Craniofacial Skeletal Measurements Based on Computed Tomography: Part II. Normal Values and Growth Trends

1992 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariel A. Waitzman ◽  
Jeffrey C. Posnick ◽  
Derek C. Armstrong ◽  
Gaylene E. Pron
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Cranial Vault ◽  
First Year ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
First Year Of Life

Current diagnosis and surgical correction of craniofacial anomalies would benefit from accurate quantitative and standardized points of reference. A retrospective study was undertaken to define normal values for a series of craniofacial measurements and to evaluate the growth patterns of the craniofacial complex through axial computed tomography (CT). Fifteen measurements were taken from 542 CT scan series of skeletally normal subjects. The measurement values were then divided into 1 -year age categories from 1 to 17 years, and into four age groups for those under 1 year of age. The normal range and growth pattern of measurement values for the cranial vault, orbital region, and upper midface are presented. The overall size of the cranio-orbito-zygomatic skeleton reaches more than 85 percent of adult size by age 5 years. The cranial vault grows rapidly in the first year of life but growth levels off early. The upper midface grows at a slower rate in infancy, but continues to grow later in childhood and early adolescence. Knowledge of the differential growth patterns and normal measurement values in the craniofacial region will help improve diagnostic accuracy, staging of reconstruction, precision of corrective surgery, and follow-up of patients.

Age and sex related differences in serum levels of unconjugated dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulphate in normal subjects

1997 ◽  
Vol 154 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Šulcová ◽  
M Hill ◽  
R Hampl ◽  
L Stárka
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
First Year ◽  
Minimum Level ◽  
Age Related ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Second Peak ◽  
Age And Sex

Abstract Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) and unconjugated dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) have been determined in the blood serum of normal subjects of both sexes from 1 month to 100 years of age. In total, 92 girls, 49 boys, 211 women and 110 men were investigated. The effects of age and sex on the levels of the hormones were measured. DHEAS levels declined rapidly during the first year of life and were maintained at a minimum level for 5 years. They increased significantly from 6 to 7 years of age and reached maximum levels in women at about 24 years and in men at about 30 years of age. They then declined rapidly in both sexes but the fall which occurred after 50 and 60 years of age respectively was only moderate. Age-related unconjugated DHEA levels were different. After the first month of life DHEA levels were relatively high and declined more slowly. The minimum level was observed in girls between 5 and 7 years and in boys between 5 and 9 years of age. A significant rise then began and levels reached a maximum in women as well as in men at about 20 years of age. In men levels then declined up to the age of 80. In women the DHEA levels declined during the next 15 years and from approximately 36 years of age they again rose significantly up to a second peak. A mild but significant decline then resumed. There was a difference in the levels of DHEA and DHEAS depending on sex. Unlike DHEAS, unconjugated DHEA was higher in women than in men. However, this difference was significant only in some age groups: during puberty (between 11 and 15 years of age), in the premenopausal period (between 36 and 45 years of age) and in the older group (after 60 years of age). Age- and sex-related dependencies were different between DHEAS and DHEA. They indicate the possible variable secretion and dynamics of their (inter)conversion. We have concluded that DHEA measurements cannot be a substitute for DHEAS and vice versa. Journal of Endocrinology (1997) 154, 57–62

Usefulness of plasma pregnenolone sulfate in testing pituitary-adrenal function in children

1986 ◽  
Vol 113 (4_Suppl) ◽  
pp. S259-S263 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. de Peretti ◽  
M.G. Forest ◽  
B. Loras ◽  
Y. Morel ◽  
M. David ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Adrenal Function ◽  
Pituitary Function ◽  
First Year ◽  
Dynamic Tests ◽  
Pregnenolone Sulfate ◽  
Pituitary Diseases ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Dexamethasone Suppression ◽  
Abrupt Rise

SUMMARY In normal subjects, plasma pregnenolone sulfate (PS) levels high at birth, decreased during the first year of life in relation to the pattern of involution of the fetal adrenal zone. Thereafter, PS levels, in contrast with those of DHAS, did not show the abrupt rise characteristic of the adrenarche, but increased very progressively till adulthood. The response of PS to various provocative tests of adrenal and pituitary function (ACTH and Metyrapone stimulation, dexamethasone suppression), has been established in normal subjects. The measurement of plasma PS levels in basal conditions as well as in response to dynamic tests was very useful in the diagnosis of various adrenal and pituitary diseases in children.

scholarly journals Dendritic cells in the mucosa of the human trachea are not regularly found in the first year of life

Thorax ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 427-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Tschernig ◽  
A S Debertin ◽  
F Paulsen ◽  
W J Kleemann ◽  
R Pabst
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Sudden Death ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
First Year ◽  
Tracheal Mucosa ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Human Airways ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
First Year Of Life

BACKGROUNDDendritic cells (DCs) in the mucosa of the respiratory tract might be involved in the early development of pulmonary allergy or tolerance. To date, little is known about when the first DCs occur in human airways.METHODSSpecimens of the distal trachea from patients who had died from sudden death in the first year of life (n=29) and in older age groups (n=59) as well as from those who had died from respiratory tract infections in the first year of life (n=8) were examined by immunohistochemistry. Transmission electron microscopy was performed in additional samples from two adults.RESULTSIn the sudden death subgroup DCs were absent in 76% of those who died in the first year of life but were present in 53 of the 59 older cases. All infants who had died of respiratory infectious diseases had DCs in the tracheal mucosa.CONCLUSIONSMature DCs are not constitutively present in the human tracheobronchial mucosa in the first year of life, but their occurrence seems to be triggered by infectious stimuli. These data support the hypothesis that DCs play a crucial role in immunoregulation in early childhood.

LONGITUDINAL EEG-CLINICAL CORRELATIONS IN CHILDREN FROM BIRTH TO 4 YEARS OF AGE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 945-954
Author(s):  
Fernando Torres ◽  
Michael E. Blaw
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
First Year ◽  
Advanced Stages ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Focal Abnormality ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Single Focus

One hundred-thirty children who had an EEG during their first days of life and who were registered in a clinical longitudinal study were followed with concurrent clinical and EEG examinations every 4 months for the first year of life and at 2, 3, and 4 years of age. Thirty children had EEG characteristics which are frequently considered abnormal in their neonatal record. Twenty-three children had clinical abnormalities during the 4-year period covered by the study. There was no significant correlation between a single EEG and clinical abnormalities at any age. Newborn infants with more than one focal abnormality in their EEG presented clinical abnormalities more frequently than those with a single focus. The difference, however, did not attain statistical significance. Children with an abnormal EEG at birth and an additional abnormal record later, had a higher incidence of clinical abnormalities than those with only an abnormal neonatal EEG. However, this finding is of questionable significance because the children who had clinical abnormalities had a larger number of EEG's than the normal subjects. It is expected that continued follow-up of these children at more advanced stages of their development may give a positive EEG-clinical correlation which was not found in this study.

scholarly journals The intensity of natural selection in man

1912 ◽  
Vol 85 (581) ◽  
pp. 469-476 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
First Year ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
High Infant Mortality ◽  
Total Death ◽  
Selective Death ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Varying Environment

(1) In a paper communicated to the Royal Society in 1899, and later in greater elaboration published in ‘Biometrika,’ 1901, it has been shown on the basis of the inheritance of longevity that the selective death-rate in man amounted to at least 60 per cent. to 80 per cent. of the total death-rate. The matter has been recently reconsidered by Prof. Ploetz, who, dealing with material wholly different from that of Beeton and Pearson came to similar conclusions. The point is a very vital one, for, combined with: (i) the heredity of physical and mental characters in man, and (ii) the demonstration that the longer-lived have more offspring, we reach a definite knowledge that Darwinism does apply, and very intensely applies, even to man under civilised conditions. The difficulty of a direct investigation of the problem lies in securing uniformity of environment. W e have to demonstrate that when under the same environment there is a heavier death-rate among a given group of human beings, then among the survivors of this group in a given later period the death-rate will be lessened. Now each group of individuals we attempt to deal with has its own environment, and if that is a bad environment we should expect to find a heavy death-rate both at the earlier and later periods; this obviously must obscure the action of natural selection. For example in districts with a high infant mortality we might expect a high child mortality, say deaths from two to five years of life, because a bad environment sends up the intensity of both. The correlation between deaths in the first year of life (0—1) and in the next four years of life (1—5) for a given district will certainly be positive if no correction be made for varying environment. Quite recently this matter has been discussed by determining the correlation between the ages 0—1 and 1—5 in the administrative counties of England and Wales. As ( a ) the group 0—1 was not followed to 1—5, but the deaths in these age-groups for the same years were dealt with, and ( b ) no allowance whatever was made for the differential environment of the administrative counties, it is difficult to find any real bearing of the data on the problem of natural selection in man.

scholarly journals The influence of pre-recruitment growth on subsequent growth and age at first spawning in Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus L.)

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 1103-1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deirdre Brophy ◽  
Bret S Danilowicz
Keyword(s):  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
First Year ◽  
Fish Length ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Stock Biomass ◽  
Spawning Stock ◽  
Group Spawning ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Calculation of the spawning stock biomass for fisheries management requires information on the numbers or proportions of fish in each age- or length-group that are mature each year. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between growth and age of first reproduction in herring stocks around Ireland. Measurements of otolith size at the onset of the first annulus (O1) were used to compare growth during the first year of life between 1-, 2-, and 3-group spawning herring collected from spawning grounds in the Celtic Sea over a period of 3 years. The 1-group spawning fish had significantly greater mean O1 measurements, and hence showed faster growth on average during the first year of life than 2- or 3-group spawning fish. Fish that exhibited slow growth during the first year were absent from the adult spawning population at age 1, but occurred at similar levels in the samples of 2- and 3-group spawning fish. Regression of O1 radius on fish length at capture showed that growth during the first year of life had a small but significant effect on subsequent growth up to age 3. The relationship between pre-recruitment growth and subsequent growth and age at first spawning has implications for recruitment patterns of juveniles from different nursery areas and for the lifetime fecundity of population components with differential growth.

P01-303-Vegetative status in infants of high-risk for schizophrenia

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 305-305
Author(s):  
M.A. Kalinina ◽  
G.N. Schimonova
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Mental State ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Control Group ◽  
First Year ◽  
Autonomic Tone ◽  
Autonomic Disorders ◽  
First Year Of Life

IntroductionThe study of clinical features and prognostic significance of autonomic disorders are among the most pressing problems of modern medicine.ObjectivesDynamically within 5 years were observed 50 children at high risk for schizophrenia and 40 children with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy of the general population. Aims. Evaluation of prognostic significance of autonomic disorders in infancy for mental health in older age groups.MethodsAll patients were examined by clinical methods and EEG, neurosonografia, original screening tables for early childhood.ResultsIn the first year of life in children at high risk for schizophrenia observed mental and motor development within the syndrome of PDD.In infancy the vagotonic orientation prevailed 72, 5%. By 3 years it changed to the amphotonic orientation reaching 76, 0% of children, while the 10, 0% acquired sympathotony, the rest remained vagotonic.The mental state of 37 children to 5 years qualified as schizotipical disorder (F 21.8). In 13 children it was diagnosed schizophrenia, children's type (F20.8). Frequent and sudden changes in the type of tonus correlated with the deterioration of the mental state of a different nature.In the control group at the first year of life prevailed vagotonic orientation, which gradually to age of one year changed by eutonic. During the first 3–5 months of infancy revealed some unstable circulatory, sleep disorders.ConclusionsThe instability of autonomic tone and an abundance of vegetative violations indicate the risk of mental pathology.

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