
José de la Fuente
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Host Proteins ◽  
Tick Feeding ◽  
Blood Digestion ◽  
Cattle Ticks ◽  
Proteomics Approach ◽  
Single Host

Cattle ticks,Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, are a serious threat to animal health and production. Some ticks feed on a single host species while others such asR. microplusinfest multiple hosts. White tailed deer (WTD) play a role in the maintenance and expansion of cattle tick populations. However, cattle ticks fed on WTD show lower weight and reproductive performance when compared to ticks fed on cattle, suggesting the existence of host factors that affect tick feeding and reproduction. To elucidate these factors, a proteomics approach was used to characterize tick and host proteins inR. microplusticks fed on cattle and WTD. The results showed thatR. microplusticks fed on cattle have overrepresented tick proteins involved in blood digestion and reproduction when compared to ticks fed on WTD, while host proteins were differentially represented in ticks fed on cattle or WTD. Although a direct connection cannot be made between differentially represented tick and host proteins, these results suggested that differentially represented host proteins together with other host factors could be associated with higherR. microplustick feeding and reproduction observed in ticks fed on cattle.

scholarly journals In vitro activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of Chenopodium ambrosioides against engorged females of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Oliveira ◽  
Manoela da Silva ◽  
Lew Sprenger ◽  
Daniela Pedrassani
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Vitro Activity ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
In Vitro Activity ◽  
Chenopodium Ambrosioides ◽  
Cattle Ticks

ABSTRACT: Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, known as the cattle tick, is a cause of great economic losses for dairy cattle farming because of its high frequency of occurrence and the difficulty in controlling it. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides extract on R. (B.) microplus. For this purpose, 125 females were selected and classified into five groups according to their weight, in order to ensure that the females used presented homogeneous weight. The treatments comprised 40 and 60% extracts of Chenopodium ambrosioides, distilled water, ethanol (70ºGL) and 12.5% amitraz. The extracts of C. ambrosioides (40 and 60%) showed effectiveness of 99.7 and 100% and higher percentages of dead females than the other treatments: 64 and 96%, respectively (p<0.001). In the groups exposed to distilled water and ethanol (70º GL), 92 and 88% of the females maintained oviposition. In the females exposed to 40 and 60% extracts, oviposition of 36 and 4% occurred, respectively. It was concluded that the extract of Chenopodium ambrosioides, at both concentration evaluated, had high efficiency against engorged females of cattle ticks.

scholarly journals Biological parameters of cattle ticks fed on rabbits

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Alice Zacarias do Amaral ◽  
Márcia Cristina de Azevedo Prata ◽  
Erik Daemon ◽  
John Furlong
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Biological Parameters ◽  
Dorsal Region ◽  
Alternative Hosts ◽  
Cattle Ticks ◽  
Successive Generations

With the objective of encouraging the use of rabbits as alternative hosts for the cattle tick, four rabbits were infested on the ears and back. From the second day of infestation the developmental stages were observed. e duration of larval engorgement and changes were estimated between six and eight days in the region of the back and between 've and seven days in the pinna. e nymphal engorgement and changes occurred at approximately 10.80 ± 2.65 days in the dorsal and 11.00 ± 2.52 days in the ear, with the engorgement of adults and copulation occurring at 7.03 ± 2.45 days, on the dorsal region and 8.55 ± 1.82 days in the region of the pinna. e parasitic period ranged from 21 to 29 days (back) and from 23 to 30 days (pinna). e engorged females of the back and ear weighed on average 34.43 ± 18.73 and 36.30 ± 18.10 mg, respectively. e nutritional and reproductive e/ciency indexes were 17.38 ± 14.27 and 26.85 ± 17.13% (back) and 17.42 ± 12.22% and 30.70 ± 19.80% (pinna). Although not appropriate to maintain successive generations of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, rabbits can be used for di:erent stages of engorgement of the ixodid, allowing experimental studies.

scholarly journals Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus: expression and characterization of Bm86-CG in Pichia pastoris

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Casquero Cunha ◽  
Renato Andreotti ◽  
Fábio Pereira Leivas Leite
Keyword(s):  
Pichia Pastoris ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
High Antibody ◽  
Western Blot Assay ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Cattle Ticks ◽  
Antibody Titers

The cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is responsible for great economic losses. It is mainly controlled chemically, with limitations regarding development of resistance to the chemicals. Vaccines may help control this parasite, thereby reducing tick pesticide use. In this light, we performed subcloning of the gene of the protein Bm86-GC, the homologue protein that currently forms the basis of vaccines (GavacTM and TickGardPLUS) that have been developed against cattle ticks. The subcloning was done in the pPIC9 expression vector, for transformation in the yeast Pichia pastoris. This protein was characterized by expression of the recombinant Mut+ strain, which expressed greater quantities of protein. The expressed protein (rBm86-CG) was recognized in the Western-blot assay using anti-Gavac, anti-TickGard, anti-larval extract and anti-rBm86-CG polyclonal sera. The serum produced in cattle vaccinated with the antigen CG rBm86 presented high antibody titers and recognized the native protein. The rBm86-GC has potential relevance as an immunogen for vaccine formulation against cattle ticks.

Ecological observations on the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini)

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 394 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Snowball
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Tick Population ◽  
Parasitic Stage ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Larval Population ◽  
Low Levels

Studies were undertaken during 1948-1950 on Boophilus microplus under field conditions in southern Queensland to determine the duration of the non-parasitic stages, and to relate this information to tick incidence on cattle. In the area where the observations were made, the population of ticks on cattle is high in summer and autumn and low in minter and spring. Each week throughout the investigation engorged female ticks, freshly fallen from cattle, were placed in a pasture plot and their subsequent history recorded. Concurrently, observations were made on the changes in tick population on a dairy herd on an adjacent farm. Female ticks exposed on the plot between April and July produced virtually no progeny, and it is probable that the ticks in the pasture traversed by the dairy cattle exhibited a similar, though less severe, inhibition of reproduction. This failure to reproduce, combined with the dying out of larvae and protracted developmental periods of eggs, reduced to very low levels the larval population available to infest cattle during the months of August–October. Ticks exposed from late July to the following autumn produced progeny. There was a tendency for the progeny of ticks exposed in the late winter and early spring to hatch a t about the same time in the late spring, and this synchronous hatching was probably responsible for the 'spring rise' in tick population on cattle. It appears likely that the engorged female adults dropped in the early autumn represent the most important stage in the overwintering of the species in this area. Some of their larvae survive the adverse winter conditions, either in the free-living or the parasitic stage, and give rise to adults, which fall in the late winter and spring, and which in turn produce the larvae of the spring rise.

scholarly journals Some approaches to new antibacterial agents

2007 ◽  
Vol 79 (12) ◽  
pp. 2143-2153 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Bremner
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Target Site ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
General Strategy ◽  
Dual Action ◽  
Hybrid Drugs

Bacteria use a number of resistance mechanisms to counter the antibacterial challenge, and one of these is the expression of transmembrane protein-based efflux pumps which can pump out antibacterials from within the cells, thus lowering the antibacterial concentration to nonlethal levels. For example, in S. aureus, the NorA pump can pump out the antibacterial alkaloid berberine and ciprofloxacin. One general strategy to reduce the health threat of resistant bacteria is to block a major bacterial resistance mechanism at the same time as interfering with another bacterial pathway or target site. New developments of this approach in the context of dual-action prodrugs and dual-action (or hybrid) drugs in which one action is targeted at blocking the NorA efflux pump and the second action at an alternative bacterial target site (or sites) for the antibacterial action are discussed. The compounds are based on a combination of 2-aryl-5-nitro-1H-indole derivatives (as the NorA efflux pump blocking component) and derivatives of berberine. General design principles, syntheses, antibacterial testing, and preliminary work on modes of action studies are discussed.

Observations on the sensory Physiology and Behaviour of larvae of the cattle tick, Boophilus Microplus (Can.) (Ixodidae).

1953 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 345 ◽  
Author(s):  
PR Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Early Morning ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Sensory Function ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Sense Organs ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
Sensory Physiology ◽  
Late Afternoon ◽  
Cattle Ticks ◽  
Skin Secretions

In larval cattle ticks the main sense organs which have been recognized are the eyes, Haller's organs, and the palpal organs; the four pairs of sensilla sagittiformia may also have a sensory function. Larvae were allowed to ascend supports simulating grass stalks and were tested for response to vibration, air currents, interrupted illumination, warm and moist objects, and odours from skin secretions of man and cattle. The strongest questing response was to the odours. Larvae which had been exposed to low humidities collected around and imbibed from drops of water. The main stimulus governing ascent of the grass blades appeared to be positive phototaxis to moderate light intensities. Larvae sheltered from direct sunlight. Larvae in the field were found to be more exposed in the early morning, often being at the tops of grass stalks. Measurements of light, air temperature, and humidity indicated that light intensity might govern this movement. This suggests that larval sampling in the pasture should take place in the first half of the morning. In a single series of observations, larvae which had hatched at the base of straws were observed to ascend them in the late afternoon. In a few experiments isolated larvae ascended artificial supports above the reach of a bovine host but groups were always found at heights within reach.

A survey of the ability of tropical legumes in the genus Stylosanthes to trap larvae of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Ixodidae)

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 473 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Sutherst ◽  
LJ Wilson ◽  
R Reid ◽  
JD Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Average Density ◽  
High Density ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Glandular Hairs ◽  
Host Seeking ◽  
Tropical Legumes ◽  
Cattle Ticks

Stylosanthes viscosa and S. scabra cvv. Fitzroy and Seca have previously been shown to trap host-seeking larvae of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus and could provide a means of controlling cattle ticks in improved pastures. We assessed the ability of 229 accessions from 22 species of the genus Stylosanthes to trap larvae of B. microplus or to prevent them from ascending plant stems. The 3 species that were most effective were S. viscosa, S. scabra and S. guianensis. Only accessions which produced sticky secretions were able to trap tick larvae, but the extent of this ability was related primarily to the density and length of bristles on the stems rather than to the degree of stickiness. The highest percentages of larvae were trapped when stylo stems had short, dense bristles of average stickiness or long sticky bristles of average density. These features were also most effective at preventing larvae from ascending stems. A high density of fine, non-glandular hairs, in conjunction with average stickiness, also prevented larvae from ascending stems.

scholarly journals Assessing HeberFast® Line Gavac, a lateral flow immunochromatographic system for the rapid detection of anti-Bm86 antibodies in Gavac vaccinated cattle

Bionatura ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 1902-1908
Author(s):  
Milagros Vargas-Hernández ◽  
Yeni Hernández Lorenzo Hernández Lorenzo ◽  
Viviana Pluma Perez ◽  
Isabel Rosales-Garcia Rosales-Garcia ◽  
Sunamit Rodríguez-Mendez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Detection ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Lateral Flow ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Reference Test ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Cattle Ticks

Rhipicephalus Boophilus microplus cattle tick is a scourge for livestock production. The infestations produced by this pathogen are incompletely contained by chemical treatments, with the associated environmental pollution risks. Vaccination against cattle ticks has emerged as a feasible and environmentally friendly strategy to control tick-borne diseases. In this setting, Gavac® vaccine has proven effective in decreasing cattle tick populations through antibody responses against the tick Bm86 antigen, as part of an Integrated Control Program. However, animal vaccination programs require easy and ready-to-use screening tests to follow up the immune response in vaccinated animals under field conditions. This study reports the evaluation HeberFast® Line Gavac, a lateral flow immunochromatographic system for the rapid detection of anti Bm86 antibodies in vaccinated cattle. The system was tested on 598 serum samples taken from immunized animals, arranged in three groups according to their anti-Bm86 antibody response in ELISA (209 high, 150 medium or 239 low and 100 samples from non-immunized animals. The HeberFast® Line Gavac system was assessed for sensitivity, specificity, and concordance against the ELISA reference test. Consistency was evaluated among production batches and inter-analyst reading-independent consistency at two moments: ten minutes after completing the test and after strip drying. The system showed high sensitivity (81.6%, 82.2%, and 81%), specificity (96.7, 94.6, and 93.3%), and agreement with the ELISA reference test (75%; 74%, and 71%) for high, medium and low anti-Bm86 sera, respectively. The effectiveness of the diagnosis was 87.6; 87.1; 85.9 for high, medium, and low antibody titers, respectively. Consistency among production batches and analysts was documented, and no significant differences between evaluation times were found. These results indicate that HeberFast® Line Gavac is a valuable tool for the serological surveillance of Gavac vaccinated cattle.

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