Architecture of Individual Plants in a Field-Grown Tobacco Crop

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 415 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Whitfield ◽  
DJ Connor
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Leaf Angle ◽  
Vertical Profiles ◽  
Area Distribution ◽  
Three Dimensional Display ◽  
Architectural Characteristics ◽  
Row Space ◽  
Leaf Area Distribution

The three-dimensional display of each leaf of a number of adjacent plants was measured with a spatial coordinate apparatus on five occasions during the growth of a tobacco crop. Several architectural characteristics of the foliage display were estimated from these data. A truncated ellipsoid adequately described plant extent and allowed the calculation and analysis of vertical profiles of leaf area distribution within the plant volume. Foliage densities ranged between 5 and 12 m-1 in small plants and in the upper regions of larger plants. Plants with leaf areas in excess of 0.8 m2 had a leaf area density of approximately 3.2 m-1. In mature crops, the foliage extended further into the inter-row space than into the space occupied by neighbouring plants in the row. Mean leaf angle was 40° and elevation distributions were remarkably similar throughout growth and development. Foliage inclination consistently decreased with depth in the canopy. Azimuth distributions of foliage were not significantly different from that of a uniform distribution. The data are discussed in the context of assumptions that are commonly used in representations of canopy structure.

Mechanism for the enhanced effect of mowing followed by glyphosate application to resprouts of perennial pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium)

Weed Science ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Renz ◽  
Joseph M. DiTomaso
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Architecture ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Deposition Pattern ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Area Distribution ◽  
Leaf Area Distribution

Herbicides currently registered for use near water have been ineffective for control of perennial pepperweed. Previous research has demonstrated that mowing followed by an application of glyphosate at 3.33 kg ae ha−1to resprouting tissue can enhance the control of perennial pepperweed. The objectives of this study were to determine the mechanism(s) responsible for the enhanced effectiveness of glyphosate in combination with mowing. Mowing plants altered the leaf area distribution within the canopy. In mowed areas, the majority of leaf area was in the basal third of the canopy, whereas the bulk of the leaf area was in the top third of the canopy in unmowed plots. This change in plant architecture affected the deposition pattern of the spray solution. Unmowed plants retained 49 to 98% and 42 to 83% of a dye solution within the middle and top thirds of the canopy at the Colusa and Woodland sites, respectively, with only 1.9 to 6.0% dye deposited on the basal third of the canopy at both sites. In contrast, mowed plants had 18 to 34% and 26 to 70% of the dye retained in the basal third of the canopy at the Colusa and Woodland sites, respectively. Greenhouse studies showed that14C-glyphosate applied to basal leaves of mowed plants translocated significantly more to belowground tissue. Unmowed plants accumulated 0.37% of the applied14C-glyphosate in belowground tissue 48 h after labeling. In contrast, mowed plants accumulated 6.7%14C-glyphosate in the belowground tissue. In field studies, estimates of basipetal seasonal translocation rates using total nonstructural carbohydrate pools of roots indicate that mowing did not change the translocation rate. However, the delay in application timing to allow plants to resprout appeared to synchronize applications with maximal translocation of carbohydrates to belowground structures. We hypothesize that the change in the canopy structure of perennial pepperweed after mowing results in fewer aboveground sinks and greater deposition of herbicide to basal leaves where it can preferentially be translocated to the root system. Furthermore, the delay between mowing and resprouting synchronized maximal belowground translocation rates with herbicide application timing. These factors all appear to be involved in the observed enhanced control of perennial pepperweed when combining mowing and glyphosate.

Leaf orientation and sunlit leaf area distribution in cotton

1997 ◽  
Vol 86 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sornprach Thanisawanyangkura ◽  
Herve Sinoquet ◽  
Pierre Rivet ◽  
Michel Cretenet ◽  
Eric Jallas
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Orientation ◽  
Area Distribution ◽  
Leaf Area Distribution

scholarly journals Stand biometry and leaf area distribution in an old olive grove at Andria, southern Italy

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 491-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Čermák ◽  
Jan Gašpárek ◽  
Francesca De Lorenzi ◽  
Hamlyn G. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Olive Grove ◽  
Area Distribution ◽  
Leaf Area Distribution

scholarly journals Leaf Area Distribution of Tomato Plants as Influenced by Polyethylene Mulch Surface Color

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis R. Decoteau
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Surface Color ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Area Distribution ◽  
Axillary Leaf ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch ◽  
Leaf Area Distribution

The influence of polyethylene (plastic) mulch surface color (white versus black) on leaf area distribution of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) was investigated in simulated planting beds at two sampling periods: an early sampling with relatively young plants that had been in the mulch treatment for 22 days and a late sampling with relatively mature plants that had been in the mulch treatments for 50 days. At the early sampling period, tomato plants grown with white mulch had more axillary leaves than plants in the black mulch, resulting in a greater axillary:main leaf area ratio for the plants with white mulch. Leaf area for total leaves (main + axillary) and plant biomass was unaffected by mulch surface color at the early sampling period. Tomato plants grown in black mulch at the early sampling period had significantly more area of main leaves partitioned to node 3, whereas plants grown in white mulch had more area of main leaves in nodes 8 and 9. Plants grown in the white mulch treatment had significantly more axillary leaf area at nodes 1, 2, and 3, whereas plants in black mulch had more axillary leaf area at node 6. At the later sampling period, most of the leaf area from both mulch treatments was recorded in the axillary leaves and there was no effect of mulch surface color on the amount of total leaf area partitioned to main, axillary, or total leaves; to the amount of biomass of the measured top growth; or to the nodal distribution of leaf area among main leaves or axillary leaves. Tomato plants in white mulch had significantly more fruit on plants at the later sampling period than plants in the black mulch. Mulch surface color also affected the plant light environment and soil temperatures. These results suggest that the polyethylene mulch surface color can induce changes in the plant microclimate and affect leaf area distribution of young tomato plants (as recorded at the early sampling) and fruiting of relatively more mature plants (as recorded at the later sampling).

Nodal Leaf Area Distribution in Soybean Plants Grown in High Yield Environments

2011 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 1198-1204 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Setiyono ◽  
A. M. Bastidas ◽  
K. G. Cassman ◽  
A. Weiss ◽  
A. Dobermann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Area Distribution ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Leaf Area Distribution

Canopy light transmittance in a chronosequence of mixed-species deciduous forests

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1694-1703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin J. Brown ◽  
Geoffrey G. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Distinct Pattern ◽  
Light Transmittance ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Frequency Distributions

We measured the photosynthetically active radiation transmitted through the canopies of 24 Maryland forest stands, each around midday in midsummer. We then compared the observed values of PAR transmittance with stand age and measures of canopy structure. Generally, transmittance was low, with positively skewed frequency distributions. The geometric mean transmittance followed a distinct pattern with stand age. It was lowest (about 1%) in the youngest stands, increased to about 2.5% as forests approached ages of about 50 years, and then declined with age in the oldest sites (65–340 years). Transmittance was not significantly correlated with many simple measures of forest structure, including estimated aboveground biomass and leaf area index. Better predictions of transmittance used information on the vertical arrangement of the canopy, such as leaf area density. The results are contrary to the common assumptions that forests get consistently darker through time, and that transmittance is inversely proportional to the sheer mass or leaf area of the canopy. The Beer–Lambert extinction coefficient, k, changed with stand age and structure and was especially high in very young stands. We suggest that the variation in light transmittance, and k, can be explained by successional changes in the three-dimensional structure of the canopy.

scholarly journals Monitoring the Growth and Yield of Fruit Vegetables in a Greenhouse Using a Three-Dimensional Scanner

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 5270
Author(s):  
Yuta Ohashi ◽  
Yasuhiro Ishigami ◽  
Eiji Goto
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Sensor Technology ◽  
3D Scanner ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Surface Models

Monitoring the growth of fruit vegetables is essential for the automation of cultivation management, and harvest. The objective of this study is to demonstrate that the current sensor technology can monitor the growth and yield of fruit vegetables such as tomato, cucumber, and paprika. We estimated leaf area, leaf area index (LAI), and plant height using coordinates of polygon vertices from plant and canopy surface models constructed using a three-dimensional (3D) scanner. A significant correlation was observed between the measured and estimated leaf area, LAI, and plant height (R2 > 0.8, except for tomato LAI). The canopy structure of each fruit vegetable was predicted by integrating the estimated leaf area at each height of the canopy surface models. A linear relationship was observed between the measured total leaf area and the total dry weight of each fruit vegetable; thus, the dry weight of the plant can be predicted using the estimated leaf area. The fruit weights of tomato and paprika were estimated using the fruit solid model constructed by the fruit point cloud data extracted using the RGB value. A significant correlation was observed between the measured and estimated fruit weights (tomato: R2 = 0.739, paprika: R2 = 0.888). Therefore, it was possible to estimate the growth parameters (leaf area, plant height, canopy structure, and yield) of different fruit vegetables non-destructively using a 3D scanner.

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