Halosulfuron Reduced Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) Tuber Production and Viability

Weed Science ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 637-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore M. Webster ◽  
Timothy L. Grey
Keyword(s):  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Aerial Shoot ◽  
Tuber Production

Weeds persist and cause economic losses in agricultural systems because they exploit underused portions of that system. Reducing the effect of weeds on agroecosystems begins with minimizing the number of propagules (e.g., seeds and tubers) that are produced and returned to the soil. Purple nutsedge is a problematic weed around the globe, persisting between growing seasons as tubers in the soil. Halosulfuron is an effective herbicide for controlling purple nutsedge foliage and is used in corn and several vegetable crops. Studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of various rates of halosulfuron on purple nutsedge tuber production. Single, presprouted purple nutsedge tubers were transplanted into outdoor microplots and treated after 6 wk of growth with six rates of halosulfuron (7 to 208 g ai ha−1) POST with a nontreated control (NTC). All shoots that had emerged at the time of application were marked with plastic rings; this allowed for classification of tubers at exhumation of (1) tubers attached to shoots that had emerged by the time of application, (2) tubers attached to shoots that emerged after application, and (3) tubers without an aerial shoot during the study. Seven weeks after application, the tubers in the microplots were exhumed and tubers were classified, quantified, and their ability to sprout was evaluated. In the NTC, there were 530 total tubers, with a log-logistic regression model describing the tuber population with increasing halosulfuron rate. The rate of halosulfuron that reduced total tuber population 50% (I50) was 8 g ha−1. In the NTC, 200 tubers were attached to shoots that emerged following halosulfuron application, and this class of tubers had anI50of 19 g ha−1. Viability of tubers with shoots that emerged following halosulfuron application was 28% at the 52 g ha−1halosulfuron, suggesting the action of the herbicide may have rendered the tuber nonviable after new shoots were produced. The final classification of tubers was those that did not have an aerial shoot during the study. These were tubers in which apical dominance suppressed shoot development or were likely the most-recent tubers to develop. Of the three classes, the tubers without shoots were the most numerous in the NTC, with 294 tubers and anI50of 1 g ha−1. Halosulfuron is an effective herbicide that not only controls purple nutsedge foliage but also reduces the number of new tubers produced and overall tuber viability. This could be an important component to reduce the long-term population density of the weed.

scholarly journals Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) Tuber Production and Viability Are Reduced by Imazapic

Weed Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore M. Webster ◽  
Timothy L. Grey ◽  
Jason A. Ferrell
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Aerial Shoot ◽  
Tuber Production

Weeds exploit underutilized space, causing economic losses in cropping systems. Weed management tactics alter that underutilized space until the crop can mature and efficiently use that space. One tactic is to reduce the weed propagules (e.g., seeds and tubers) that persist quiescently in the soil, which includes minimizing production and addition of new propagules to the soil. Purple nutsedge is a problematic weed around the globe, persisting between growing seasons as tubers in the soil. Imazapic is a peanut herbicide often used in Georgia for control of purple nutsedge. The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the effect of various rates of imazapic on purple nutsedge tuber production. Single presprouted purple nutsedge tubers were transplanted into outdoor microplots and treated after 6 wk of growth with six rates of imazapic (5 to 140 g ai ha−1) POST. A nontreated control was included. All emerged shoots at the time of application were marked with plastic rings; this allowed for classification of tubers at exhumation as (1) tubers attached to shoots that were emerged at time of application, (2) tubers attached to shoots that emerged after application, and (3) tubers without an aerial shoot during the study. At 7 wk after application, the tubers in the microplots were exhumed, classified, and quantified, and their ability to sprout was evaluated. In the nontreated control, there were 544 total tubers, with a log-logistic regression model describing the declining tuber population with increasing imazapic rate. The rate of imazapic that reduced total tuber population 50% (I50) was 36 g ha−1. In the nontreated control, there were 161 tubers attached to shoots that emerged, as when compared with plots that received an imazapic application that had an I50=60 g ha−1. Viability of purple nutsedge tubers was 44% at 70 g ha−1imazapic, suggesting the action of the herbicide may have rendered the tubers nonviable after new shoots were produced. The final classification of tubers included those that did not have an aerial shoot during the study. These were tubers in which apical dominance suppressed shoot development or were likely the most recent tubers to develop. Of the three classes, the tubers without shoots were the most prevalent in the nontreated control, with 358 tubers and an I50=18 g ha−1. Imazapic controls purple nutsedge foliage but also reduces the number of new tubers produced, and overall tuber viability and is a valuable tool in management of the long-term population density of this weed.

Incident photosynthetically active radiation as a basis for integrated management of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus)

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 777-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Neeser ◽  
Renan Aguero ◽  
Clarence J. Swanton
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Photosynthetically Active Radiation ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Active Radiation ◽  
Tuber Production ◽  
Reproductive Rates ◽  
Artificial Shading

Artificial shading studies indicated that competition for photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) will limit tuber production in purple nutsedge. There were no data available to test whether there is a relationship between incident PAR underneath crop canopies and tuber production of this weed. In this study, the effect of crop competition on net reproductive rates of purple nutsedge tubers was measured under field conditions. Purple nutsedge plants were grown in association with bush beans, maize, maize and beans intercropped, sweet potato, pole beans, and bell pepper in a 2-yr field study in Costa Rica. Measurements were taken on the number of tubers produced during the growing season of each crop, and PAR transmittance was monitored weekly for the duration of the respective cropping cycles. Data on transmittance and incident solar radiation were used to calculate the daily average amount of PAR, available 15 cm above the soil surface. Regressions indicated that average incident PAR accounted for 95% of the variation in net reproductive rates. Average incident PAR also allowed a more precise competitive ranking of crops than either average or minimum transmittance. Bush beans had consistently the lowest average incident PAR values and therefore ranked as the most competitive crop in both years. Our data suggest that no net increase in tuber populations occurs if average incident PAR is below 2.7 MJ m−2d−1. Differences in the duration of the cropping cycle accounted only for a small proportion of the overall variation in net reproductive rates of purple nutsedge tubers. Information on the competitive ranking of different crops can be used to design crop rotations that could reduce reliance on herbicides on small farms in Costa Rica.

Glyphosate Hinders Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) and Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) Tuber Production

Weed Science ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 735-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore M. Webster ◽  
Timothy L. Grey ◽  
Jerry W. Davis ◽  
A Stanley Culpepper
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Shoots ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Tuber Production ◽  
Primary Means ◽  
Phase Out

The phase-out of methyl bromide requires alternative nutsedge management options in vegetable systems. Options that target tuber production, the primary means of reproduction, will be most beneficial. A study was conducted to evaluate the response of purple nutsedge and yellow nutsedge foliar growth and tuber production to a range of glyphosate rates. Glyphosate was applied at six rates between 0.41 and 2.57 kg ae ha−1to 5-wk-old nutsedge plants with multiple shoots. The rate of glyphosate needed to reduce growth 50% (I50) was similar for purple nutsedge foliar growth (0.58 kg ha−1) and tuber biomass (0.55 kg ha−1). In contrast,I50for yellow nutsedge foliar growth was 0.73 kg ha−1, which was greater than theI50for tuber biomass (0.41 kg ha−1). First-order tubers, those directly attached to the initial tuber, had anI50of 0.70 and 0.44 kg ha−1of glyphosate for purple nutsedge and yellow nutsedge tuber biomass, respectively. For all higher-order tubers,I50values ranged from 0.29 to 0.60 and 0.14 to 0.30 kg ha−1of glyphosate for purple nutsedge and yellow nutsedge tuber biomass, respectively. Glyphosate at 0.74 kg ha−1prevented fourth-order purple nutsedge and third-order yellow nutsedge tuber production (terminal tubers for yellow nutsedge). Fifth- and sixth-order purple nutsedge tuber production was eliminated by the lowest tested rate of glyphosate (0.41 kg ha−1). Effective nutsedge management options will require consistent control between spring and autumn crops. Glyphosate is economical, poses no herbicide carryover issues to vegetables, and minimizes nutsedge tuber production; therefore, it is a suitable candidate to manage nutsedges.

scholarly journals Phenyl Isothiocyanate Performance on Purple Nutsedge under Virtually Impermeable Film Mulch

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 402-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev K. Bangarwa ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Edward E. Gbur ◽  
John D. Mattice
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Southern United States ◽  
Phenyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Purple Nutsedge

Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) is a troublesome weed in vegetable crops in the southern United States. Methyl bromide is widely used for effective purple nutsedge control in polyethylene-mulched vegetable crops. With the impending ban on methyl bromide in the United States, an effective alternative is needed. Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effect of phenyl isothiocyanate (ITC) concentration and exposure period on purple nutsedge tuber viability and to compare the retention of phenyl ITC in soil under low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and virtually impermeable film (VIF) mulches. Additionally, field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of phenyl ITC under VIF mulch against purple nutsedge. A phenyl ITC concentration of 676 ppm in soil for 3 days in a sealed environment reduced purple nutsedge tuber viability by 97% compared with a nontreated control. Phenyl ITC retention was higher in soil covered with VIF mulch than with LDPE mulch. The predicted half-life of phenyl ITC under LDPE and VIF mulch was 6.1 and 8.9 days, respectively. In field experiments, phenyl ITC at 1500 kg·ha−1 under VIF mulch suppressed purple nutsedge shoots and reduced viable tuber density ≥72%, but control was not as effective as methyl bromide at 390 kg·ha−1 (67% methyl bromide:33% chloropicrin). Therefore, phenyl ITC up to 1500 kg·ha−1 under a VIF mulch is not a viable alternative to methyl bromide for effective purple nutsedge control.

Growth of Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) in Response to Interference with Direct-Seeded Rice

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 506-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhagirath S. Chauhan ◽  
Jhoana Opeña
Keyword(s):  
Belowground Biomass ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
Shoot Number ◽  
Tuber Production ◽  
Direct Seeded

The biology of purple nutsedge was studied by growing it alone and in competition with 12 and 24 rice plants in a pot experiment. Compared with the weedy plants grown alone, competition from rice reduced purple nutsedge leaf number, shoot number, tuber production rate, and leaf biomass. At 10 wk after planting, interference from 12 and 24 rice plants reduced purple nutsedge leaf area by 79 and 86%, respectively, compared with weedy plants grown without rice interference. On the same date, purple nutsedge aboveground shoot biomass was 26.8 g plant−1without interference, whereas in interference with 12 and 24 rice plants, purple nutsedge produced aboveground biomass of 4.8 and 2.2 g plant−1, respectively. A total of 95 tubers plant−1were produced by purple nutsedge when grown alone. Growth with 12 and 24 rice plants reduced tuber production to 33 and 17 tubers plant−1, respectively. Without interference, purple nutsedge produced 40 g plant−1of total biomass of tuber plus root plus rhizome, whereas in interference with 12 and 24 rice plants, purple nutsedge produced 14 and 5 g plant−1of total belowground biomass, respectively.

scholarly journals Management Alternatives for Purple and Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus and C. esculentus)

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 430F-431
Author(s):  
Milton E. McGiffen ◽  
David W. Cudney ◽  
Edmond J. Obguchiekwe ◽  
Aziz Baameur ◽  
Robert L. Kallenbach
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Control ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Tuber Growth ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Common Control ◽  
Tuber Production ◽  
Management Alternatives

Yellow and purple nutsedge are problem perennials that resist common control measures. High temperatures, irrigation, and relatively non-competitive crops combine to greatly increase the severity of nutsedge infestations in the Southwest. We compared the growth and susceptibility of purple and yellow nutsedge to chemical and cultural control measures at several locations in southern California. When not controlled, low initial populations of either species led to heavy infestations later in the season. Purple nutsedge was far more prolific in both tuber production and above-ground growth. Summer rotations that included crops with dense canopies severly decreased nutsedge shoot and tuber growth. Cool-season crops planted into heavy nutsedge infestations in the fall are generally unaffected because nutsedge infestations in the fall are generally unaffected because nutsedge soon enters dormancy and ceases growth. Solarization, or pasteurization of the upper soil layers, was effective in decreasing tuber formation. Tillage effectively spread local infestations over larger areas.

scholarly journals PURPLE NUTSEDGE CONTROL IN FALL VEGETABLES WITH EPTC AND SUMMER FALLOW

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 1410b-1410
Author(s):  
Barry Tickes
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Emulsifiable Concentrate ◽  
Summer Fallow

Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) has become increasingly widespread in vegetable crops planted from August to October in the low deserts. A herbicide that is both effective and safe to crops has not yet been found. Several tests were conducted in southwestern Arizona to evaluate the efficacy of EPTC combined with summer fallow for the control of purple nutsedge. Preirrigation applications of the emulsifiable concentrate and granular formulation of EPTC were ineffective. These same treatments, applied after irrigation, when the top 6 inches of soil were dry, were very effective (75% to 90%) in controlling the emergence of purple nutsedge shoots. These tests demonstrated the importance of proper application and cultural practices when using this treatment before planting fall vegetables.

scholarly journals Choice of Adjuvant with Halosulfuron Affects Purple Nutsedge Control and Nursery Crop Tolerance

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1085-1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary L. McDaniel ◽  
William E. Klingeman ◽  
Willard T. Witte ◽  
Phillip C. Flanagan
Keyword(s):  
Nonionic Surfactants ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Fatty Ester ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Tuber Production ◽  
Production Growth ◽  
Petroleum Oil

One-half (18 g·ha-1 a.i.) and three-fourths (27 g·ha-1 a.i.) rates of halosulfuron (Manage®, MON 12051) were combined with adjuvants and evaluated for effectiveness in controlling purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) and for phytotoxic responses exhibited by two kinds of container-grown ornamental plants. Adjuvants included X-77®, Scoil®, Sun-It II®, Action “99”®, and Agri-Dex®. By 8 weeks after treatment (WAT), halosulfuron combined with X-77®, Agri-Dex®, or Action “99”® at the lower halosulfuron rate provided <90% purple nutsedge suppression. In contrast, Sun-It II® provided 100% control when combined with the higher halosulfuron rate. Nutsedge control persisted into the following growing season and halosulfuron combined with either Scoil® or Sun-It II® provided >97% suppression of nutsedge tuber production. Growth of liriope [Liriope muscari (Decne.) Bailey `Big Blue'] was not inhibited by Scoil® or Sun-It II® adjuvants in combination with the low rate of halosulfuron. However, regardless of the rate of halosulfuron or adjuvant used, initial foliar chlorosis was observed in both daylily (Hemerocallis sp. L. `Stella d'Oro') and liriope. All liriope receiving halosulfuron with X-77®, Scoil®, or Sun-It II® adjuvants recovered normal foliage by 8 WAT. By contrast, at 8 WAT some daylily still maintained a degree of foliar discoloration. In addition to chlorosis, all treatments reduced flower number in daylilies. The number of flower scapes produced by liriope was not affected by halosulfuron when in combination with either Sun-It II® or Scoil®. The high rate of halosulfuron combined with X-77® or Action “99”® improved control of purple nutsedge. However, this rate inhibited growth of both species, daylily flower numbers, and scape numbers of liriope, regardless of adjuvant. Chemical names used: halosulfuron (Manage®, MON 12051, methyl 5-{[(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl) amino] carbonyl-aminosulfonyl}-3-chloro-1-methyl-1-H-pyrozole-4-carboxylate); proprietary blends of 100% methylated seed oil (Scoil® and Sun-It II®); proprietary blend of 99% polyalkyleneoxide modified heptamethyl trisiloxane and nonionic surfactants (Action “99”®); alkylarylpolyoxyethylene, alkylpolyoxyethelene, fatty acids, glycols, dimethylpolysiloxane, and isopropanol (X-77®); proprietary blend of 83% paraffin-based petroleum oil, with 17% polyoxyethylate polyol fatty acid ester and polyol fatty ester as nonionic surfactants (Agri-Dex®)

scholarly journals Purple Nutsedge Management in Florida Strawberry with Herbicides and a Modified Florida 3-Way Fumigation Program

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-436
Author(s):  
Kshitij Khatri ◽  
Natalia Peres ◽  
Joseph Noling ◽  
Nathan Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Potassium Application

The “Florida 3-way” consists of chloropicrin 35% + 1,3-dichloropropene 65% followed by minicoulter application of metam potassium. We evaluated the efficacy of a modified version of the Florida 3-way in which chloropicrin 35% + 1,3-dichloropropene 65% was used as primary bed fumigant and consisted of different drip tape application timings (at the time of bed formation and 2 weeks after bed formation) of metam potassium or the use of herbicides (sulfentrazone and s-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) as the supplemental application for the control of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) in strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) fields. Efficacy of modified Florida 3-way was not significantly different from standard Florida 3-way; however, supplemental herbicide such as s-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate and sulfentrazone provided better purple nutsedge control than supplemental metam potassium application in one of two experimental growing seasons. Addition of metam potassium to the chloropicrin 35% + 1,3-dichloropropene 65% did not result in additional purple nutsedge control in Florida 3-way, which indicates the limitations of this approach.

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