Mechanism for the enhanced effect of mowing followed by glyphosate application to resprouts of perennial pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium)

Weed Science ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Renz ◽  
Joseph M. DiTomaso
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Architecture ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Deposition Pattern ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Area Distribution ◽  
Leaf Area Distribution

Herbicides currently registered for use near water have been ineffective for control of perennial pepperweed. Previous research has demonstrated that mowing followed by an application of glyphosate at 3.33 kg ae ha−1to resprouting tissue can enhance the control of perennial pepperweed. The objectives of this study were to determine the mechanism(s) responsible for the enhanced effectiveness of glyphosate in combination with mowing. Mowing plants altered the leaf area distribution within the canopy. In mowed areas, the majority of leaf area was in the basal third of the canopy, whereas the bulk of the leaf area was in the top third of the canopy in unmowed plots. This change in plant architecture affected the deposition pattern of the spray solution. Unmowed plants retained 49 to 98% and 42 to 83% of a dye solution within the middle and top thirds of the canopy at the Colusa and Woodland sites, respectively, with only 1.9 to 6.0% dye deposited on the basal third of the canopy at both sites. In contrast, mowed plants had 18 to 34% and 26 to 70% of the dye retained in the basal third of the canopy at the Colusa and Woodland sites, respectively. Greenhouse studies showed that14C-glyphosate applied to basal leaves of mowed plants translocated significantly more to belowground tissue. Unmowed plants accumulated 0.37% of the applied14C-glyphosate in belowground tissue 48 h after labeling. In contrast, mowed plants accumulated 6.7%14C-glyphosate in the belowground tissue. In field studies, estimates of basipetal seasonal translocation rates using total nonstructural carbohydrate pools of roots indicate that mowing did not change the translocation rate. However, the delay in application timing to allow plants to resprout appeared to synchronize applications with maximal translocation of carbohydrates to belowground structures. We hypothesize that the change in the canopy structure of perennial pepperweed after mowing results in fewer aboveground sinks and greater deposition of herbicide to basal leaves where it can preferentially be translocated to the root system. Furthermore, the delay between mowing and resprouting synchronized maximal belowground translocation rates with herbicide application timing. These factors all appear to be involved in the observed enhanced control of perennial pepperweed when combining mowing and glyphosate.

Architecture of Individual Plants in a Field-Grown Tobacco Crop

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 415 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Whitfield ◽  
DJ Connor
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Leaf Angle ◽  
Vertical Profiles ◽  
Area Distribution ◽  
Three Dimensional Display ◽  
Architectural Characteristics ◽  
Row Space ◽  
Leaf Area Distribution

The three-dimensional display of each leaf of a number of adjacent plants was measured with a spatial coordinate apparatus on five occasions during the growth of a tobacco crop. Several architectural characteristics of the foliage display were estimated from these data. A truncated ellipsoid adequately described plant extent and allowed the calculation and analysis of vertical profiles of leaf area distribution within the plant volume. Foliage densities ranged between 5 and 12 m-1 in small plants and in the upper regions of larger plants. Plants with leaf areas in excess of 0.8 m2 had a leaf area density of approximately 3.2 m-1. In mature crops, the foliage extended further into the inter-row space than into the space occupied by neighbouring plants in the row. Mean leaf angle was 40° and elevation distributions were remarkably similar throughout growth and development. Foliage inclination consistently decreased with depth in the canopy. Azimuth distributions of foliage were not significantly different from that of a uniform distribution. The data are discussed in the context of assumptions that are commonly used in representations of canopy structure.

Leaf orientation and sunlit leaf area distribution in cotton

1997 ◽  
Vol 86 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sornprach Thanisawanyangkura ◽  
Herve Sinoquet ◽  
Pierre Rivet ◽  
Michel Cretenet ◽  
Eric Jallas
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Orientation ◽  
Area Distribution ◽  
Leaf Area Distribution

scholarly journals Stand biometry and leaf area distribution in an old olive grove at Andria, southern Italy

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 491-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Čermák ◽  
Jan Gašpárek ◽  
Francesca De Lorenzi ◽  
Hamlyn G. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Olive Grove ◽  
Area Distribution ◽  
Leaf Area Distribution

scholarly journals Leaf Area Distribution of Tomato Plants as Influenced by Polyethylene Mulch Surface Color

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis R. Decoteau
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Surface Color ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Area Distribution ◽  
Axillary Leaf ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch ◽  
Leaf Area Distribution

The influence of polyethylene (plastic) mulch surface color (white versus black) on leaf area distribution of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) was investigated in simulated planting beds at two sampling periods: an early sampling with relatively young plants that had been in the mulch treatment for 22 days and a late sampling with relatively mature plants that had been in the mulch treatments for 50 days. At the early sampling period, tomato plants grown with white mulch had more axillary leaves than plants in the black mulch, resulting in a greater axillary:main leaf area ratio for the plants with white mulch. Leaf area for total leaves (main + axillary) and plant biomass was unaffected by mulch surface color at the early sampling period. Tomato plants grown in black mulch at the early sampling period had significantly more area of main leaves partitioned to node 3, whereas plants grown in white mulch had more area of main leaves in nodes 8 and 9. Plants grown in the white mulch treatment had significantly more axillary leaf area at nodes 1, 2, and 3, whereas plants in black mulch had more axillary leaf area at node 6. At the later sampling period, most of the leaf area from both mulch treatments was recorded in the axillary leaves and there was no effect of mulch surface color on the amount of total leaf area partitioned to main, axillary, or total leaves; to the amount of biomass of the measured top growth; or to the nodal distribution of leaf area among main leaves or axillary leaves. Tomato plants in white mulch had significantly more fruit on plants at the later sampling period than plants in the black mulch. Mulch surface color also affected the plant light environment and soil temperatures. These results suggest that the polyethylene mulch surface color can induce changes in the plant microclimate and affect leaf area distribution of young tomato plants (as recorded at the early sampling) and fruiting of relatively more mature plants (as recorded at the later sampling).

Weed Control in Glyphosate-Resistant Corn as Affected by Preemergence Herbicide and Timing of Postemergence Herbicide Application

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 564-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Parker ◽  
Alan C. York ◽  
David L. Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Prickly Sida ◽  
Smooth Pigweed ◽  
Or Applications

Field studies were conducted at three locations during both 2002 and 2003 to evaluate weed control and response of glyphosate-resistant (GR) corn to glyphosate or nicosulfuron plus atrazine applied POST at three application timings with and without alachlor plus atrazine applied PRE. The POST herbicides were applied timely (5- to 9-cm weeds) or applications were delayed 1 or 2 wk. All treatments, except the weedy check, were followed by glyphosate postemergence-directed (PDIR) 4 wk after the timely POST application. Common lambsquarters, common ragweed, Palmer amaranth, prickly sida, and smooth pigweed were controlled at least 94% regardless of PRE or POST treatments. Large crabgrass and fall panicum were controlled at least 96% by glyphosate regardless of PRE herbicide or POST application timing. In contrast, control by nicosulfuron plus atrazine POST in the absence of PRE herbicide decreased as application was delayed. Sicklepod was controlled at least 94% when POST herbicides were applied timely, but control by both POST herbicide treatments decreased with delayed application regardless of PRE herbicide. Tall morningglory was controlled 93% or greater by POST herbicides applied timely. Control by both POST herbicide treatments decreased as application was delayed, with glyphosate being affected more by timing than nicosulfuron plus atrazine. Corn grain yield was similar with glyphosate and nicosulfuron plus atrazine. Yield was unaffected by POST application timing when PRE herbicides were included. Without PRE herbicide, grain yield decreased as POST herbicide application was delayed.

Nodal Leaf Area Distribution in Soybean Plants Grown in High Yield Environments

2011 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 1198-1204 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Setiyono ◽  
A. M. Bastidas ◽  
K. G. Cassman ◽  
A. Weiss ◽  
A. Dobermann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Area Distribution ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Leaf Area Distribution

Timing of Chlorimuron and Imazaquin Application for Weed Control in No-Till Soybeans (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Boyd Carey ◽  
Michael S. Defelice
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Poor Control ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
No Till ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Herbicide Treatments

Field studies were conducted to evaluate the influence of herbicide application timing on weed control in no-till soybean production. Row spacing generally had no effect on weed control. Herbicide treatments containing chlorimuron plus metribuzin applied as many as 45 days prior to planting in 1988 and 1989 controlled broadleaf weeds throughout the growing season. Imazaquin applied 45 and 30 days prior to planting provided poor control of common cocklebur in 1989. Giant foxtail control was inconsistent with all herbicide treatments. Soybean yields subsequent to early preplant herbicide applications were greater than or equal to those in which applications were made at planting when late-season weed control was adequate. Herbicides applied preemergence did not control high densities of common lambsquarters in 1989.

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