Rattail Fescue (Vulpia Myuros) Control in Chemical-Fallow Cropping Systems

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric D. Jemmett ◽  
Donald C. Thill ◽  
Traci A. Rauch ◽  
Daniel A. Ball ◽  
Sandra M. Frost ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Panicle Number ◽  
Chemical Fallow

Rattail fescue infestations are increasing in dryland conservation-tillage winter wheat cropping systems in the inland Pacific Northwest (PNW) region of Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. Rattail fescue typically is controlled with cultivation in conventional tillage farming systems. However, reduced soil disturbance has allowed infestations to increase significantly. The objectives of this research were to determine the effectiveness of glyphosate rates and application timings on control of rattail fescue during a chemical-fallow period in winter wheat cropping systems. Chemical-fallow field studies were conducted during two growing seasons at nine sites throughout the PNW. Glyphosate was applied early POST, late POST, or sequentially in early plus late POST timings. Additionally, paraquat + diuron was applied early and late POST alone or sequentially with glyphosate. Sequential application treatments (glyphosate followed by [fb] glyphosate, paraquat + diuron fb glyphosate, and glyphosate fb paraquat + diuron) controlled rattail fescue (∼ 94% in Idaho and Washington, ∼ 74% in Oregon) and reduced panicle number (∼ 85% in Idaho, ∼ 30% in Oregon and Washington) equivalent to or greater than one-time treatments. Rattail fescue control and panicle reduction generally increased with increasing rates of glyphosate within application timings. Paraquat + diuron usually provided similar control and reduced rattail fescue panicle number compared to glyphosate treatments applied at the same application timing. Although not completely effective, sequential applications of either glyphosate or paraquat + diuron, fb glyphosate will provide effective control during chemical fallow.

Fertility management in dryland conservation cropping systems of the Pacific Northwest

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 108-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Soil Pathogens ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Steep Slopes

The Pacific Northwest dryland region is moving toward conservation tillage to control excessive erosion on steep slopes, but progress has been slow because of adverse effects on plant growth and yield. Fertility relations in cereal grains with conventional tillage are well known, with deficiencies occurring for nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, in declining order of frequency. N and S deficiencies are more severe in conservation tillage, although the pattern of crop response to nutrient application is the same as in conventional tillage. Placing nutrients in a subs urface band near the seed is more effective than broadcasting on the surface. Higher fertility is required near developing root systems to offset greater competition from grassy weeds and more intense pressure from root-pruning soil pathogens. Conservation tillage alters soil fertility and plant growth in different ways on different landscapes. These differences must be considered to ensure tha t conservation tillage will be effective over the entire field.

Diseases of wheat and barley in conservation cropping systems of the semiarid Pacific Northwest

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 95-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Smiley
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Disease Management ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Conservation Farming ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Summer Fallow

AbstractDiseases continue to be important constraints in wheat and barley conservation cropping systems in the semiarid Pacific Northwest. Several diseases are more damaging in highthan low-residue seedbeds, and in crops planted during early autumn to reduce soil erosion during winter, especially unirrigated winter wheat in rotation with summer fallow in low rainfall zones (250–400 mm). Changes in cropping systems in the region have made disease management and maintenance of yield goals and farm profitability more challenging because disease management often is more complex and expensive with conservation tillage than inversion tillage. Practices being developed to meet this challenge are reviewed for diseases that are particularly trouble some in conservation farming systems of the Pacific Northwest.

Scouringrush (Equisetum spp.) control in dryland winter wheat

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 808-814
Author(s):  
Blake D. Kerbs ◽  
Andrew G. Hulting ◽  
Drew J. Lyon
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Chemical Fallow

AbstractThe adoption of chemical fallow rotations in Pacific Northwest dryland winter wheat production has caused a weed species composition shift in which scouringrush has established in production fields. Thus, there has been interest in identifying herbicides that effectively control scouringrush in winter wheat–chemical fallow cropping systems. Field experiments were established in growers’ fields near Reardan, WA, in 2014, and The Dalles, OR, in 2015. Ten herbicide treatments were applied to mowed and nonmowed plots during chemical fallow rotations. Scouringrush stem densities were quantified the following spring and after wheat harvest at both locations. Chlorsulfuron plus MCPA-ester resulted in nearly 100% control of scouringrush through wheat harvest. Before herbicide application, mowing had no effect on herbicide efficacy. We conclude chlorsulfuron plus MCPA-ester is a commercially acceptable treatment for smooth and intermediate scouringrush control in winter wheat–chemical fallow cropping systems; however, the lack of a positive yield response when scouringrushes were controlled should factor into management decisions.

Weed Management for Crop Production in the Northwest Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Region

Weed Science ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank L. Young ◽  
Alex G. Ogg ◽  
Donn C. Thill ◽  
Douglas L. Young ◽  
Robert I. Papendick
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
The Pacific

A 9-yr large-scale integrated pest management (IPM) study was initiated in 1985 to develop and refine profitable conservation cropping systems in the Palouse wheat-growing region of the Pacific Northwest. Weed scientists from the USDA-ARS and the land-grant universities of ID and WA led a team of researchers and extension personnel from eight disciplines to investigate the interactions of crop systems, tillage systems, and weed management levels (WML) on crop production. Ineffective weed control has been a major deterrent to the adoption of conservation tillage by wheat growers. With this in mind, the primary focus of the scientists on the IPM project was integrated weed management (IWM) in conservation crop production systems for highly erodible land. For the first time in the Pacific Northwest, systems research developed a conservation production system using a 3-yr crop rotation that controlled weeds effectively, reduced erosion, was less risky than traditional farming systems, and was profitable. Broadleaf weeds were more prevalent in the 3-yr rotation of winter wheat-spring barley-spring pea compared to continuous wheat in both conservation and conventional tillage systems. In conservation tillage, troublesome grass weeds included wild oat and downy brome. Wild oat was controlled effectively at the moderate and maximum weed management levels under conservation tillage in the 3-yr rotation. Two years out of winter wheat (such as in the 3-yr rotation) reduced downy brome populations. In contrast, growing a spring crop 1 yr, followed by 2 yr of winter wheat was not effective for controlling downy brome. Effective weed control was instrumental in developing successful conservation IPM cropping systems, and education and technology transfer were important in helping action agencies assist growers in adopting these systems.

CHEMICAL DIFFERENCES IN DARK BROWN CHERNOZEMIC Ap HORIZONS UNDER VARIOUS CONSERVATION TILLAGE SYSTEMS

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. DORMAAR ◽  
C. W. LINDWALL
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
No Till ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Chemical Fallow ◽  
Extractable Organic Matter

The Ap horizons of two conservation tillage studies on Dark Brown Chernozemic soils in southern Alberta were sampled in 1986 following the fallow year. The first study, started in 1967, consisted of a wheat-fallow rotation under either no-till chemical fallow, blade-cultivate, or chemical fallow + blade-cultivate management. The second study, started in 1977, consisted of continuous winter wheat, winter wheat-barley-fallow, and winter wheat-fallow rotations under either no-till or conventional tillage management. Nine years of no-till continuous wheat and 19 yr of no-till in a wheat-fallow rotation both led to 40% of the dry aggregates being > 0.84 mm in diameter. The parameters selected helped to characterize differences in organic matter between soil tillage systems. Dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities were twice as high under no-till as under the blade-cultivate treatment. No-till also led to the largest monosaccharide accumulation in the soil. Carbohydrates, solvent-extractable organic matter, and chitin N were significantly higher in the > 0.84 mm diameter dry aggregates from the no-till treatment. The monosaccarides under the blade-cultivate regime were generally of microbial origin whereas those under the no-till regime were generally of plant origin. Key words: Water-stable aggregates, dry aggregates, enzyme activities, organic carbon, monosaccharides, fallow

scholarly journals Pratylenchus neglectus Reduces Yield of Winter Wheat in Dryland Cropping Systems

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Smiley ◽  
Stephen Machado
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Pratylenchus Neglectus ◽  
Winter Wheat Yield ◽  
Chemical Fallow ◽  
Root Lesion Nematodes ◽  
Increasing Trends

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) in low-precipitation regions of eastern Oregon and Washington is grown mostly as rainfed biennial winter wheat (10-month growing season) planted into cultivated fallow (14-month crop-free period). There are increasing trends for cultivated fallow to be replaced by chemical fallow and for spring cereals to be planted annually without tillage. Most fields are infested by the root-lesion nematodes Pratylenchus neglectus or P. thornei. A replicated multiyear experiment was conducted to compare cropping systems on soil infested by P. neglectus. Populations became greater with increasing frequency of the host crops mustard, pea, and wheat. Annual winter wheat had the highest P. neglectus populations, the lowest capacity to extract soil water, and a lower grain yield compared with wheat grown biennially or rotated with other crops. Populations of P. neglectus did not differ for cultivated versus chemical fallow. Lowest populations occurred in annual spring barley. Winter wheat yield was inversely correlated with the population of P. neglectus. Measures to monitor and to reduce the population of P. neglectus in Pacific Northwest wheat fields are recommended.

scholarly journals Effects of Crop Rotations and Tillage on Pratylenchus spp. in the Semiarid Pacific Northwest United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 537-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Smiley ◽  
Stephen Machado ◽  
Jennifer A. Gourlie ◽  
Larry C. Pritchett ◽  
Guiping Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Spring Cereals ◽  
Chemical Fallow

There is interest in converting rainfed cropping systems in the Pacific Northwest from a 2-year rotation of winter wheat and cultivated fallow to direct-seed (no-till) systems that include chemical fallow, spring cereals, and food legume and brassica crops. Little information is available regarding effects of these changes on plant-parasitic nematodes. Eight cropping systems in a low-precipitation region (<330 mm) were compared over 9 years. Each phase of each rotation occurred each year. The density of Pratylenchus spp. was greater in cultivated than chemical fallow, became greater with increasing frequency of host crops, and was inversely associated with precipitation (R2 = 0.92, α < 0.01). Densities after harvesting mustard, spring wheat, winter wheat, and winter pea were greater (α < 0.01) than after harvesting spring barley or spring pea. Camelina also produced low densities. Winter wheat led to a greater density of Pratylenchus neglectus and spring wheat led to a greater density of P. thornei. Density of Pratylenchus spp. was correlated (R2 = 0.88, α < 0.01) but generally higher when detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction on DNA extracts from soil than when detected by a traditional method. Selection of different Pratylenchus spp. by different wheat cultivars or growth habit must be addressed to minimize the level of nematode risk to future plantings of intolerant crops.

scholarly journals Nitrogen fertility in semiarid dryland wheat production is challenging for beginning organic farmers

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Drew J. Lyon ◽  
Gary W. Hergert
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
N Fertility ◽  
Summer Fallow

AbstractOrganic farming systems use green and animal manures to supply nitrogen (N) to their fields for crop production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of green manure and composted cattle manure on the subsequent winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) crop in a semiarid environment. Dry pea (Pisum sativumL.) was seeded in early April and terminated at first flower in late June. Composted cattle manure was applied at 0, 11.2 or 22.5 Mg ha−1just prior to pea termination. Winter wheat was planted in mid September following the green manure or tilled summer fallow. No positive wheat response to green manure or composted cattle manure was observed in any of the 3 years of the study. In 2 of the 3 years, wheat yields and grain test weight were reduced following green manure. Green manure reduced grain yields compared with summer fallow by 220 and 1190 kg ha−1in 2009 and 2010, respectively. This may partially be explained by 40 and 47 mm less soil water at wheat planting following peas compared with tilled summer fallow in 2008 and 2009, respectively. Also, in 2008 and 2009, soil nitrate level averaged 45 kg ha−1higher for black fallow compared with green manure fallow when no compost was added. Organic growers in the semiarid Central Great Plains will be challenged to supply N fertility to their winter wheat crop in a rapid and consistent manner as a result of the inherently variable precipitation. Growers may need to allow several years to pass before seeing the benefits of fertility practices in their winter wheat cropping systems.

scholarly journals Relationships between winter wheat yields and soil carbon under various tillage systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 540-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Mikanová ◽  
T. Šimon ◽  
M. Javůrek ◽  
M. Vach
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Set Up

&nbsp;Soil quality and fertility are associated with its productivity, and this in turn is connected to the soil biological activity. To study these effects, well designed long-term field experiments that provide comprehensive data sets are the most applicable. Four treatments (tillage methods) were set up: (1) conventional tillage (CT); (2) no tillage (NT); (3) minimum tillage + straw (MTS), and (4) no tillage + mulch (NTM). Our objective was to assess the relationships between soil microbial characteristics and winter wheat yields under these different techniques of conservation tillage within a field experiment, originally established in 1995. The differences in average grain yields over time period 2002&ndash;2009 between the variants were not statistically significant. Organic carbon in the topsoil was higher in plots with conservation tillage (NT, MTS, and NTM), than in the conventional tillage plots. There was a statistically significant correlation (P &le; 0.01) between the grain yields and organic C content in topsoil. &nbsp;

scholarly journals Conservation agriculture and drought-tolerant germplasm: Reaping the benefits of climate-smart agriculture technologies in central Mozambique

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 414-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Thierfelder ◽  
Leonard Rusinamhodzi ◽  
Peter Setimela ◽  
Forbes Walker ◽  
Neal S. Eash
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Tillage Treatment ◽  
Smart Agriculture

AbstractConservation agriculture (CA) based on minimum soil disturbance, crop residue retention and crop rotations is considered as a soil and crop management system that could potentially increase soil quality and mitigate the negative effects of climate variability. When CA is combined with drought-tolerant (DT) maize varieties, farmers can reap the benefits of both—genetic improvement and sustainable land management. New initiatives were started in 2007 in Mozambique to test the two climate-smart agriculture technologies on farmers' fields. Long-term trends showed that direct seeded manual CA treatments outyielded conventional tillage treatments in up to 89% of cases on maize and in 90% of cases on legume in direct yield comparisons. Improved DT maize varieties outyielded the traditional control variety by 26–46% (695–1422 kg ha−1) on different tillage treatment, across sites and season. However a direct interaction between tillage treatment and variety performance could not be established. Maize and legume grain yields on CA plots in this long-term dataset did not increase with increased years of practice due to on-site variability between farmer replicates. It was evident from the farmers' choice that, beside taste and good milling quality, farmers in drought-prone environments considered the potential of a variety to mature faster more important than larger potential yields of long season varieties. Population growth, labor shortage to clear new land areas and limited land resources in future will force farmers to change toward more permanent and sustainable cropping systems and CA is a viable option to improve their food security and livelihoods.

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