Phylogeny and Biogeography of Acaena (Rosaceae) and its Relatives: Evidence of Multiple Long-Distance Dispersal Events Across the Globe

Abstract— Acaena (Rosaceae) is the most complex and ecologically variable genus in Sanguisorbinae. Although it has been the subject of several taxonomic treatments, the largest phylogenetic analysis to date only sampled a small fraction of the total global diversity (five to seven out of 45 to 50 species). This study included most of the species to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships of Acaena and biogeographic patterns in Sanguisorbinae. Phylogenetic analyses of non-coding nuclear (ITS region) and chloroplast (trnL-F) DNA sequence markers using maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses suggested that Acaena is a paraphyletic group with species of Margyricarpus and Tetraglochin nested within it. We identified strong support for eight subclades that are geographically or taxonomically structured. Nevertheless, the species-level relationships within subclades are still uncertain, which may be due to rapid diversification and lack of informative characters in the markers used. Sanguisorbinae, a primarily Southern Hemisphere clade, exhibits a classic Gondwana disjunct distribution. This current distribution is explained primarily by eight long-distance dispersal events. Our results suggested that Sanguisorbinae split into Cliffortia and Acaena around 13.6 mya. While Cliffortia diversified in southern South Africa, Acaena experienced several migration events in the Southern Hemisphere. Our estimation of the ancestral range suggested that Acaena likely originated in South Africa, followed by migration and subsequent diversification into southern South America. From there, the genus migrated to New Zealand, throughout the Andes, and to tropical areas in Central America, reaching as far north as California. Chile and New Zealand are the main sources of propagules for dispersal as well as the greatest diversity for the genus. The evolutionary relationships of species in Acaena combine a history of rapid diversifications, long-distance dispersals, and genetic variation within some taxa. Further research should be undertaken to clarify the infraspecific classification of A. magellanica.

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On the persistence and dispersal of transantarctic Hepaticae

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b79-271 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 57 (20) ◽

pp. 2179-2225 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Rudolf M. Schuster

Keyword(s):

Gene Flow ◽

Southern Hemisphere ◽

Short Range ◽

Distribution Patterns ◽

Disjunct Distribution ◽

Long Distance Dispersal ◽

Long Distance ◽

Disjunct Populations ◽

Geological Background

The dispersal of a considerable number, if not the vast majority, of southern hemisphere Hepaticae chiefly belonging to "old" families and suborders can be visualized as resulting primarily from short-range or "step-wise" dispersal, as part of structural communities, before the final disassembly of the presently fragmented Gondwanaland. Often with the disruption of gene flow, disjunct populations of once continuously distributed Gondwanalandic taxa have undergone speciation, in most cases as physical disruption occurred. Significant relict and disjunct distribution patterns for 21 hepatic taxa are mapped and discussed. A discussion of (i) rate of speciation and genus formation, (ii) efficiency of long-distance dispersal, and (iii) the geological background is presented with the purpose of explaining the origins of antipodal distribution patterns within the Hepaticae.

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Climate-driven vicariance and long-distance dispersal explain the Rand Flora pattern in the liverwort Exormotheca pustulosa (Marchantiophyta)

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society ◽

10.1093/biolinnean/blaa071 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 130 (3) ◽

pp. 480-496

Author(s):

Ana Sofia Bartolomeu Rodrigues ◽

Anabela Martins ◽

César Augusto Garcia ◽

Cecília Sérgio ◽

Ron Porley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Late Miocene ◽

Divergence Time ◽

Western Mediterranean ◽

Cape Verde ◽

Eastern Africa ◽

Disjunct Distribution ◽

Long Distance Dispersal ◽

Long Distance ◽

Divergence Time Estimates ◽

Dispersal Events

Abstract The ‘Rand flora’ is a biogeographical disjunction which refers to plant lineages occurring at the margins of the African continent and neighbouring oceanic archipelagos. Here, we tested whether the phylogeographical pattern of Exormotheca pustulosa Mitt. was the result of vicariance induced by past climatic changes or the outcome of a series of recent long-distance dispersal events. Two chloroplast markers (rps4-trnF region and psbA-trnH spacer) and one nuclear marker (ITS2) were analysed. Phylogenetic and phylogeographical relationships were inferred as well as divergence time estimates and ancestral areas. Exormotheca possibly originated in Eastern Africa during the Late Oligocene/Early Miocene while Exormotheca putulosa diversified during the Late Miocene. Three main E. pustulosa groups were found: the northern Macaronesia/Western Mediterranean, the South Africa/Saint Helena and the Cape Verde groups. The major splits among these groups occurred during the Late Miocene/Pliocene; diversification was recent, dating back to the Pleistocene. Climate-driven vicariance and subsequent long-distance dispersal events may have shaped the current disjunct distribution of E. pustulosa that corresponds to the Rand Flora pattern. Colonization of Macaronesia seems to have occurred twice by two independent lineages. The evolutionary history of E. pustulosa populations of Cape Verde warrants further study.

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Psoroma capense and P. esterhuyseniae (Pannariaceae), two new alpine species from South Africa

The Lichenologist ◽

10.1017/s0024282920000377 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 52 (5) ◽

pp. 345-352

Author(s):

Arve Elvebakk ◽

Soon Gyu Hong ◽

Chae Haeng Park ◽

Teppo Rämä

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Secondary Compounds ◽

Western Cape ◽

Long Distance Dispersal ◽

Western Cape Province ◽

Long Distance ◽

Closely Related Species ◽

Alpine Species ◽

Recent Collection ◽

Dispersal Events

AbstractThe new species Psoroma capense and P. esterhuyseniae are described from four alpine localities in the Western Cape Province of South Africa and are the only known Psoroma species from Africa. The specimens were all collected from moist sites near watercourses, on cool and mostly south-facing cliffs. Psoroma capense resembles P. tenue in gross morphology but differs in the ascending thallus squamules, lack of secondary compounds and short-ellipsoid to ovoid ascospores. However, a phylogenetic analysis involving the markers ITS, nucLSU, mtSSU and Mcm7, comparing the only recent collection of P. capense with previously published sequences, shows that it belongs to the P. hypnorum lineage, with no known, closely related species. Psoroma esterhuyseniae resembles P. hypnorum but has subglobose to short-ellipsoid ascospores without apical perispore extensions. The two species are thought to have evolved from one or two long-distance dispersal events during the Pleistocene.

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Scirrhia pini. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria ◽

10.1079/dfb/20056400368 ◽

1973 ◽

Author(s):

E. Punithalingam

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Geographical Distribution ◽

Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽

Forest Floor ◽

Republic Of Georgia ◽

Long Distance Dispersal ◽

Long Distance ◽

Nursery Stock ◽

Airborne Conidia ◽

Infected Material

Abstract A description is provided for Scirrhia pini[Mycosphaerella pini]. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On pines including Pinus radiata and its hybrids, P. halepensis, P. canariensis, P. carbaea, P. ponderosa, P. nigra and others, Pseudotsuga menziesii (46, 2860), Larix decidua (49, 273). DISEASE: Dothistroma blight; red band. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (Canada, USA including Alaska), South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay), Australasia and Oceania (New Zealand), Asia (Brunei, India, Japan), Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Rhodesia, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda), Europe (Austria, France, Rumania, UK, USSR (Republic of Georgia), Yugoslavia) (CMI Map 419, ed. 2, 1970; record in CMI Herbarium). TRANSMISSION: By airborne conidia released and dispersed by a splash take-off mechanism for short distances. Long distance dispersal may be by transport of infected material, such as nursery stock and, under special conditions, clouds may carry sporal inoculum (43, 2100). Survival time of inoculum in the form of cast, infected foliage on the forest floor is limited to 2-6 months under moist conditions (50, 2003).

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Global biogeographic patterns in bipolar moss species

Royal Society Open Science ◽

10.1098/rsos.170147 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (7) ◽

pp. 170147 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

E. M. Biersma ◽

J. A. Jackson ◽

J. Hyvönen ◽

S. Koskinen ◽

K. Linse ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Common Species ◽

Long Distance Dispersal ◽

Stepping Stones ◽

Long Distance ◽

Antarctic Region ◽

Moss Species ◽

Biogeographic Patterns ◽

Biogeographic Pattern ◽

The Antarctic

A bipolar disjunction is an extreme, yet common, biogeographic pattern in non-vascular plants, yet its underlying mechanisms (vicariance or long-distance dispersal), origin and timing remain poorly understood. Here, combining a large-scale population dataset and multiple dating analyses, we examine the biogeography of four bipolar Polytrichales mosses, common to the Holarctic (temperate and polar Northern Hemisphere regions) and the Antarctic region (Antarctic, sub-Antarctic, southern South America) and other Southern Hemisphere (SH) regions. Our data reveal contrasting patterns, for three species were of Holarctic origin, with subsequent dispersal to the SH, while one, currently a particularly common species in the Holarctic ( Polytrichum juniperinum ), diversified in the Antarctic region and from here colonized both the Holarctic and other SH regions. Our findings suggest long-distance dispersal as the driver of bipolar disjunctions. We find such inter-hemispheric dispersals are rare, occurring on multi-million-year timescales. High-altitude tropical populations did not act as trans-equatorial ‘stepping-stones’, but rather were derived from later dispersal events. All arrivals to the Antarctic region occurred well before the Last Glacial Maximum and previous glaciations, suggesting that, despite the harsh climate during these past glacial maxima, plants have had a much longer presence in this southern region than previously thought.

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Contrasting Phylogeographic Patterns Among Northern and Southern Hemisphere Fin Whale Populations With New Data From the Southern Pacific

Frontiers in Marine Science ◽

10.3389/fmars.2021.630233 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

MJosé Pérez-Alvarez ◽

Sebastián Kraft ◽

Nicolás I. Segovia ◽

Carlos Olavarría ◽

Sergio Nigenda-Morales ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Southern Hemisphere ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Morphological Data ◽

Phylogeographic Structure ◽

Fin Whale ◽

Middle Latitudes ◽

The North ◽

Southeastern Pacific ◽

Fin Whales ◽

Dispersal Events

Four fin whale sub-species are currently considered valid: Balaenoptera physalus physalus in the North Atlantic, B. p. velifera in the North Pacific, B. p. quoyi and B. p. patachonica in the Southern Hemisphere. The last, not genetically validated, was described as a pygmy-type sub-species, found in low to mid latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere. Genetic analyses across hemispheres show strong phylogeographic structure, yet low geographic coverage in middle latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere impeded an assessment within the area, as well as evaluating the validity of B. p. patachonica. New mtDNA sequences from the Southeastern Pacific allowed an improved coverage of the species’ distribution. Our phylogenetic analyses showed three main lineages and contrasting phylogeographic patterns between Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Absence of recurrent female mediated gene flow between hemispheres was found; however, rare dispersal events revealing old migrations were noted. The absence of genetic structure suggests the existence of one single taxa within the Southern Hemisphere. Thus, until further evidence supporting this subspecies can be produced, such as genetic, ecological, behavioral, or morphological data, we propose that all fin whales from the Southern Hemisphere, including those from middle latitudes of the Southeastern Pacific belong to B. p. quoyi subspecies. This information is important for the current assessment of fin whales, contributing to the evaluation of the taxonomic classification and the conservation of the species.

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The genus Menegazzia (Lecanorales: Parmeliaceae) in Tasmania revisited

The Lichenologist ◽

10.1017/s0024282911000685 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 44 (2) ◽

pp. 189-246 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Gintaras KANTVILAS

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

South American ◽

Long Distance Dispersal ◽

Species Relationships ◽

Major Area ◽

South American Species ◽

Long Distance ◽

Macquarie Island ◽

New Synonyms ◽

First Time

AbstractWith 30 species, Tasmania is a major area of species diversity in the genus Menegazzia. Seven of these are new to science: M. abscondita Kantvilas, known from Tasmania and New Zealand, and M. athrotaxidis Kantvilas, M. hypogymnioides Kantvilas, M. petraea Kantvilas, M. ramulicola Kantvilas, M. subtestacea Kantvilas and M. tarkinea Kantvilas, all endemic to Tasmania. An identification key, descriptions based exclusively on Tasmanian collections, and detailed discussion of distribution, ecology, chemical composition and inter-species relationships are provided. All literature records of Menegazzia species pertaining to Tasmania are accounted for. New synonyms include: Menegazzia prototypica P. James and Parmelia pertusa var. coskinodes F. Wilson [synonyms of M. myriotrema (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant.], M. fertilis P. James [a synonym of M. platytrema (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant.] and Parmelia pertusa var. montana F. Wilson (a synonym of M. subtestacea). Incorrectly recorded species that should be deleted from the Tasmanian census include M. castanea P. James & D. J. Galloway (present on Macquarie Island) and M. testacea P. James & D. J. Galloway (endemic to New Zealand). The South American species, M. sanguinascens (Räs.) R. Sant., is recorded in Australasia (Tasmania) for the first time, whereas the widespread south-eastern Australian M. norstictica P. James is recorded for Western Australia. Salient features of the genus are discussed, including morphology, anatomy and chemistry. The biogeography of the genus is explored briefly. Twelve species (40%) are endemic to Tasmania, a level of endemism unmatched by any other species-rich genus on the island. Twelve species are shared with mainland Australia, eleven are shared with New Zealand, and only four species are shared with southern South America, all of which are sorediate, suggesting they are products of long-distance dispersal.

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The angiosperm flora of the Archipelago Juan Fernandez (Chile): origin and dispersal

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b06-092 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 84 (8) ◽

pp. 1266-1281 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Gabriel Bernardello ◽

Gregory J. Anderson ◽

Tod F. Stuessy ◽

Daniel J. Crawford

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Unit Length ◽

Long Distance Dispersal ◽

Long Distance ◽

Dioecious Species ◽

Dispersal Capability ◽

Dispersal Unit ◽

Unisexual Flowers ◽

Dispersal Agents ◽

Seeds And Fruits

We review the hypothesized origin and the methods of arrival of the angiosperm colonists to the Juan Fernandez Islands. We also summarize the dispersal capabilities of the current flora, including data on fruit type, fruit length, and dispersal unit length, correlating these features with dispersal and establishment. Most species originated from South America, followed by Pantropical, Australian, New Zealand, and Pacific colonizers. Sea and land birds were the most important initial long-distance dispersal agents. Most colonizing species are hermaphroditic flowered, and thus all dispersal methods are represented among them. Monoecious, andromonoecious and gynomonoecious, dioecious, and polygamous species were mainly carried by birds. Most wind- and bird-pollinated colonizing genera arrived with birds as did most annual herbs and species with bright-colored flowers. In the current flora, the majority of the species have dry fruits. In monoecious, andromonoecious and gynomonoecious, and dioecious species, achenes predominate. Fleshy fruits are limited to perennials. Most species have medium to small dispersal units, and generally, the larger the flower, the larger the fruit. Large- and medium-sized dispersal units are common in shrubs and trees. Abiotic dispersal is common in the current flora, which may reflect the ancestral dispersal capability of the colonizers, or adaptation to the absence of a fauna to disperse seeds and fruits. Anemochorous and autochorous species are mainly perennial and have medium to large, unisexual flowers. Anemochorous species have small dispersal units and dull-colored flowers, whereas large dispersal units and brightly colored flowers are frequent in autochorous species. Medium-sized dispersal units are represented in autochorous or ornithochorous species. The establishment and evolution of this flora was previously discussed to have occurred with very few pollination and (or) reproductive options. This study suggests that elements associated with dispersal are also analogously limited.

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Phylogeography of the New Zealand whelks Cominella maculosa and C. virgata

10.26686/wgtn.17064731.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Kerry Walton

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Dna Sequences ◽

High Frequency ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Mitochondrial Gene ◽

Nuclear Gene ◽

Disjunct Distribution ◽

Phylogeographic Structure ◽

Interglacial Period ◽

Cook Strait

<p>Cominella maculosa and C. virgata are common rocky shore whelk species from New Zealand. This study used DNA sequences from the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) to expand an earlier unpublished dataset and examine the phylogeographic structure of both species in the Cook Strait region, of C. maculosa in the Chatham Islands, and of C. virgata in the northern North Island. Both species are found to have a considerable degree of phylogeographic structure, concordant with that reported by an earlier study and for other species with direct development. South Island sites sampled for C. maculosa had several private haplotypes and a high frequency haplotype that is shared with populations from the southern North Island. Together, these formed a ‘southern haplogroup’. Low diversity in ‘southern’ populations may reflect founder effects that would have occurred as part of a southward range expansion during the onset of the present interglacial period. The Chatham Islands samples had two haplotypes that formed a separate sub-group to the ‘southern haplogroup’, suggesting Chatham Islands populations are moderately isolated from those on mainland New Zealand but may have been founded from ‘southern’ populations relatively recently. The high frequency haplotype present in South Island samples of C. virgata is absent in Wellington samples but widespread in those from the north-eastern North Island. South Island populations may have been founded from the Hauraki Gulf through human-mediated translocation events. Phylogenetic analyses with a focus on C. virgata were conducted using the mitochondrial genes CO1 and 16SrRNA, and the nuclear gene 18S rRNA, to expand an earlier published dataset. The purported northern subspecies C. virgata brookesi does not form a monophyletic lineage and voucher specimens fluidly intergrade with the nominal subspecies, with which it is synonymised. A lectotype is designated for Buccinum lineolatum Quoy & Gaimard, 1833, for which Cominella virgata is a replacement name. Potential causes of the disjunct distribution patterns of C. virgata and other mollusc taxa are discussed with particular reference to the formation and timing of marine straits through the Auckland Isthmus and Cook Strait.</p>

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