A Quantitative Three-Dimensional Assessment of Abnormal Variations in the Facial Soft Tissues of Individuals with down Syndrome

2005 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 410-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiarella Sforza ◽  
Claudia Dellavia ◽  
Claudia Dolci ◽  
Elena Donetti ◽  
Virgilio F. Ferrario
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Anthropometric Measurements ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Variability Index ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Facial Soft Tissues

Objective To supply quantitative information about the facial soft tissues of subjects with Down syndrome by using summary anthropometric measurements. Design, Setting, and Patients The three-dimensional coordinates of soft tissue facial landmarks were obtained using a computerized digitizer in 28 subjects with Down syndrome (11 girls and women and 17 boys and men aged 12 to 45 years) and 429 healthy controls matched for sex, age, and ethnicity. From the landmarks, 18 facial dimensions were calculated. Data were compared with those collected in healthy individuals by computing z-scores. Two summary anthropometric measurements for quantifying craniofacial variations were assessed in both the subjects with Down syndrome and the reference subjects: the mean z-score (an index of overall facial size) and its standard deviation, craniofacial variability index (an index of facial harmony). Results In subjects with Down syndrome, facial size was smaller than in normal individuals, and in 17 subjects the mean z-score fell outside the normal interval (mean ± 2 SD). Twenty subjects had a craniofacial variability index larger than the normal interval. Conclusions The facial soft tissue structures of subjects with Down syndrome differed from those of normal controls of the same age, sex, and ethnic group: a reduced facial size was coupled with a global anomalous relationship between individual measurements. The two indices allowed discriminating more than 89% of subjects with Down syndrome when compared with normal subjects.

A Quantitative Three-Dimensional Assessment of Abnormal Variations in Facial Soft Tissues of Adult Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate

2003 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 544-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virgilio F. Ferrario ◽  
Chiarella Sforza ◽  
Claudia Dellavia ◽  
Gianluca M. Tartaglia ◽  
Davide Sozzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Soft Tissue Profile ◽  
Variability Index ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Facial Soft Tissues

Objective To supply quantitative information about the facial soft tissues of adult operated patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP). Design, Setting, and Patients The three-dimensional coordinates of soft tissue facial landmarks were obtained using an electromagnetic digitizer in 18 Caucasian patients with CLP (11 males and 7 females aged 19 to 27 years) and 162 healthy controls (73 females and 89 males aged 18 to 30 years). From the landmarks, 15 facial dimensions and two angles were calculated. Data were compared with those collected in healthy individuals by computing z-scores. Two summary anthropometric measurements for quantifying craniofacial variations were assessed in both the patients and reference subjects: the mean z-score (an index of overall facial size), and its SD, called the craniofacial variability index (an index of facial harmony). Results In treated patients with CLP, facial size was somewhat smaller than in normal individuals, but in all occasions the mean z-score fell inside the normal interval (mean ± 2 SD). Almost all patients had a craniofacial variability index larger than the normal interval, indicating a global disharmonious appearance. Overall, in patients pronasale, subnasale, and pogonion were more posterior, the nose was shorter and larger, the face was narrower, and the soft tissue profile and upper lip were flatter than in the reference population. Conclusions The facial soft tissue structures of adult operated patients with CLP differed from those of normal controls of the same age, sex, and ethnic group. In this patient group, surgical corrections of CLP failed to provide a completely harmonious appearance, even if the deviations from the reference were limited. Further analyses of larger groups of patients are needed.

Variations in Facial Soft Tissues of Italian Individuals with Ectodermal Dysplasia

2004 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 262-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiarella Sforza ◽  
Claudia Dellavia ◽  
Laura Vizzotto ◽  
Virgilio F. Ferrario
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Ectodermal Dysplasia ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Variability Index ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Facial Soft Tissues

Objective To supply quantitative information about the facial soft tissues of patients with ectodermal dysplasia (ED). Design, Setting, and Patients The three-dimensional coordinates of soft tissue facial landmarks were obtained using an electromagnetic digitizer in 20 Caucasian patients with ED (11 male and 9 female patients aged 7 to 41 years) and 391 healthy controls (163 female and 228 male subjects of comparable ages). From the landmarks, 15 facial dimensions and two angles were calculated. Data were compared with those collected in healthy individuals by computing z-scores. Two summary anthropometric measurements for quantifying craniofacial variations were assessed in both the patients and reference subjects: the mean z-score (an index of overall facial size) and its standard deviation, called the craniofacial variability index (an index of facial harmony). Results In patients with ED, a large variability was found for both the mean z-score and the craniofacial variability index. On average, the patients had a somewhat smaller facial size than the normal individuals, with a global disharmonious appearance. Overall, 70% of patients fell outside the quantitative definitions for normal facial size, harmony or both. When examining the distribution of the single z-scores of the 17 selected measurements, variable patterns were found, without consistent effects of age or sex. Conclusions The facial soft tissue structures of patients with ED differed both in size and shape from those of normal controls of the same age, sex, and ethnic group.

scholarly journals The influence of mild versus severe hypodontia on facial soft tissues? A three-dimensional optical laser scanning-based cohort study

2020 ◽  
pp. 146531252096701
Author(s):  
Ama Johal ◽  
Eiman Hasan ◽  
Li Fong Zou ◽  
Ferranti Wong ◽  
Shakeel Shahdad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Equal Distribution ◽  
Tissue Morphology ◽  
Facial Height ◽  
Alar Base ◽  
Nasolabial Angle ◽  
Facial Soft Tissues

Objective: To determine whether there are differences in the facial soft tissue morphology between participants with mild (up to two) or severe (six or more) hypodontia. Design and Setting: A prospective hospital-based cohort study. Participants and Methods: Ninety-two participants, aged 11–16 years, with confirmed hypodontia were recruited. Participants were sub-grouped based on the severity (mild, two or less and severe, six or more) and distribution of the missing teeth and age. They underwent a three-dimensional (3D) optical surface scan of the facial soft tissues. Facial surface scans were compared quantitatively, applying landmark measurements and surface-based analysis. Results: In total, 92 participants, with an equal distribution between the mild (n=46) and severe (n=46) categories, were recruited. Patients with severe hypodontia displayed a reduced alar base, lower facial height, nasolabial angle ( P = 0.02) and transgonial width ( P < 0.001) compared to those with milder hypodontia. Furthermore, significant differences were observed between mild-male and severe-female groups regarding alar base, lower anterior face height and transgonial width and between mild-male and mild-female groups regarding nasolabial angle and transgonial width. Conclusion: Significant reductions were seen in the 3D soft tissue morphology of participants with severe hypodontia, in terms of the nasolabial angle, lower facial height, alar base and transgonial widths, emphasising the importance of using facial scanning as a relatively simple non-invasive method of assessment.

scholarly journals Accuracy and Reliability of Soft Tissue Landmarks Using Three-Dimensional Imaging in Comparison With Two-Dimensional Cephalometrics: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-296
Author(s):  
Adeeba Ali ◽  
Anil K. Chandna ◽  
Anshul Munjal
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
3D Imaging ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Database Search ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Imaging Tool ◽  
Electronic Database Search

Background: Concerns about the accuracy and reliability of soft tissue landmarks using two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) imaging. Objective: The aim of the systematic review is to estimate accuracy and reliability of soft tissue landmarks with 2D imaging and 3D imaging for orthodontic diagnosis planning and treatment planning purposes. Data Sources: Electronic database search was performed in MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase via embase.com, and the Cochrane library website. Selection Criteria: The data were extracted according to two protocols based on Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (CEBM) critical appraisal tools. Next, levels of evidence were categorized into three groups: low, medium, and high. Data Synthesis: Fifty-five publications were found through database search strategies. A total of nine publications were included in this review. Conclusion According to the available literature, 3D imaging modalities were more accurate and reliable as compared to 2D modalities. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) was considered the most reliable imaging tool for soft tissues.

scholarly journals Comparison of the effect of collagen (amino acid) and amnion (proteinase inhibitor) on the wound healing of soft tissues

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Weko Adhiarto ◽  
Sunardhi Mangundjaja ◽  
Makmuri Yusuf ◽  
Bambang Pontjo
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Collagen Synthesis ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Proteinase Inhibitors ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Wound Healing Process ◽  
The Mean

The wound healing process of the soft tissue aims to accelerate the closing of the wound by recurring, restoring the function, and minimizing the scar tissue. This process has to occur in the surgery process to obtain better-wound healing. The aim of this study was to know the stimulation effect of the wound dressing to accelerate the wound healing process of the soft tissue using Collagen (amino acid) and Amnion (proteinase inhibitors). This true experimental study was done to 36 mice (Sprague Dawley) that were divided into three different groups, two groups were the treatment groups and one group was the control group. Each group was adapted in Pathology Laboratory of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Bogor Agricultural University. All of the mice were injured on the skin by incising the right side of the back for 2 cm in length and 4 mm in depth and then cleaned with 0.9% NaCl solution. To the first group of treatment, the wound was applicated by Amnion, and the second group was applicated by Collagen. Each 4 mice of all group were a termination by ether and encryption on the wounded tissue was conducted on day 3rd, 7th, and 14th. Assessment for a number of fibroblast and collagen synthesis on the wound of back tissue was conducted with the histological examination by painted using hematoxylin-eosin. The results concluded that Collagen application was influencing the mean of fibroblast higher than Amnion, and the lowest was controlled with statistically significant. The mean of collagen used Collagen lower than Amnion, and the lowest was control with statistically significant. It could be concluded that collagen application was preeminent in increasing the productivity of the fibroblast, as well as in developing forms of the collagen synthesis compared with Amnion and control.

Enhancing Mimetic Three-Dimensional Modeling and Printing for Presurgical Planning Applications: Improved Soft Tissue Assesments, Analyses and Consolidation Strategies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge A. Vergen ◽  
Tinen L. Iles ◽  
Paul A. Iaizzo
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
University Of Minnesota ◽  
Biaxial Testing ◽  
Presurgical Planning ◽  
Three Dimensional Modeling ◽  
Planning Models

Abstract Mimetic three-dimensional (3D) printing has been shown to enhance presurgical planning and improve patient outcomes. However, data inconsistencies and non-optimized soft tissue data management strategies have impaired efforts to characterize soft tissues and translate biophysical values to 3D printing media durometers and shore values. As a result, finished models are inconsistent and exhibit reduced mimetic qualities. Improving biophysical characterizations of soft tissues, analysis strategies, and consolidation infrastructures are important factors that will improve 3D modeling in a presurgical planning setting. In our ongoing associated studies, both physiologically viable and formalin fixed large mammalian tissues (including human) were assessed using uniaxial and biaxial testing strategies. Biophysical datasets were analyzed using a gated analysis strategy, tailored to data acquisition methods developed within the University of Minnesota Visible Heart® Labs (VHL). A SQL database was then constructed to consolidate analyzed data for future retrieval. This strong preliminary data is a foundation for further development and refinement of future studies. It is our long-term goal that these strategies be improved and adopted to enhance the mimetic qualities of 3D presurgical planning models.

scholarly journals A Perioral Soft Tissue evaluation after Orthognathic Surgery Using Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography Scan

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 366-376
Author(s):  
Rahul Tiwari ◽  
P. Srinivas Chakravarthi ◽  
Vivekanand S. Kattimani ◽  
Krishna Prasad Lingamaneni
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Orthognathic Surgery ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Computed Tomography Scan ◽  
Nasolabial Angle ◽  
Tissue Changes ◽  
Soft Tissue Changes ◽  
Tomography Scan

Background: Facial appearance is an important factor, affects social and psychological well-being. The ideal positioning of jaws and soft tissues is crucial during orthognathic surgery for a better outcome, but the response of facial soft tissues does not always reflect the exact movements of the underlying jaws in 1:1 ratio. So, soft tissue changes following orthognathic surgery require utmost attention during surgical correction to make successful treatment. Aims and Objectives: Evaluation of perioral soft tissue changes after orthognathic surgical procedures. The objectives of the study were to assess and compare pre and post-operative perioral soft tissue changes of lip width, nasolabial and mentolabial angle using Three Dimensional Computed Tomography scan (3DCT). Patient and Methods: The study involved ten patients for evaluation requiring orthognathic surgical procedures (maxillary or mandibular anteroposterior excess or deficiency, transverse deformities, vertical maxillary excess and facial asymmetry) presented to the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery during 2014-2016. Pre and post-operative 3DCT scan were taken after 12 months using iCT 256 slice whole body CT scanner and evaluated for changes using Dicom PMS D view. Results: Significant changes were observed in nasolabial angle after maxillary advancement (1.81°) and maxillary setback procedure (2.73°). The mentolabial angle was significantly increased with mandibular setback procedures (3.27°). Mandibular advancement procedures showed both increase (3.6°) and decrease (7.6°) in mentolabial angle. Conclusion: 3DCT showed a significant difference in perioral soft tissue changes in nasolabial and mentolabial angle but no significant change was observed in lip width. 3DCT is a reliable tool for 3D assessment. The conventional thought of changes in Nasolabial angle after surgery is changing due to the underlying factors which should be considered for prediction.

Three-Dimensional Analysis Techniques—Part 3: Color-Coded System for Three-Dimensional Measurement of Bone and Ratio of Soft Tissue to Bone: The Analysis

1997 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Mccance ◽  
James P. Moss ◽  
W. Rick Fright ◽  
Alf D. Linney
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ct Scans ◽  
Dimensional Changes ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Dimensional Measurement ◽  
Three Dimensional Measurement ◽  
The Face ◽  
Bimaxillary Surgery

A new color-coded method of illustrating three-dimensional changes in the bone and the ratio of soft tissue to bone movement is described. The technique is illustrated by superimposing preoperative and 1-year postoperative CT scans of three patients following bimaxillary surgery. The method has proved to be a very simple, effective, and readily interpreted method of quantifying both bone and the ratio of movement of the overlying soft tissues across the face following surgery.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional cone beam computed tomographic image reorientation using soft tissues as reference for facial asymmetry diagnosis

2013 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Kyu Lee ◽  
Pil-Kyo Jung ◽  
Cheol-Hyun Moon
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Facial Asymmetry ◽  
Cone Beam ◽  
Expert Group ◽  
Computed Tomographic ◽  
Asymmetry Analysis ◽  
Cbct Image ◽  
Facial Midline

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate discrepancies in results of facial asymmetry analysis using different cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) image reorientation methods and the effectiveness of soft tissue as a reorientation reference for analysis of facial asymmetry. Materials and Methods: An asymmetric group of 30 patients with 4 mm or more of chin point (menton [Me]) deviation and a symmetric group of 30 patients with less than 4 mm of deviation of Me were chosen as study subjects. Three orientation methods were used to calculate and compare Me deviation values of the 60 subjects. Two methods used only skeletal landmarks for reference, and one method included the soft tissue landmarks around the eye. Preferences of an expert group for the facial midline as determined by each reorientation method were also examined. Results: The examinations showed significant discrepancies in Me deviation values between the three reorientation methods. The expert group showed the greatest preference for the facial midline reorientation method that incorporated soft tissue landmarks of the eye. Conclusions: These study findings suggest that the inclusion of soft tissue landmarks, especially those around the eyes, is effective for three-dimensional CBCT image reorientation for facial asymmetry analysis.

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